Copyright: Lithologic Descriptions, Economic Geology, and References.
Citation: Douglas Curl, Kentucky Geological Survey, 8/2001


Parksville Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine Formations of east-central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 7, ser. 3, 69 p.

____1935, Correlation of Silurian Formations in southwestern Ohio, southeastern Indiana, Kentucky, and western Tennessee: Denison Univ. Bull., v. 35, no. 14, p. 119--205.

Harris, L. D., 1972, Geologic map of the Junction City quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-981.

Lambert, T. W., and Brown, R. F., 1963, Availability of ground water in Adair, Casey, Clinton, Cumberland, Pulaski, Russell, Taylor, and Wayne Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-35.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1952, Boyle-Duffin-Ohio Shale relationships: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 10, 24 p.

McGrain, P., 1958, Sources of shale for lightweight aggregate production, No. 2: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Rept. Inv. No. 15, 30 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

Rexroad, C. B., 1967, Stratigraphy and conodont paleontology of the Brassfield (Silurian) in the Cincinnati arch area: Indiana Geol. Survey, Bull. 36, 64 p.

Stockdale, P. B., 1939, Lower Mississippian rocks of the east-central interior: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 22, 248 p.


Hedges Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Beckner, Lucien, 1932, Eskippakithiki: the last Indian town in Kentucky: The Filson Club History Quart., v. 6, no. 4, p. 355-382.

Black, D. F. B., 1967, Geologic map of the Coletown quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-644.

____1974, Geologic map of the Winchester quadrangle, Clark and Madison Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1159.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine Formations of east-central Kentucky, with an account of their clays and limestones: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 7, 369 p.

Freeman, L. B., 1959, Regional aspects of Silurian and Devonian stratigraphy in Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, no. 6, 575 p.

Funkhouser, W. D., and Webb, W. S., 1932, Archaeological survey of Kentucky: Univ. Kentucky Dept. Anthropology and Archaeology, Repts. in Archaeology and Anthropology, v. II, 463 p.

Greene, R. C., 1966, Geologic map of the Richmond South quadrangle, Madison County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-479.

____1967, Geologic map of the Moberly quadrangle, Madison and Estill Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-664.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Jillson, W. R., 1964, Discovery of mid-Paleozoic faulting in eastern-central Kentucky: Frankfort, Ky., Roberts Printing Co., 13 p.

Johnson, C. G., 1966, Engineering geology of Lexington and Fayette County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 19 p.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Spindletop Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, 128 p.

Meacham, R. P., Munyan, A. C., and Wesley, G. R., 1931, Areal and structural geologic map of Clark County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Mytton, J.W., and McDowell, R.C., 1970, Geologic map of the Hillsboro quadrangle, Fleming and Bath Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-876.

Outerbridge, W. F., 1970, Geologic map of the Sherbourne quadrangle, northeastern Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-854.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1961, Reconnaissance of groundwater resources in the Blue Grass region, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1533, 39 p., 3 pls.

Preston, D. G., Sims, R. P., Richardson, A. J., Blevins, R. L., and Taylor, J. L., 1964, Soil survey of Clark County, Kentucky: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Soil Conserv. Service in coop. with Kentucky Agr. Expt. Sta., 122 p., 38 sheets.

Rexroad, C. B., Branson, E. R., Smith, M. O., Summerson, Charles, and Boucot, A. J., 1965, The Silurian formations of east-central Kentucky and adjacent Ohio: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Bull. 2, 34 p.

Simmons, G. C., 1966, Pre-Middle Devonian and post-Middle Devonian faulting and the Silurian-Devonian unconformity near Richmond, Kentucky, in Geological Survey Research 1966: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 550-C, p. C17-C19.

____1967a, Geologic map of the Union City quadrangle, Madison and Clark Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-585.

____1967b, Geologic map of the Palmer quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-613.

Wilson, E. N., and Sutton, D. G., 1973, Oil and gas map of Kentucky, sheet 3, east-central part: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10.


Winchester Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., 1967, Geologic map of the Coletown quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-644.

____1968, Geologic map of the Ford quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-764.

____1971, Map showing structural features and dolomite occurrence in the Winchester quadrangle, Clark and Madison Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 9 p., map, and core log.

Black, D. F. B., and Cuppels N. P., 1973, Strodes Creek Member (Upper Ordovician)-a new map unit in the Lexington Limestone of north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1372-C, 16 p.

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond quadrangle [Kentucky]: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46, 4 p., 4 maps (scale, 1: 125,000).

Greene, R. C., 1966, Geologic map of the Richmond South quadrangle, Madison County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-479.

____1967, Geologic map of the Moberly quadrangle, Madison and Estill Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-664.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Johnson, C. G., 1966, Engineering geology of Lexington and Fayette County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 19 p., tables 1, 2, includes preliminary engineering geology map of Fayette County, Kentucky (in three sheets with separate explanation), generalized stratigraphic column.

Meacham, R. P., Munyan, A. C., and Wesley, G. R., 1931, Areal and structural geologic map of Clark County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1961, Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the Blue Grass region, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1533, 39 p., 3 pls.

Preston, D. G., Sims, R. P., Richardson, A. J., Blevins, R. L., and Taylor, J, L., 1964, Soil survey of Clark County, Kentucky: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Soil Conserv. Service in coop. with Kentucky Agr. Expt. Sta., 122 p., 38 sheets.

Schwartz, G. M., 1955, Hydrothermal alteration as a guide to ore in Economic Geology, Fiftieth Anniv. Volume, 1905-1955: Econ. Geology Pub. Co., Urbana, Ill., p. 300-323.

Simmons, G. C., 1967, Geologic map of the Union City quadrangle, Madison and Clark Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-585.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Blue Grass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey Thesis Ser. 1, ser. 10, Lexington, Univ. of Kentucky, 64 p., maps A-J.


Perryville Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cressman, E. R., 1972, Geologic map of the Danville quadrangle, Mercer and Boyle Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-985.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Geologic map of Mercer County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

Stokley, J. H., and Walker, F. H., 1953, Industrial limestones of Kentucky, no. 3: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Rept. Inv. no. 8, 62 p.


Stanford Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gualtieri, J. L., 1967, Geologic map of the Crab Orchard quadrangle, Lincoln County, Kentucky: U.S.

Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-571.

McFarlan, A. C., 1929, Geologic map of Lincoln County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1952, Boyle-Duffin-Ohio Shale relationships: Kentucky Geol. Survey ser. 9, Bull. no. 10, 24 p.

McGrain, Preston, 1966, Some sources of ceramic materials in Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey ser. 10, repr. 21, p. 19-23.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center, 216 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

_____1961, Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the Blue Grass region, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1533, 39 p.

Simmons, G.C., and Oliver, W. A., Jr., 1967, Otter Creek coral bed and its fauna, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1244-F, 13 p.

Webb, E. J., 1969, Geologic history of the Cambrian System in the Appalachian Basin in Proceedings of the technical sessions, Kentucky Oil and Gas Assoc., 33rd ann. meeting, June 5-6, 1969: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, spec. pub. 18, p. 7-15.

Weir, G. W., Greene, R. C., and Simmons, G. C., 1965, Calloway Creek Limestone and Ashlock and Drakes Formations (Upper Ordovician) in south-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-D, 36 p.

Wolcott, D. E., and Cressman, E. R., 1971, Geologic map of the Bryantsville quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-945.


Cornishville Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Allingham, J. W., 1972, Geologic map of the Harrodsburg quadrangle, Mercer and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ 1020.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Geologic map of Mercer County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.


McBrayer Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cressman, E. R., Geologic map of the Lawrenceburg quadrangle, Anderson and Franklin Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1026 (1972).

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Anderson, Franklin, SheIby, Spencer, and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-24.

McFarlan, A. C., and Wesley, G. R., 1930, Areal and structural geological map of Anderson County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Bitterman, J. A., 1959, Kentucky aggregates: Kentucky Dept. of Highways, Div. of Materials, 144 p.

Cressman, E. R., 1968, Geology of the Salvisa quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-760.

Currier, L. W., 1923, Fluorspar deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 13, 198 p.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Anderson, Franklin, Shelby, Spencer, and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-24.

Higbee, H. W., Wrather, Yandal, and Boatright, W. C., 1930, Soil survey of Mercer County, Kentucky: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bur. of Chem. and Soils Rept. ser. 1930, No. 23, 59 p.

Jolly, J. L., and Heyl, A. V., 1964, Mineral paragenesis and zoning in the central Kentucky mineral district: Econ. Geology, v. 59, no. 4, p. 596-624.

MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1967, Factors controlling porosity and permeability in the Curdsville Member of the Lexington Limestone: Univ. of Kentucky Water Research Inst. Research Rept. no. 7, 80 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, Sidney, 1930, Geologic map of Mercer County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

____1961, Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the Blue Grass region, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1533, 39 p.

Robinson, L. C., 1931, Vein deposits of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 41, p. 3-127.


Panola Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Burroughs, W. G., 1927, Geology of the Berea region: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 26, p. 155-208.

Butts, Charles, 1922, The Mississippian series of eastern Kentucky; a regional interpretation of the stratigraphic relations of the Subcarboniferous group based on new and detailed field examinations: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 7, 188 p.

Campbell, Guy, 1946, New Albany Shale: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 57, no. 9, p. 829-908.

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond [Ky.] folio: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine formations of east-central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 7, 369 p.

____1935, Correlation of Silurian formations in southwestern Ohio, southeastern Indiana, Kentucky, and western Tennessee: Denison Univ. Bull., v. 35, no. 14; Sci. Lab. Jour., v. 30, art. 3, p. 119-205.

Freeman, Lawrence, Mayfield, S. M., and Sutton, A. H., 1929, Reconnaissance map of the areal and structural geology of Estill County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Areal geologic map of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

____, and Walker, F. H., 1956, Some old Chester problems-correlations along the eastern belt of outcrop: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 20, 37p.

____, and White, W. H., 1952, Boyle-Duffin-Ohio Shale relationships: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 10, 24 p.

Pirtle, G. W., Hudnall, J. S., Burroughs, W. G., Woodruff, J. G., Mayfield, S. M., and Williams, A. B., 1924, Map of the structural geology of the region south of Irvine and Berea in Estill, Jackson, Lee, Madison, and Rockcastle Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Rexroad, C. B., Branson, E. R., Smith, M. O., Summerson, Charles, Boucot, A. J., 1965, The Silurian formations of east-central Kentucky and adjacent Ohio: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Bull. 2, 34 p.

Stockdale, P. B., 1939, Lower Mississippian rocks of the east-central interior: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 22, 248 p.


Keene Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., 1965, Revision of the Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C [in press].

Foerste, A. F., 1913, The phosphate deposits of the upper Trenton limestones of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, 4th ser., pt. 1, p. 391-439.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

Miller, A. M., 1924, Map of the geology of Woodford County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.


Kirksville Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

McFarlan, A. C., 1954, Central Kentucky [column in correlation chart] in Twenhofel, W. H., and others, Correlation of the Ordovician formations of North America: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 65, p. 247-298.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Reconnaissance map of the areal geology of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McFarlan, A. C., Mayfield, S. M., and Richardson, H. T., 1927, Map of the areal and structural geology of Garrard County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.


Valley View Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

McFarlan, A. C., 1954, Central Kentucky [column in correlation chart] in Twenhofel, W. H. and others, Correlation of the Ordovician formations of North America: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 65, p. 247-298.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Areal geologic map of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.


Richmond South Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond [Ky.] folio: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine Formations of east-central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 7, 369 p.

Foerste, A. F., 1935, Correlation of Silurian formations in southwestern Ohio, southeastern Indiana, Kentucky, and western Tennessee: Denison Univ. Bull., v. 35, no. 14; Sci. Lab. Jour., v. 30, art. 3, p. 119-205.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Areal geologic map of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McGuire, W. H. and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Spindletop Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, 128 p.


Richmond North Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond quadrangle [Kentucky]: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine Formations of east-central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 7, 369 p.

____1912, Strophomena and other fossils from Cincinnatian and Mohawkian horizons, chiefly in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky: Dennison Univ. Sci. Lab., Bull. 17, p. 17-172.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943 [reprinted 1961], Geology of Kentucky: Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, 531 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Reconnaissance map of the areal geology of Madison County, Ky.: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Nosow, Edmund, and McFarlan, A. C., 1960, Geology of the central Bluegrass area: Geol. Soc. America Southeastern Sec. Guidebook, Kentucky Geol. Survey and Univ. of Kentucky, 56 p.

Peck, J. H., 1966, Revised nomenclature of Upper Ordovician formations in the Maysville, Kentucky, area: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1244-B, 30 p.

Weir, G. W., Greene, R. C., and Simmons, G. C., 1965, Calloway Creek Limestone and Ashlock and Drakes Formations (Upper Ordovician) in south-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-D, 36 p.


Union City Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Branson, E. B., and Branson, C. C., 1947, Lower 	Silurian conodonts from Kentucky: Jour. Paleontology, v. 21, p. 549-556.

Burroughs, W. G., 1927, Geology of the Berea region: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 26, p. 155-208.

Campbell, Guy, 1946, New Albany shale: Geol. 	Soc. America Bull., v. 57, p. 829-908.

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the 	Richmond quadrangle: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, 	and Irvine formations of east-central Kentucky, with an account of their clays and limestones: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, 	BulI., no. 7, 369 p.

____1912, Strophomena and other fossils 	from Cincinnatian and Mohawkian horizons, chiefly in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky: Dennison Univ. Sci. Lab., Bull. 17, p. 17-172.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, 	Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Jillson, W. R., 1954, Geology of the Meadow 	anticline and associated faults in Madison and Garrard Counties, Kentucky: Frankfort, Kentucky, Roberts Printing Co., 40 p.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943, Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Univ. of Kentucky, 531 p. [2nd reprint, 1961].

____1954, Central Kentucky column in correlation chart in Twenhofel, W. H., and others, Correlation of the Ordovician formations of North America: Geol. Soc. 	America Bull., v. 65, p. 247-298.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Re	connaissance map of the areal geology of Madison County, Ky.: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1952, Boyle-	Duffin-Ohio shale relationships: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull., no. 10, 24 p.

Nickles, J. M., 1905, The Upper Ordovician 	rocks of Kentucky and their Bryozoa: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 5, 64 p.

Nosow, Edmund, and McFarlan, A. C., 1960, Geology of the central Bluegrass area in Geol. Soc. America Southeast Sec. Guidebook: Kentucky Geol. Survey and Univ. of 	Kentucky, 56 p.

Pirtle, G. W., 1924, Map of Monroe County, 	Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Rexroad, C. B., Branson, E. R., Smith, M. O., 	Summerson, Charles, Boucot, A. J., 1965, The Silurian formations of east-central Kentucky and adjacent Ohio: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Bull. no. 2, 34 p.


Moberly Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Campbell, Guy, 1946, New Albany Shale: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 57, p. 829-908.

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond [Ky.] folio: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine formations of east-central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 7, 369 p.

____1935, Correlation of Silurian formations in southwestern Ohio, southeastern Indiana, Kentucky, and western Tennessee: Denison Univ. Bull., v. 35, no. 14; Sci. Lab. Jour., v. 30, art. 3, p. 119-205.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availabilty of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Areal geologic map of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1952, Boyle-Duffin-Ohio Shale relationships: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 10, ser. 9, 24 p.

Rexroad, C. B., Branson, E. R., Smith, M. O., Summerson, Charles, and Boucot, A. J., 1965, The Silurian formations of east-central Kentucky and adjacent Ohio: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 2, ser. 10, 34 p.


Berea Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Burroughs, W. G., 1927, Geology of the Berea region: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 26, p. 155-208.

Butts, Charles, 1922, The Mississippian series of eastern Kentucky; a regional interpretation of the stratigraphic relations of the Subcarboniferous group based on new and detailed field examinations: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 7, 188 p.

Campbell, Guy, 1946, New Albany Shale: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 57, p. 829-908.

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond quadrangle: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine formations of east-central Kentucky, with an account of their clays and limestones: Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 7, 369 p.

Greene, R. C., 1966, Geologic map of the Richmond South quadrangle, Madison County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-479.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Jillson, W. R., 1954, Geology of the Meadow anticline and associated faults in Madison and Garrard Counties, Kentucky: Frankfort, Ky., Roberts Printing Co., 40 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Areal geologic map of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McFarlan, A. C., and Walker, F. H., 1956, Some old Chester problems-correlations along the eastern belt of outcrop: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 20.

Miller, A. M., 1910, Coals of the Lower Measures along the western border of the eastern coal field: Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 12, 83 p.

Rexroad, C. B., Branson, E. R., Smith, M. 0., Summerson, Charles, and Boucot, A. J., 1965, The Silurian formations of east-central Kentucky and adjacent Ohio: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Bull. 2, 34 p.

Stockdale, P. B., 1939, Lower Mississippian rocks of the east-central interior: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 22, 248 p.

Weir, G. W., Gualtieri, J. L., and Schlanger, S. 0., 1966, Borden Formation (Mississippian) in south- and southeast-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-F, 38 p.


Palmer Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Branson, E. B., and Branson, C. C., 1947, Lower Silurian conodonts from Kentucky: Jour. Paleontology, v. 21, p. 549-556.

Burroughs, W. G., 1927, Geology of the Berea region: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 26, p. 155-208.

Butts, C. E., 1922, The Mississippian series of eastern Kentucky; a regional interpretation of the stratigraphic relations of the subcarboniferous group based on new and detailed field examinations: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 7, 188 p.

Campbell, Guy, 1946, New Albany Shale: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 57, p. 829-908.

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond quadrangle: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine formations of east-central Kentucky, with an account of their clays and limestones: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 7, 369 p.

____1912, Strophomena and other fossils from Cincinnatian and Mohawkian horizons, chiefly in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky: Denison Univ. Sci. Lab., Bull. 17, p. 17-172.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Jillson, W. R., 1954, Geology of the Meadow anticline and associated faults in Madison and Garrard Counties, Kentucky: Frankfort, Kentucky, Roberts Printing Co., 40 p.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943 (reprinted 1961), Geology of Kentucky: University of Kentucky, Lexington, 531 p.

McFarlan, A. C., Freeman, L. B., and Nelson, V. E., 1944, "Corniferous" at Irvine, Estill County, Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 28, p. 531-540.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930, Reconnaissance map of the areal geology of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Nickles, J. M., 1905, The Upper Ordovician rocks of Kentucky and their bryozoa: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 5, 64 p.

Nosow, Edmund, and McFarlan, A. C., 1960, Geology of the central Bluegrass area: Geol. Soc. America, Southeast Sec. Field Trip Guidebook, 56 p.

Rexroad, C. B., Branson, E. R., Smith, M. O., Summerson, Charles, Boucot, A. J., 1965, The Silurian formations of east-central Kentucky and adjacent Ohio: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Bull. 2, 34 p.

Stockdale, P. B., 1939, Lower Mississippian rocks of the east-central interior: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 22, 248 p.


Coletown Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull., 1224-C, 29 p.

Foerste, A. F., 1914, The Rogers Gap fauna of central Kentucky: Cincinnati Soc. Nat. History Jour., v. 21, p. 109-156.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Jolly, J. L., and Heyl, A. V., 1964, Mineral paragenesis and zoning in the central Kentucky mineral district: Economic Geology, v. 59, p. 596-624.

McFarlan, A. C., and Freeman, L. B., 1935, Rogers Gap and Fulton Formations in central Kentucky: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 46, p.1975-2006.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, no. 8, p. 1627-1646.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Spindletop Research Center [for Kentucky Department of Commerce), Lexington, Kentucky, 128 p.

Nosow, Edmund, and McFarlan, A. C., 1960, Geology of the central Bluegrass area: guidebook for annual meeting Southeastern Section, Geol. Soc. of America, 56 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Weir, G. W., and Greene, R. C., 1965, Clays Ferry Formation (Ordovician)-a new map unit in south-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-B, 18 p.

Weir, G. W., Greene, R. C., and Simmons, G. C., 1965, Calloway Creek Limestone and Ashlock and Drakes Formations (Upper Ordovician) in south-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-D, 36 p.


Bighill Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Burroughs, W. G., 1927, Geology of the Berea region: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 26, p. 155-208.

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond quadrangle [Ky.]: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Jillson, W. R., 1964, Discovery of Mid-Paleozoic faulting in eastern-central Kentucky: Frankfort, Ky., Roberts Printing Co., 13 p.

Kilburn, Chabot, 1956, Outcrop stratigraphy of the Lee Formation, southeast Kentucky: Unpub. thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center, 128 p.

Miller, A. M., 1910, Coals of the Lower Measures along the western border of the eastern coal field: Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 12, 83 p.

Rexroad, C. B., Branson, E. R., Smith, M. O., Summerson, Charles, and Boucot, A. J., 1965, The Silurian formations of east-central Kentucky and adjacent Ohio: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Bull. 2, 34 p.

Simmons, G. C., 1966, Pre-Middle Devonian and post-Middle Devonian faulting and the Silurian-Devonian unconformity near Richmond, Kentucky, in Geological Survey research, 1966: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 550-C, p. C 17-C 19.

Weir, G. W., 1967, Geologic map of the Berea quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-649.

Weir, G. W., Gualtieri, J. L., and Schlanger, S. O., 1966, Borden Formation (Mississippian) in south and southeast-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-F, 38 p.


Danville Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Foerste, A. F., 1912, Strophomena and other fossils from Cincinnatian and Mohawkian horizons, chiefly in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky: Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull. 17, p. 17-172.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1930: Geologic map of Mercer County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.


Ford Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., 1967, Geologic map of the Coletown quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-644.

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, 29 p.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Jillson, W. R., 1950, Geology of the Elk Lick valley: Roberts Printing Co., Frankfort, Kentucky, 33 p.

Johnson, C. G., 1966, Engineering geology of Lexington and Fayette County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 19 p., tables 1, 2, Preliminary engineering geology map of Fayette County, Kentucky (in three sheets with separate explanation), generalized stratigraphic column.

Jolly, J. L., and Heyl, A. V., 1964, Mineral paragenesis and zoning in the central Kentucky mineral district: Econ. Geology, v. 59, no. 4, p. 596-624, Kentucky Geol. Survey Repr. 15, ser. 10, 1964.

Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1965, New mineral discovery in Clark County: Press release of December 9, 1965, accompanied by open-file preliminary map of the Ford quadrangle, Kentucky, showing location of mineral occurrences.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943 (repr. 1961), Geology of Kentucky: Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, 531 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and Freeman, L. B., 1935, Rogers Gap and Fulton Formations in central Kentucky: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 46, p. 1975-2006.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H. 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, no. 8, p. 1627-1646.

McFarlan, A. C., and Goodwin, S. S., 1950, Geologic map of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, repr. with revisions from ser. 6, 1930.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, P., 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Spindletop Research Center (for Kentucky Department of Commerce), Lexington, Kentucky, 128 p.

Meacham, R. P., Munyan, A. C., and Wesley, G. R., 1931, Areal and structural geologic map of Clark County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of groundwater in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Robinson, L. C., 1931, The vein deposits of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 41, 127 p.

Weir, G. W., and Greene, R. C., 1965, Clays Ferry Formation (Ordovician)-a new map unit in south-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-B, 18 p.

Weir, G. W., Greene, R. C., and Simmons, G. C., 1965, Calloway Creek Limestone and Ashlock and Drakes Formations (Upper Ordovician) in south-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-D, 36 p.


Salvisa Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cressman, E. R., 1964, Geology of the Tyrone quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-303.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine Formations of east-central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 7.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barite deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Anderson, Franklin, Shelby, Spencer, and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-24.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943 (repr. 1961), Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Univ. Kentucky, 531 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and Wesley, G. R., 1930, Areal and structural geologic map of Anderson County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, no. 8, p. 1627-1646.

Miller, A. M., 1913, Geology of the Georgetown quadrangle: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, pt. 1, p. 317-351.

____1924, Map of the geology of Woodford County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone 	(Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, p. C1-C29.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine formations of east-central Kentucky 	with an account of their clays and limestones: Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 7, 369 p.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

Johnson, C. G., 1966, Engineering geology of Lexington and Fayette County, Kentucky: 	U.S. Geol. Survey, open file rept. prep. in coop. with Kentucky Geol. Survey, 19 p.

Jolly, J. L., and Heyl, A. V., 1964, Mineral paragenesis and zoning in the central Kentucky 	mineral district: Econ. Geology, v. 59, p. 596-624.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, no. 8, p. 1627-1646.

Miller, R. D., 1967, Geologic map of the Lexington West quadrangle, Fayette and Scott 	Counties, Kentucky:	U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-600.

Nickles, J. M., 1905, The Upper Ordovician rocks of Kentucky and their Bryozoa: Kentucky 	Geol. Survey Bull. 5, 64 p.

Nosow, Edmund, and MacFarlan, A. C., 1960, Geology of the central Bluegrass area: Geol. Soc. America, Southeastern Section Field Trip Guidebook, publ. by Kentucky Geol. Survey.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of groundwater in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

_____1961, Reconnaissance of groundwater resources in the Blue Grass Region, 	Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1533, 39 p.

Robinson, L. C., 1931, Vein deposits of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 41, p. 3-127.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Blue Grass Region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey Thesis Series 1, ser. 10, 64 p.

Weir, G. W., and Greene, R. C., 1965, Clays Ferry Formation (Ordovician)-a new map unit in south-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-B, 18 p.

Weir,. G. W., Green, R. C., and Simmons, G. C., 1965, Calloway Creek Limestone and Ashlock and Drakes Formations (Upper Ordovician) in south-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-D, 36 p.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., 1967, Geologic map of the Coletown quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-644.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

Greene, R. C., 1966, Geologic map of the Valley View quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-470.

MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1968, Geologic Map of the Nicholasville quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-767.

Nosow, Edmund, and McFarlan, A. C., 1960, Geology of the central Bluegrass area: Geol. Soc. America, Southeastern Sec., Guidebook, Field trip 1960, no. 1.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond quadrangle [Ky.] U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Freeman, L. B., 1953, Regional subsurface stratigraphy of the Cambrian and Ordovician in Kentucky and vicinity: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 12, 352 p.

Gualtieri, J. L., 1967, Geologic map of the Brodhead quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-662.

Jillson, W. R., 1954, Geology of the Meadow anticline and associated faults in Madison and Garrard Counties, Kentucky: Frankfort, Ky., Roberts Printing Co., 40 p.

McFarlan, A. C., Mayfield, S. M., and Richardson, H. T., 1927, Map of the areal and structural geology of Garrard County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center, 128 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

Rexroad, C. B., Branson, E. R., Smith, M. 0., Summerson, Charles, and Boucot, A. J., 1965, The Silurian formations of east-central Kentucky and adjacent Ohio: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Bull. 2, 34 p.

Stockdale, P. B., 1939, Lower Mississippian rocks of the east-central Interior: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 22, 248 p.

Weir, G. W., 1967, Geologic map of the Berea quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-649.

Weir, G. W., Gualtieri, J. L., and Schlanger, S. O., 1966, Borden Formation (Mississippian) in south and southeast-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-F, 38 p.


Buckeye Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Freeman, L. B., 1953, Regional subsurface stratigraphy of the Cambrian and Ordovician in Kentucky and vicinity: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. no. 12, 352 p.

Greene, R. C., 1965, Geologic map of the Kirksville quadrangle, Garrard and Madison Counties, Ky.: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-452.

McFarlan, A. C., Mayfield, S. M., and Richardson, H. T., 1927, Geologic map of Garrard County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, (reprinted with some revisions in 1950, ser. 9).

Oil and Gas Journal, 1968, Newsletter: Oil and Gas Jour., v. 66, no. 37.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

Weir, G. W., 1969, Geologic map of the Paint Lick quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-800.

Wolcott, D. E., 1969, Geologic map of the Little Hickman quadrangle, central Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-792.


Wilmore Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960a, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

_____1960b, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.


Lancaster Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Freeman, L. B., 1953, Regional subsurface stratigraphy of the Cambrian and Ordovician in Kentucky and vicinity: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 12, 352 p.

Gualtieri, J. L., 1967, Geologic map of the Brodhead quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-662.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center, 128 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

Stockdale, P. B., 1939, Lower Mississippian rocks of the east-central interior: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 22, 248 p.

Weir, G. W., Gualtieri, J. L., and Schlanger, S. O., 1966, Borden Formation (Mississippian) in south and southeast-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-F, 38 p.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Foerste, A. F., 1912, Strophomena and other fossils from Cincinnatian and Mohawkian horizons, chiefly in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky: Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull. 17, p. 17-172.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

Nosow, Edmund, and McFarlan, A. C., 1960, Geology of the central Bluegrass area: Geol. Soc. America, Southeastern Sec. Field Trip Guidebook, 54 p.

Oil and Gas Journal, 1968, Newsletter: Oil and Gas Jour., v. 66, no. 37.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

Van Den Berg, Jacob, Carpenter, G. L., Milhous, H. C., and Nosow, Edmund, 1969, Developments in east-central states in 1968: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 53, no. 6, p. 1220-1229.


Alcorn Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Campbell, M. R., 1898, Description of the Richmond quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Folio 46.

Freeman, Lawrence, Mayfield, S. M., and Sutton, A. H., 1929, Reconnaissance map of the areal and structural geology (fault pattern) of Estill County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Gualtieri, J. L., 1968, Geologic map of the Johnetta quadrangle, Rockcastle and Jackson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-685.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Kilburn, Chabot, Price, W. E., Jr., and Mull, D. S., 1962, Availability of ground water in Bell, Clay, Jackson, Knox, Laurel, Leslie, McCreary, Owsley, Rockcastle, and Whitley Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-38.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943, Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Univ. Kentucky, 531 p.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center, 128 p.

Taylor, A. R., and Lewis, R. Q., Sr., 1971, Geologic map of the Yosemite quadrangle, Casey and Lincoln Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-910.


Junction City Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Freeman, L. B., 1953, Regional subsurface stratigraphy of the Cambrian and Ordovician in Kentucky and vicinity: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 12, 352 p.

McFarlan, A. C., 1929, Geologic map of Lincoln County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1952, Boyle-Duffin-Ohio Shale relationship: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 10, 24 p.

Miller, Raymond, Goodwin, S. S., Briggs, G. H., Richardson, H. T., and Wesley, G. R., 1929, Geologic map of Boyle County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Boyle, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-20.

Robinson, L. C., 1931, The vein deposits of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 41, p. 3-127.

Rubarts, W. E., 1959, The Boyle-Duffin-New Albany relationships in northern Casey and western Lincoln Counties: Unpublished M. S. thesis, University of Kentucky, 53 p.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The inner zone of the Central Mining District includes the northeastern part of the quadrangle.  Within the zone carbonate rocks are tilted and broken into large fault blocks.  North-trending fissure veins have been mined for fluorite, barite, calcite, and minor amounts of dark sphalerite and galena.  The veins are steeply inclined to vertical and reach a width of 8 feet.  They were mined through part of the Lexington Limestone and the High Bridge Group in the Kentucky River bluffs to a depth of 100 feet below river level.  Jolly and Heyl (1964) discuss detailed patterns of mineral zoning in the area.

Fluorite was mined intermittently from the Faircloth mines near Mundys Landing between the time of World War I and 1950.  The West Faircloth or Moore mine described by Currier (1923, p. 161-166) yielded white fluorite, barite, and sphalerite from a 3 1/2- to 6-foot-wide vein in a normal fault zone trending N. 6 degrees E.  Beds of the Oregon Formation are displaced downward about 7 feet on the east side of the lower adit.  The East Faircloth mine (Robinson, 1931, p. 121) yielded 6,000 tons of 70 percent fluorite between 1936 and 1943 (W. R. Thurston, 1943, unpublished data).  Fluorite was mined from a 2 1/2- to 3-foot-wide vein, locally as wide as 6 feet, that trends N. 5 degrees E.  Beds on the west side of the vein are downthrown more than 3 feet.  Slickensides inclined as much as 45 degrees were observed in both walls.  The Chinn mine, which is to the south and along the same trend as the East Faircloth mine, yielded an estimated 200,000 tons of calcite (Fohs, 1913, p. 579-582) containing some fluorite and barite from a banded, brecciated vein more than 1/2 mile long.  This vein, which is 1 1/2 to 8 feet wide, is inclined as much as 75 degrees westward, and was emplaced along a normal fault that dropped Oregon beds more than 10 feet.  On the same trend of these veins, a vein 1 1/2 to 5 feet wide was worked from the Twin Chimney mine located in the river bluffs about 1 mile northeast of Mundys Landing.  Fohs (1913, p. 483-488) described variations of mineral deposition in this vein.  The mineralized fissure produced 11,000 tons of commercial grade fluorite (W. R. Thurston, 1943, unpublished data).  The vein was observed along the Kentucky River in the Salvisa quadrangle (Cressman, 1968) to about 3/4 mile north of the quadrangle boundary.  The Hannah Morgan mine, directly south across the river from Twin Chimney mine, was prospected for fluorite during 1922-23 and 1943-44.  The slickensided fluorite-bearing vein is 4 feet wide.  It strikes S. 15 degrees E. but changes in a short distance to S. 20 degrees W. and trends toward the Faircloth mines (W. R. Thurston, 1944, unpublished data).  The Kentron vein, 1 1/2-feet wide and striking N. 5-10 degrees E. in the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone from a mine 1 mile west of Twin Chimney, yielded colorless fluorite and minor barite in calcite gangue.  The Faulconer vein (Fohs, 1913, p. 518) was mined 2 1/2 miles east of Harrodsburg during World War I.  This banded ferruginous deposit in the Tanglewood Limestone and Grier Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone yielded barite, fluorite and minor sphalerite from a vein 1 1/2 to 3 feet wide.  Veins were prospected through shafts along a strike of N. 10 degrees W. at the following locations: near the intersection of Bonta and Curry Lanes, northeast of Unity Road, and near the intersection of Harvey and Cummins Ferry Roads.  The Riker vein, just southeast of Harrodsburg proper (Fohs, 1913, p. 517), was prospected for barite and fluorite.  The nearly vertical vein is 1 1/2 feet wide and occurs along a north-trending normal fault in which beds of the Sulphur Well Member of the Lexington Limestone are downthrown on the west side more than 10 feet.  The Thompson vein, striking N. 15 degrees W., yielded barite, minor fluorite, sphalerite and galena from shallow prospect pits southwest of the intersection of Warwick and McCroskey Roads (Fohs, 1913, p. 517).

Limestone is locally quarried and crushed for road metal, agricultural lime, and aggregate (Bitterman, 1959, p. 72-73).  The Mercer Stone Company and the Mercer County Fiscal Court operate quarries 1 1/2 miles east and 1 mile north of Harrodsburg, respectively, which work the Lexington Limestone and the Tyrone Limestone of the High Bridge Group.  Lavender calcite similar to that containing rare earths at the Faircloth mines (Jolly and Heyl, 1964, p. 613) was observed in vertical fractures in the Mercer Stone Company quarry.  Many abandoned quarries were formerly worked for building stone, foundation material, and road metal.

Farm ponds floored by impermeable shale or bentonite usually hold water better than those having a soil base.  Clays Ferry Formation, Sulphur Well, Grier, and Logana Members of the Lexington Limestone provide suitable shaly materials on which to build ponds.  Because bentonite has extremely low permeability, exposures of bentonite beds such as those at the top and 23 feet below the top of the Tyrone Limestone are generally well suited for locations of ponds.  The Tanglewood Limestone Member is cavernous, locally fractured, and lacks shaly material.  Ponds impounded downslope from many geologic contacts are supplied with water from perched water reservoirs.  Zones of seepage are commonly marked by small marshy areas and small springs.

The fertile reddish-brown soils of the Inner Blue Grass region are developed from the decomposition of phosphatic, bioclastic limestone of the smooth uplands.  These loams contain relatively large amounts of tricalcium phosphate.  Detailed descriptions of soil quality are available in Higbee, Wrather, and Boatright (1930).  McAfee soils, derived mainly from the Sulphur Well and Perryville Limestone Members, have the highest phosphate content.  The Maury and Braxton soils are less phosphatic than the McAfee soils.  Maury loams developed mainly on the Tanglewood and upper Grier Limestone Members, whereas the Braxton loams developed mainly on the Grier Limestone Member and to a lesser extent on the Logana and Curdsville Members.  Dark-colored soils such as the Salvisa loams are alkaline and have a high potash content.  Lightest of these soils in texture, the Salvisa loams developed mainly on the Clays Ferry Formation and upper Sulphur Well Member.

Subsurface flow of water is partly controlled by solution-widened fractures and by flat openings at contacts between major rock units (MacQuown, 1967, p. 59-61).  In the absence of shale and bentonite, water can move freely for great distances.  Alinements of solution-enlarged fractures, sinkholes, caverns, and depressions commonly indicate fracture zones followed by subsurface watercourses (Palmquist and Hall, 1961, p. 23).  Solution by ground water produced numerous sinkholes and caverns in the brittle Perryville and the fragmented Tanglewood and Grier Limestone Members.  Several historic high-yield springs occur within the Grier Limestone Member.  The intersection of a northwesterly-trending shearing zone with the cr bed of the Grier provides a channelway for water issuing at Shawnee Springs.  Shawnee Run Spring is fed by a channelway formed by a northwesterly-trending shear zone that intersects the base of the Grier.  Boiling Spring at Harrodsburg is at the top of the Grier.  Numerous high-yield springs occur at the base of the Macedonia Bed and cr bed of the Grier and at the top of the Tyrone Limestone in the drainage of Shawnee Run and Shaker Creek.  The most favorable location for water wells is at the intersection of solution-widened joints, which can be detected by the alignment of sinkholes and related depressions.  Best results are obtained where wells are drilled to the cr bed or to the top of the Tyrone Limestone.  Water from wells deeper than 100 feet may contain salt and hydrogen sulphide (Palmquist and Hall, 1961, p. 28-29).  Details of groundwater conditions were reported by Hall and Palmquist (1960) and Palmquist and Hall (1960).


McBrayer Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

There are no active quarries in the quadrangle, but the upper part of the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone has been quarried, presumably for road metal and aggregate, on the north side of U.S. Highway 62 east of the Salt River.  The tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member beneath the Brannon Member was quarried on a small scale 300 feet north of the junction of Cole Road and Vanarsdell Road, probably for road metal.

According to a local informant, barite was mined in the early years of the century on the southeast side of Lyons Branch 1.2 miles S. 60 degrees E. of Kirkwood Church, but no signs of either the vein or the workings could be found during mapping.

Groundwater conditions in Anderson County were studied by Hall and Palmquist (1960), and in Mercer County by Palmquist and Hall (1960).  Their work indicates that only wells drilled in the valley of the Salt River or other valley bottoms will generally produce enough water for a domestic supply.  Of wells drilled elsewhere, those in the Clays Ferry Formation are generally dry whereas those drilled in the Lexington Limestone are more likely to be successful.  A well drilled in the stream bottom 2,400 feet northeast of the village of Terrapin produces artesian water from a depth of about 80 feet; the aquifer is probably the sub-Brannon tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member.  This unit might be productive elsewhere in the southeastern part of the quadrangle.


Cornishville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Small abandoned quarries in the Perryville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone are on the west side of the Salt River 0.75 mile north of the southern boundary of the quadrangle and on the north side of the Chaplin River 2 miles southeast of Cornishville.  The Perryville Limestone Member and parts of the underlying Tanglewood and Grier Limestone Members are quarried in the adjacent Harrodsburg quadrangle, primarily for road metal and aggregate.

Groundwater conditions in Mercer County were studied by Palmquist and Hall (1960).  Their work indicates that in the valley of the Salt River, wells drilled where the bedrock is Lexington Limestone will generally produce adequate water for hand pumps at depths of less than 100 feet.  Most wells drilled in valley alluvium or in bedrock close to the river will produce enough water for domestic supply with a power pump and pressure system.  In the drainage area of the Chaplin River, only those wells drilled in valley bottoms are likely to produce an adequate domestic supply.  Wells located in the Clays Ferry Formation are generally dry.


Stanford Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

A limestone quarry near the southwest corner of the Bryantsville quadrangle, described by Wolcott and Cressman (1971), has been extended into the northwestern part of the Stanford quadrangle.  The stone being quarried is from the middle and upper parts of the Lexington Limestone and is used for agricultural limestone, aggregate, and road metal; minor amounts are used for uncut building stone.  Abandoned quarries in the lower part of the Lexington Limestone, the Gilbert Member of the Ashlock Formation, the Rowland Member of the Drakes Formation, and the New Albany Shale have been worked for local supplies of aggregate, building stone, and road metal.

Several barite veins have been extensively prospected in the vicinity of Hubble.  All the veins occur along faults and seem to be confined to the Lexington and Tyrone Limestones.  Barite has been mined about 1 mile northwest of Hubble; here, a lode exposed just above the abandoned mine workings is about 10 feet wide and consists of an anastomosing network of barite veinlets, which are as much as 6 inches thick, in a matrix of limestone.  A vein exposed along Hanging Fork Creek in a trench about 1 1/2 miles west of Hubble is about 18 inches wide and consists of massive white barite with a few inclusions of limestone.  All of the examined veins contained minor amounts of lead and zinc sulfides.

Thin residual clay occurs locally just beneath the New Albany Shale where the New Albany rests on Ordovician rocks.  Data are inadequate to indicate the amount of reserves, but if sufficient quantities could be found, this clay might be used as a catalyst in oil cracking or for super-duty refractories (McGrain, 1966).

Palmquist and Hall (1960, 1961) have studied the groundwater resources in the area, and the following comments are largely based upon their work.  Very little water can be obtained from drilled wells in rocks of the Borden Formation, Boyle Dolomite and Brassfield Dolomite.  However, the Boyle Dolomite yields water from many springs, particularly along or near faults; one good spring, also near a fault, was noted in the Brassfield Dolomite.  Wells drilled into the Garrard Siltstone and Clays Ferry Formation may yield as much as 100 gallons per day.  All other formations may be expected to yield from 100 to 500 gallons per day, the higher production coming from wells drilled in the lowlands.  All the water is hard; water obtained from the New Albany Shale may contain iron and hydrogen sulfide.  Water from the Drakes Formation, Ashlock Formation, Calloway Creek Limestone, and Lexington Limestone may contain salt and hydrogen sulfide.  The best quality water is available from rocks of the High Bridge Group.  Alluvial deposits are generally too thin to yield much water.

Several wells have been drilled in the quadrangle in search of oil and gas, without commercial success.  Presumably the target strata were of Cambrian and Early Ordovician age (Webb, 1969; McGuire and Howell, 1963, p. 5-1 to 5-14, A-6).


Winchester Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Barite veins as much as 3 feet thick crop out at two localities about three-fourths of a mile north of the Boonesborough fault in the lower part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone.

Anomalous bodies of dolomite occur at five localities in the quadrangle; they appear to be genetically related to faulting.  At least two of these occurrences, along the Boonesborough and Eagle Nest faults, are replacement deposits (Black, 1971), of a type commonly associated with commercial sulfide ore bodies (Schwartz, 1955).  Such dolomite bodies adjacent to faults may be useful guides in exploration for sulphide ore.  In the Boonesborough fault body, otherwise calcitic rocks of the Calloway Creek Limestone, Garrard Siltstone, and at least the upper 41 feet of the Clays Ferry Formation are dolomitized to a total drilling depth of 194 feet at the U. S. G. S. Allen No. 1 core hole site.  In the southeastern part of this quadrangle, and in the adjacent Hedges quadrangle, dolomite has replaced limestone of the Reba Member of the Ashlock Formation in a narrow elongate zone adjacent to the Eagle Nest fault.  Both outcrops and the drill core contain, as cavity fillings and replacements, small quantities of barite, pyrite, coarsely crystalline calcite, and dolomite; and, in dolomite of the Reba, sphalerite.  In the three grabens in the western part of the quadrangle north of the Boonesborough fault, neither field relations nor fossil evidence were sufficient to determine if the dolomite occurrences resulted from alteration of country rock, or if dolomitic strata higher in the stratigraphic section were downdropped by faults.

In recent years oil companies have made geophysical studies in the area and one deep test hole (Texaco Inc., Joe Williams No. 1, Carter coordinates 9-Q-64, Clark County) was drilled south of the Boonesborough fault to a total depth of 4,937 feet.

Much of the quadrangle is underlain by shaly, relatively impervious rocks, well suited for farm ponds (Smith, 1966) but poorly suited to the development of successful water wells.  Residents report that water from many wells drilled to limestone beneath the shaly upland rocks is too saline or sulphurous or of insufficient yield to adequately supply their farms.  Potable ground water is likely to occur in areas of fluvial deposits, either just beneath such areas in solution cavities commonly developed in bedrock or just above the bedrock interface; on and near faults; and in potentially cavernous limestone terrain.  Such water is particularly vulnerable to pollution from waste disposal in sink holes and along gullies, creeks, and rivers.  Additional data on the occurrence of ground water is available in Hall and Palmquist (1960) and Palmquist and Hall (1961).

Soils of Clark County are mapped in detail and thoroughly discussed by Preston and others (1964).  Significant variations in soil types occur across major faults and in areas underlain by fluvial deposits.  Land-use suitability is also markedly variable depending on bedrock distribution.  Rock characteristics of some of the formations exposed in the quadrangle as related to engineering problems are discussed by Johnson (1966) and Black (1967).  In brief, shaly formations are more easily excavated than more resistant limestone, siltstone, and dolomite but are more susceptible to mass wasting.  No geologically hazardous conditions are known in the area; however, in choosing sites for sanitary landfill or heavy industrial facilities, potentially cavernous limestone formations should be avoided or carefully explored by drilling.  Faults have been quiescent throughout historic time.


Perryville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The Salvisa Bed and part of the Faulconer Bed of the Perryville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone were quarried on the southern outskirts of Perryville, and the Faulconer Bed and the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington were quarried half a mile northeast of Perryville.  Rock from both quarries was presumably used primarily for road metal and aggregate.  Neither quarry is now active, but most limestone of the Perryville, Tanglewood, and Grier Limestone Members will probably meet specifications for aggregate.

The Perryville Limestone Member may be a potential source of high-calcium limestone.  According to Stokely and Walker (1953, p. 17), the Perryville in the Mercer County quarry in the Harrodsburg quadrangle contains a 27-foot-thick zone of limestone with 96.1 percent CaCO3, and the Perryville in the Caldwell Company quarry at Danville contains a 21-foot-thick zone with an average CaCO3 content of 95.0 percent.  Cressman (1972) reports that eight samples of the Salvisa Bed in the Danville quadrangle averaged 95.86 percent total carbonate, of which 1.4 percent was MgCO3; three samples from the Faulconer Bed in the same quadrangle averaged 97.29 percent total carbonate, of which 1.7 percent was MgCO3.

Groundwater conditions in Mercer and Boyle Counties were studied by Palmquist and Hall (1960).  Their work indicates that in the valleys of Chaplin River and Doctors Fork, wells drilled to depths of less than 100 feet will generally produce enough water for a domestic supply with a power pump and pressure system.  Drilled wells in the valleys of Dry Fork, Quirks Fork, and the Salt River will generally produce adequate water for a domestic supply with a hand pump.  Wells drilled elsewhere are generally dry.  Sink holes and solution channels are common in the Perryville and Tanglewood Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone, and wells drilled in these units may produce water from within the Perryville or from the base of the Tanglewood.  Areas underlain by the relatively impervious Clays Ferry Formation are unfavorable for the occurrence of ground water.


Hedges Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Carbonate rocks of Silurian and Devonian age underlying New Albany Shale and called "Corniferous" by drillers (Freeman, 1959) form local petroleum reservoirs in the subsurface of eastern and southern Kentucky.  Because these rocks crop out in this quadrangle, stratigraphic and structural relations discussed here may aid in understanding subsurface relations elsewhere.

Jillson (1964) and Simmons (1966, 1967a, b) observed greater thickness of Silurian rocks beneath Boyle Dolomite on the downthrown sides of northwest-trending faults south of the Hedges quadrangle.  Both workers conclude that these faults were active prior to development of the unconformity (see diagrammatic cross section) that separates rocks of Silurian age from those of Devonian age, and again active subsequent to the beginning of New Albany deposition.  Simmons further demonstrates thinning of the Boyle over Mina dome.  Investigations in the Hedges quadrangle corroborate the findings of Jillson and Simmons and further indicate that the northeast-trending Eagle Nest and Ruckerville faults of the Kentucky River fault system were probably active at approximately the same time as the northwest- trending faults.  On the downthrown side of the northwest-trending fault that cuts the northwest flank of Mina dome, the Crab Orchard Formation is as much as 20 feet thicker than on the upthrown side, whereas thicknesses of older and younger Paleozoic units do not vary appreciably from one side of the fault to the other.  These relations indicate that the fault was active subsequent to deposition of the younger units but prior to development of the unconformity.  Renewed activity along this fault is evidenced by offset of rocks above the unconformity.

Northeast-trending faults also may have been active during the time represented by the unconformity between Silurian and Devonian rocks (see cross section).  Evidence of this includes the following: 1) Due to uneven truncation by the unconformity the Silurian rocks thicken southward from these faults (see cross section), from 10 feet in Louisville and Nashville Railroad cuts 0.8 mile south of Eagle Nest fault to 65 feet near the south edge of the map.  2) Strata overlying the unconformity appear to lap onto older rocks in structurally positive areas; for example, the Boyle Dolomite, which is thickest in the structurally low area in the south-central part of the quadrangle, thins westward across Mina dome and also pinches out up-dip to the northwest along a line roughly paralleling the strike of folding south of the Kentucky River faults.  3) Dolomite beds near the base of the New Albany overlap the Boyle and also pinch out up-dip.  At least 15 feet of section, not including shale above the New Albany dolomite beds, is missing in up-dip areas as a result of nondeposition due either to topographic irregularities on the unconformable surface or to continued tilting during the early stages of Middle Devonian deposition.

Structural relief on the base of the Brassfield Dolomite is about 270 feet in the area of outcrop.  Of this, more than 70 feet can be attributed to movement after deposition of Silurian rocks and prior to deposition of that part of the New Albany Shale above the basal dolomite beds.

Gas is the only mineral resource currently being exploited.  The Trapp gas field in the Mina dome area of the Hedges and Palmer quadrangles was discovered in 1963 (McGuire and Howell, 1963).  The field is outlined on a map (scale 1:250,000) by Wilson and Sutton (1973).  Wells producing from the St. Peter Sandstone of Middle Ordovician age at an average depth of 1,700 feet were shut in at time of mapping awaiting development of a pipeline to market.  An unsuccessful oil test, the Peter Widener Company Russell Glover No. 1 drill hole, slightly east of the quadrangle center, bottomed in the Rome Formation of Cambrian age at a total depth of 4,690 feet.

Foerste (1906) reported that very sandy, pebbly clay was mined from a large clay pit (now a pond) along the roadbed of the Kentucky Union Railroad (since abandoned) three-fourths of a mile northwest of Indian Old Fields.

A northwest-striking vein, chiefly of barite and as much as 3 feet thick, occurs along the northeastern fault of the northwest-trending graben that crosses Dry Fork in the southwestern part of the quadrangle.  No barite was found below an elevation roughly coincident with the top of the Brannon Member of the Lexington Limestone on the upthrown side, and the top of Tanglewood Limestone Member on the downthrown side.  Coarsely crystalline calcite and barite cavity fillings and replacements occur sparsely in the Brassfield Dolomite.  Small inclusions of calcite, barite, dolomite, sphalerite, and pyrite were found in dolomitized parts of the Reba Member of the Ashlock Formation in this and the adjacent Winchester quadrangle (Black, 1974).  The abrupt change from limestone to dolomite in these beds, the increase in degree of alteration toward the faults, and the areal distribution of dolomitized rock adjacent to faults suggest that the faults were conduits for dolomitizing solutions.  Such solutions may have deposited materials of economic value at greater depth.

Much of the quadrangle is underlain by relatively impervious shaly rocks that are poor aquifers but well suited to the construction of successful reservoirs.  Residents report that water from many wells drilled to limestone aquifers beneath shaly upland rocks is too saline or sulfurous or of insufficient yield for farm supply.  At places springs issue from fault traces and from numerous stratigraphic horizons, commonly at the base of or within limestone and dolomite units, especially where underlain by impervious layers.  Foerste (1906) discussed water-bearing and chemical characteristics of Silurian and Devonian formations and of sediments which he categorized as the Irvine Formation-equivalent to terrace deposits and high-level fluvial deposits of this report.  Foerste also discussed chemical characteristics of Ordovician formations.  Additional information on ground water is presented by Hall and Palmquist (1960) and Palmquist and Hall (1961).

Soils of Clark County are mapped in detail and discussed by Preston and others (1964).  Rock characteristics and their relation to engineering problems for some of the formations in the quadrangle are discussed by Johnson (1966) and Black (1967).  Faults have been quiescent throughout historic time.

The Indian mound and fort site 1.1 miles west of Goffs Corner are still discernible, especially on aerial photographs, and are part of a Shawnee village from which the State of Kentucky derives its name.  The village and environs discussed by Beckner (1932) and Funkhouser and Webb (1932) were variously called Indian Old Fields; Eskippakithiki, the Shawnee term meaning "blue lick place"; and Kentake, the Iroquois name translated "level meadow land".  Other Indian mounds are rock cairns.


Parksville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

A few test holes have been drilled in the quadrangle, but no commercial quantities of oil or gas have been encountered.

Limestone from the Cornishville and Salvisa Beds of the Perryville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone was quarried about 7,000 feet north of Parksville for local use as aggregate and road metal; the quarry is now abandoned.  Gravel and sand of the terrace deposits was rained from an open pit about 9,000 feet south of Parksville and used locally for road metal and aggregate; the pit is now abandoned.  Gravel and sand dredged from the floodplain alluvium of the North Rolling Fork are used locally for road metal and aggregate.

Analysis of a shale sample taken near the southwest edge of the quadrangle from the lower part of the New Providence Shale Member of the Borden Formation indicates fair commercial possibilities for use as lightweight aggregate (McGrain, 1958).

Slump benches are widespread on valley slopes where landslides and slumps are produced in water-saturated shales of the Nancy and New Providence Shale Members of the Borden Formation.  Foundations for structures built on these slumped areas should be provided with adequate drainage and steep slopes should be avoided.

Water for domestic use is available along the North Rolling Fork and from streams north of the Brumfield fault.  Groundwater conditions in the area are discussed by Palmquist and Hall (1960) and Lambert and Brown (1963).


Panola Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The quadrangle is adjacent to the Irvine oil field, but the productive Middle Silurian formations of that field pinch out east of the central and northern parts of the Panola quadrangle.  They may be present in the subsurface near the southeast corner.  Structurally high areas, particularly adjacent to the faults in the southern part of the area, may be indicative of traps at depth.

Sand is available in large quantities from the Irvine Formation.  It would be suitable for concrete and other building purposes after washing.

Some silt-free clay in the Irvine Formation has proved suitable for pottery-making (Foerste, 1906, p. 276-283).  Lenses of this clay are sparsely and irregularly interbedded with silty clay, silt and sand.  Some clay shale in the Crab Orchard Formation and the lower part of the Borden Formation is adapted to the manufacture of brick and earthenware (Burroughs, 1927, p. 190,191).  These shales may also be suitable raw material for light-weight aggregate.

Dolomite from the Brassfield Dolomite has potential value as crushed stone.  Suitable material may also be obtained from the non-cherty Boyle Dolomite in the southern part of the quadrangle.

Shales of the Crab Orchard Formation and the upper part of the Brassfield Dolomite weather to plastic clay that presents particularly poor foundation conditions and will not hold up in high-angle road cuts.  When encountered during construction, shale and thin beds of dolomite should be removed down to the dolomite of the lower part of the Brassfield Dolomite.


Moberly Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Five small abandoned quarries were located by the writer in the quadrangle.  Two are in the Drakes Formation, one in the Reba Member of the Ashlock Formation, and two in the New Albany Shale.  Rock from these formations is of little value for purposes other than fill.  Dolomite of the Brassfield Dolomite or Boyle Dolomite may be suitable for crushed stone.

Sand of the Irvine Formation is available in large quantities and may be suitable for building purposes after washing.

There has been little known exploration for oil and gas.  A single exploratory hole near Elliston penetrated the top of the Knox Dolomite (Lower Ordovician) but no production was obtained.


Berea Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Small amounts of stone used for road building have been quarried from the upper part of the Ashlock Formation, the Boyle Dolomite, the New Albany Shale, the Newman Limestone, and the Livingston Conglomerate Member of the Lee Formation.  The rock in this quadrangle most suitable for road building is limestone in the Gilbert and Reba Members of the Ashlock Formation in the northern part of the quadrangle and limestone in the Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member and the upper member of the Newman Formation in the southern part of the quadrangle.

Siltstone from the Nada Member of the Borden Formation has been quarried from a hilltop about 0.8 mile northeast of Boone Gap.  Formerly this rock was much used locally as a building stone; most of it probably came from quarries south of this quadrangle (Burroughs, 1927, p. 182).

Clay derived by weathering of New Albany Shale was used for brick-making by Berea College in the early 1900's (Foerste, 1906, p. 283-284).  The clay pits, as much as 4 feet deep, are now obliterated but reportedly were in the flat lands about 1 mile north of the college (Foerste, 1906, p. 283-284).  A large potential source of material for brick-making is the basal part of the Nancy Member of the Borden Formation.

A bituminous coal seam, reported by Burroughs (1927, p. 185,195) to be as much as 30 inches thick, occurs near the base of the Lee Formation on Bear Mountain in the southeastern part of the quadrangle.  Small quantities of coal were mined from this seam; the mine workings are now caved and abandoned.  The seam apparently pinches out to the southeast and probably underlies only a small acreage on the northwest side of Bear Mountain.

Several holes were drilled in the quadrangle to search for oil and gas in the Boyle and Brassfield Dolomites.  None of these holes was commercially successful, although small shows of oil and gas were reported from most of them (Burroughs, 1927, p. 195-197).  Three holes were drilled into Ordovician rocks on and near the anticlinal structure south of the fault near Walnut Meadow Branch in the northwestern part of the quadrangle (Jillson, 1954, p. 35-40).  Shows of oil and gas were reported from Lower, Middle, and lower Upper Ordovician rocks.  Jillson (1954, p. 40) concluded that Middle Ordovician rocks along the crest of this anticlinal structure lack the porosity needed for a reservoir of oil and gas in commercial quantities.  Although previous exploration suggests that the possibility of finding significant quantities of oil or gas is slight, further prospecting in the southern part of the quadrangle may discover porosity traps in the Boyle and Brassfield Dolomites.  The small anticline on the north side of the fault in the northwest corner of the quadrangle is a structure favorable for the accumulation of oil and gas; the underlying Ordovician rocks, however, are probably relatively impermeable and are poor host rocks for petroleum.

The instability of the Nancy Member of the Borden Formation is a factor affecting construction projects.  Oversteepening of slopes by artificial cuts may result in sliding of the shale.


Coletown Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Several mineral veins were seen in the east-central part of the quadrangle.  These are part of an east-northeast-trending zone of en echelon veins which extends into the adjoining Ford quadrangle.  In the Coletown quadrangle vein minerals include barite, fluorite, calcite, and sphalerite.  Thicknesses range from several inches to at least 6 feet.  Most of the veins strike northeast to north-northeast.  Jolly and Heyl (1964) discuss similar vein occurrences in central Kentucky.

There are many abandoned limestone quarries within the quadrangle, most of which were operated by farm owners for their own use.  Stratigraphic units most commonly quarried include the Oregon Formation, Tyrone Limestone, and the Curdsville, Grier, and Tanglewood Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone.  Commercial quarrying operations in adjoining quadrangles are concentrated in the lower part of the Lexington Limestone and the upper part of the High Bridge Group.

There is no record of exploratory drilling for oil and gas anywhere in the quadrangle, thus the two east-west-trending anticlines in the southeastern quarter of the map are untested.  Nearest petroleum production is from deep wells in the Trapp gas field in southeastern Clark County (McGuire and Howell, 1963).


Palmer Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gas is produced from Lower(?) Ordovician sandstone on the Mina dome which lies astride the boundary of the Palmer and Hedges quadrangles (see diagrammatic section below and section B-B' for stratigraphic and structural relations on this dome).  Structure contours drawn on the base of the Brassfield Dolomite around the mapped part of this structure indicate that the dome has at least 45 feet and not more than 70 feet of closure.  No other favorable structural traps are known, although two domes with less than 10 feet of closure lie 1 and 2 miles southwest of the Mina dome; the farther dome is partly in the Union City quadrangle.  The closure shown by contours on the base of the New Albany Shale in the southeastern part of the quadrangle results from a high on the Silurian-Devonian unconformity.  Similar irregularities of this surface are partly responsible for the oil pools near Irvine, 3 miles southeast of the Palmer quadrangle (McFarlan, 1943, p. 293).  The unconformity has no economic significance in the Palmer quadrangle because it has been thoroughly dissected by recent erosion.

Residual and alluvial clays are abundant.  Residual clays result from the weathering of all rock units and consequently cover much of the bedrock in the region.  Alluvial clay occurs in the Irvine Formation, Quaternary terrace deposits, and in alluvium along the Kentucky River and its tributaries.  Some silt-free clay in the Irvine Formation is suitable for pottery making.  This clay occurs as lenses that are interbedded with impure clay, silt, and sand; its discovery is chiefly a matter of chance.  Much clay from the Crab Orchard Formation is suitable for making bricks (McFarlan, 1943, p. 397), and it is possible that clay of weathered New Albany Shale also could be used for that purpose (Burroughs, 1927, p. 190).

Shale of the Crab Orchard Formation readily weathers to a very plastic clay that slumps when moist.  Construction on the Crab Orchard Formation should have suitable foundation and drainage, or the clay should be removed and replaced by stable material.

The water resources of the quadrangle were studied by Hall and Palmquist (1960), and the following comments are to a large extent based on their work.  Potable water is obtainable from springs and wells in all formations except the Borden and Crab Orchard Formations.  Small springs in the Irvine Formation and Quaternary terrace deposits yield soft water, and wells in thicker deposits yield 100 to 500 gallons of soft water per day.  Wells in indurated rocks, in valley bottoms and along upland streams generally yield 100 to 500 gallons of hard water per day.  The Boyle Dolomite and Brassfield Dolomite yield hard water to small springs; small perennial springs are particularly common at the base of the Boyle.  Wells bottomed below stream level and wells in the New Albany Shale may contain objectionable quantities of salt, hydrogen sulfide, and iron.  Alluvium generally is too fine grained to yield much water, and the water may contain objectionable quantities of iron.  The Crab Orchard Formation yields small quantities of highly mineralized water from wells in valley bottoms.


Union City Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The oil and gas potential of the quadrangle is untested by drilling.  Not enough is known of the subsurface stratigraphy to predict the location of stratigraphic traps.  In the adjoining Palmer quadrangle, gas production recently was obtained from Lower or Middle Ordovician sandstone whose projected position is 500 to 1,600 feet below exposed rocks in the Union City quadrangle.

Residual and alluvial clays are abundant.  Residual clays result from the weathering of all rock units except the Garrard Siltstone and consequently cover much of the bedrock in the region.  Alluvial clay occurs in the Irvine Formation and in alluvium along the Kentucky River and its tributaries.  Some silt-free clay in the Irvine Formation is amenable to pottery making.  It occurs in lenses which are interbedded with impure clay, silt, and sand; its discovery is chiefly a matter of chance.  The Bybee clay pit near the southeast corner of the map area has produced pottery clay from the Irvine Formation for nearly 100 years.  Much clay from the weathering of the Crab Orchard Formation is suitable for making bricks (McFarlan, 1943, p. 397).  A large but unexplored source is in the area south of the community of Union City.  There, the Crab Orchard is almost completely weathered to clay and is distributed over broad flat areas where it could be cheaply strip mined.

Large quantities of limestone suitable for riprap occur in the Grant Lake Member of the Ashlock Formation and the Calloway Creek Limestone.  The limestone can be readily quarried at many places where these two units crop out.

Potable water is obtained from springs and wells in all formations except the Crab Orchard Formation and the Garrard Siltstone.  Small perennial springs are particularly common at the base of the Boyle Dolomite.  Wells in valley bottoms and along upland streams generally yield 100 to 500 gallons of hard water per day (Hall and Palmquist, 1960).  Wells bottomed below stream level may contain salt and hydrogen sulfide.  Wells on steep slopes and wells on ridge tops with the exception of those in the Irvine Formation generally are dry.  Small springs in the Irvine Formation yield soft water, and wells in thicker deposits of this formation yield from 100 to 500 gallons of soft water per day (Hall and Palmquist, 1960).


Richmond North Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The oil and gas potential of the quadrangle is untested by drilling.  The structural relief within the quadrangle exceeds 500 feet, but no traps are indicated by the structure contour pattern.  Although stratigraphic traps may exist at depth, little is known about the subsurface stratigraphy; exploratory drilling would be of a wildcat nature.

Large quantities of limestone suitable for riprap occur in the Grant Lake Member of the Ashlock Formation and in the Calloway Creek Limestone.  The limestone can be readily quarried at most places where these two units crop out.

Potable water is obtained from a few springs and from wells in all formations except the Garrard Siltstone and the Tyrone Limestone.  Wells in valley bottoms and along upland streams generally yield 100 to 500 gallons of hard water per day (Hall and Palmquist, 1960).  Wells bottomed below stream level may contain salt and hydrogen sulfide.  Wells on ridge tops and steep slopes generally are dry.


Richmond South Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Seven small abandoned quarries were located by the writer in the quadrangle.  All are in the Ashlock Formation, two in the thin-bedded dolomite of the Tate Member and five in the limestone of the Stingy Creek and Gilbert Members.  The largest quarry is in the city of Richmond near the north boundary of the quadrangle.  Large quantities of limestone suitable for road metal, concrete aggregate, or agricultural stone occur in the Stingy Creek and Gilbert Members and the upper part of the Tate Member of the Ashlock Formation and in the Calloway Creek Limestone.

Ground water is plentiful in the quadrangle. The best water-producing horizon, as indicated by abundant springs, is the base of the Calloway Creek Limestone.

There has been little known exploration for oil and gas.  A single exploratory well located just east of Dixie Highway and south of Hays Fork collared near the base of the Drakes Formation and penetrated the top of the Tyrone Limestone (Middle Ordovician) at 769 feet and the top of the Knox Dolomite (Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician) at 1475 feet (McGuire and Howell, 1963).  The well was drilled 40 feet into the Knox Dolomite and abandoned.


Valley View Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Large quantities of limestone suitable for road metal, concrete aggregate, or agricultural stone occur in the Camp Nelson, Tyrone, Lexington, and Calloway Creek Limestones, the first three of which have been quarried.  Rock from the lower 60 feet exposed of the Camp Nelson Limestone is low in chert, dolomite, and argillaceous material and should be of excellent quality.

Much of the Kentucky River flood plain is underlain by sand.  The cleanest deposits are ephemeral ones adjacent to the river channel.  Sand deposits commonly occur where the flood plain is too narrow to show on the map.

There has been little known exploration for oil and gas.  A single exploratory well tested the broad structural high near Baldwin but was dry.

A brecciated fault zone in the Lexington Limestone east of Trinity Church has been prospected by a 25-foot adit.  No metallic minerals were seen by the writer; local reports indicate the adit was dug in search of lead.

Several square feet of solid barite was observed in the outcrop of the weakly brecciated Kentucky River fault zone near the YMCA Camp.  The extent of the occurrence is unknown.


Kirksville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Small amounts of crushed stone have been produced from the Garrard Siltstone and from the Calloway Creek Limestone in the quadrangle.  Seven small abandoned quarries are present along the Poosey Ridge Road, and the road east of Round Hill.  Limestone suitable for road metal or concrete aggregate is available in large quantities from the Calloway Creek and Lexington Limestones.

Seismic surveys in search for oil and gas have been conducted over much of the quadrangle, but no test holes are known to have been drilled.  A belt of structural highs extending across the central part of the quadrangle from Hackley through Round Hill to Duck Branch may offer attractive sites for exploratory tests.


Keene Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Barite was mined from several small veins from about 1900 to 1923.  The ore, removed from surface workings, was shipped to a mill in Nicholasville, Ky.  Few traces remain of either the veins or the workings.  The only vein observed during mapping is exposed in an exploratory shaft and old surface workings 2800 feet S. 64 degrees W. of Clover Bottom Church.  The vein is 2 feet wide, vertical, and strikes N. 5 degrees W.; it consists of calcite and barite with minor sphalerite and traces of fluorite.  Other veins, now concealed, were described by Fohs (1913, p. 508, 509, 522, 523) and mapped by Miller (1924).

The Tyrone Limestone has been quarried in the past and used for road metal, agricultural lime, and building and monumental stone.

Phosphate rock, derived by the leaching of calcium carbonate from phosphatic limestone during weathering, occurs as small plates in residuum on the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone.  The depth and grade of this phosphatic residuum is not known, but phosphate derived from the same stratigraphic interval was mined on a small scale in nearby areas from 1905 to 1927 (Foerste, 1913).

Sand for building or paving might be. obtained from sand and silt area of the high-level fluvial deposits near Clover Bottom Church.


Coletown Quadrangle: Engineering Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Bedrock in the quadrangle consists of limestone, dolomite, siltstone, shaly limestone, shaly dolomite, and shaly siltstone.  The mapped units, though largely carbonate (limestone and dolomite), differ substantially in physical properties, and consequently in the method and facility of excavation, foundation conditions, slope stability, and impoundment characteristics.  Soil, which forms a blanket over much of the area, was not mapped, and the geologic map shows bedrock as if there were no soil.  Where the soil is thick, very thin geologic units shown by the map to be near the ground surface may be missing or deeply weathered.

The mapped units are included in two groups for the following discussion on bedrock response to natural and man-made disturbances and weathering processes.  Units included in the first group, termed "hardrock" by engineers, are the Camp Nelson Limestone, Oregon Formation, Tyrone Limestone, Garrard Siltstone (in the southern part of the area where it is thick bedded and lacks shale interbeds), and the Curdsville, Grier, and Tanglewood Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone.  The second group, consisting of shale interbedded with limestone, siltstone, and dolomite, includes the Clays Ferry Formation, Garrard Siltstone (in the northern part of the area), Drakes Formation at least in part, and the Brannon, Devils Hollow, and Millersburg Members of the Lexington Limestone.

EXCAVATION: Blasting is required for excavation of hardrock units.  Blast energy is transmitted well by hardrock except where it has been extensively fractured.  Soil thickness on these units is variable, ranging from a thin veneer on steep slopes to more than 10 feet in gently sloping terrain.

Much of the rock of shaly units can be ripped by earth-moving equipment in broad, shallow excavations.  Where blasting is required for rock removal in trenches and similar restricted excavations, dissipation of part of the blast energy by shale interbeds can be expected.  Soil cover on shaly units is commonly thick.

FOUNDATION CONDITIONS: Bedrock bearing strength of all units in the mapped area is high.  Shrink and swell problems are minimal as clay in the shaly units does not expand appreciably when wet.  With proper drainage the bearing strength, even of rock units containing shale, is high.  Solution features, discussed below, are common and can cause foundation problems.

SLOPE STABILITY: Hardrock units (limestone, dolomite, and siltstone) stand well in nearly vertical cuts (1:20 slope commonly used in this area).

Steep cuts in shaly units slough extensively when weathered and highway drainage ditches thereby become clogged with limestone debris.  South-facing slopes appear to weather most rapidly, presumably because of their greater susceptibility to freeze and thaw.  Cuts in shaly units where properly drained stand well in 1:1 or lower slopes.  Intermediate benches cut at the basal contact of properly sloped shaly units appear to successfully contain sloughed debris.

IMPOUNDMENTS: Ponds have been constructed upon most rock units throughout the quadrangle.  In general, less leakage may be expected from ponds on shaly rocks than from those on limestone units in which open fractures are more apt to be prevalent.  The successful retention of water in ponds, however, depends in part on the structure and permeability of soil above bedrock as well as on the bedrock itself.

FAULTS: Several faults have been mapped but because of the soil cover they may not be easily located.  Water may seep from them creating drainage and foundation problems.  Joints, rock fractures along which there has been no displacement, may cause similar problems.  The faults in this area are not known to have been active in historic time, and, generally, the rock adjacent to them is not badly crushed.  Where rock of contrasting properties, for example shale and limestone, are on opposite sides of a fault, different slopes may be required on the different rocks in cuts crossing the fault.

SOLUTION FEATURES: Sinkholes, the larger of which appear on the map as closed topographic contours with hachure marks, occur throughout the quadrangle.  Many small sinks are not shown on the map.  Little is known of underground caverns not open to the surface, but they probably occur in many areas, particularly where sinkholes are numerous.  They must be located by drilling.

Solution in limestone is generally most pronounced along breaks such as faults and joints.  The many sinks east of Walnut Hill in the east-central part of the area are associated with several faults.  Most other faults are marked by a few sinkholes.  The line of sinks trending northwest from Coletown probably follows a major joint system.

The surface covered by alluvial gravel east of the Kentucky River in the southeast corner was once the valley floor of the ancestral Kentucky River, and many sinkholes developed along its course.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Fluorite has been mined from two veins in the southern part of the quadrangle, and other veins have been prospected for both fluorite and barite.  The vein 1.9 miles east of the church at Ebenezer was mined for fluorite during World War II.  The mining was from open pit, and a shaft, now closed, was apparently sunk on the vein.  According to reports, the vein was 1 1/2 to 3 1/4 feet wide and consisted of fluorite, barite, and some calcite.  The vein strikes approximately north and, like all others in the quadrangle, is vertical.

The fluorite-calcite vein 1.85 miles N. 83 degrees E. of the church at Ebenezer may be an extension of the one described above.  As exposed at the surface, it is about 1 foot wide and strikes N. 10 degrees E.  An adit extends northward along the vein, but there is no record of production.

A calcite-fluorite vein 2.7 miles east of the church at Ebenezer, probably an extension of the Chinn vein described by Fohs (1913, p. 484), was mined briefly for fluorite in 1920 and again during World War II.  Where exposed in an open cut near the top of the bluff on the west side of the Kentucky River, the vein is vertical, strikes N. 15 degrees W., and is 2 to 2 1/2 feet wide.  The main vein is paralleled by several smaller ones.  During World War II the vein was reportedly entered by two adits from the lower part of the bluff; one adit was about 40 feet above river level and the other 6 feet above river level.  In the upper level, the vein pinched from a maximum of 3 feet to a minimum of several inches.

In Anderson County, a small barite prospect is located 2.1 miles from the west boundary and 0.2 mile from the north boundary of the quadrangle.  The old prospect trench trends N. 5 degrees to 10 degrees E.  The vein is no longer exposed, but float consists of barite containing some galena.  The vein is apparently discontinuous, but it seems to be on the same trend as the Shryock Ferry vein in the Tyrone quadrangle that was described by Fohs (1913, p. 466).

Miller (1924) mapped a north-striking barite vein in Woodford County about 0.7 mile west of the Gray cemetery.  According to local reports the vein has been prospected, but any prospect pits have been filled in, and no surface evidence of the vein was found during mapping.

There are no active quarries in the quadrangle, but parts of the Tyrone Limestone, the Oregon Formation, and the Camp Nelson Limestone are quarried in nearby areas for road metal, concrete aggregate, and agricultural lime.

Sand for paving is recovered from the Kentucky River elsewhere in central Kentucky and might be available in the Salvisa quadrangle.  Sand suitable for building or paving might be present in the high-level fluvial deposits; most of the material is too fine, but sand sufficiently free of fines might be available locally, perhaps in old point-bar deposits.

Ground water conditions have been studied by Hall and Palmquist (1960) and Palmquist and Hall (1960).


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The Perryville and Tanglewood Limestone Members and the upper part of the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone are quarried southwest of U.S. Highway 150 for use as road metal, aggregate, and agricultural lime.  There are several small abandoned quarries in the quadrangle-one in the middle part of the Tyrone Limestone, two in the upper part of the Tyrone and the lower part of the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, and one in the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington.  The lower part of the Tyrone Limestone and the upper part of the Oregon Formation are quarried in the adjacent Wilmore quadrangle 0.6 mile north of Buena Vista.

Barite was mined in the early years of the century from several small veins.  Most of the workings have been filled in or grown over, but two were noted during mapping.  One of these is 1.75 miles N 60 degrees W of Hedgeville where ore was taken from a surface trench at least 700 feet long.  The trench is caved and the vein no longer exposed, but the float is barite with some calcite.  The second mined vein is in the easternmost fault of the Kentucky River fault zone where it crosses Boone Creek, and is well exposed in a vertical cut on the north side of the creek.  The vein, which is vertical at the top of the cut but dips 70 to 80 degrees west at the base, follows the fault surface and separates younger beds on the west from older beds on the east; it is 3 to 5 feet wide and consists of barite with some sphalerite and fluorite.  Several smaller unmined veins are shown on the map, and others, no longer exposed, were described by Fohs (1913).

Gas was discovered in an exploratory hole drilled in 1968 3/4 mile northeast of Bryantsville and east of the faults (Carter coordinates 8-0-59).  The well flowed 7MM cfd from the Rome Formation of Cambrian age between depths of 4,500 and 4,600 feet (Oil and Gas Jour., 1968).  The well, which stimulated leasing activity east of the Kentucky River fault zone, was abandoned because of mechanical completion problems (Van Den Berg and others, 1969, p. 2227).

The two bentonite beds in the upper part of the Tyrone Limestone form perched water tables, and many springs occur along their outcrop.  The occurrence of ground water has been studied by Palmquist and Hall (1960).


Alcorn Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Economic resources of the quadrangle include oil, gas, coal, limestone, sand, and shale.  Oil has been produced from Silurian rocks west and northwest of Sand Springs in the southeastern part of the quadrangle, and in the northeast corner of the quadrangle; oil at the latter location is apparently in a westward extension of the Station Camp Pool (see Freeman and others, 1929) located mainly in the Leighton quadrangle.  These deposits seem to be controlled by "varying porosity and perhaps in part minor structure" (McFarlan, 1943, p. 314).  Exploratory drilling in other parts of the quadrangle has produced shows of oil and gas from Silurian and older rocks (McGuire and Howell, 1963).

Coal has been mined for local use from several seams, particularly along the southern border and in the southwestern part of the quadrangle.  The coal beds are said to be as much as 3 feet thick where mined, but they probably average much less.  The coals are generally not exposed and are too irregular in thickness to be correlated for any distance; probably the coal-bearing zones contain pod-like deposits rather than continuous seams of coal.

Limestone useful for road metal and agricultural lime is available throughout the quadrangle from parts of the Newman Limestone.  However, no quarries were observed in the quadrangle in 1969.  Fine sand is available for general construction purposes from relatively friable deposits in the Corbin Sandstone Member of the Lee Formation in the southeastern part of the quadrangle.  Clay shales occurring throughout the section may be suitable for the manufacture of light-weight aggregate, tile, brick, and earthware.

Water resources appear adequate for present domestic needs.  However, most stream beds become dry by mid- to late summer, and water is obtained from shallow wells and cisterns.  Both the Corbin Sandstone and the conglomeratic sandstone members of the Lee Formation are porous and probably water-bearing.  Several springs at the base of the Corbin Sandstone Member in the vicinity of Sand Springs are unusual in that they flow throughout the year.  No flow of water was observed by the author from the conglomeratic sandstone member, but it rests directly on limestone and may be drained into the limestone along hidden fissures.  For more specific information concerning groundwater quality and conditions see Kilburn and others (1962) and Hall and Palmquist (1960).


Junction City Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone suitable for crushed stone is abundant in this quadrangle, and six small quarries, now abandoned, have supplied local needs for road metal: two quarries in the Calloway Creek Limestone, and one each in the Boyle Formation, the Tate and the Gilbert Members of the Ashlock Formation, and Lexington Limestone.

Sand and gravel, used as base materials for secondary roads, have been obtained from alluvium along the major streams.  One site is on White Oak Creek in the west-central part of the quadrangle.  In addition, a small amount of gravel has been quarried from gravel and sand deposit of Tertiary(?) age at Sand Knob in the southwest corner of the quadrangle.

A single 3-foot-thick vein of fibrous white-weathering barite accompanied by sparse rosettes of dark-brown sphalerite, in the Lexington Limestone, is exposed in a creek bottom just west of the Southern Railroad near the north-central edge of the quadrangle.  This occurrence was previously described by REFS as part of the Hayden veins.  About 1,000 feet west of the creek bottom exposure is a 500-foot open cut from which barite was recovered from residuum of the Lexington by the Kentucky Barytes Company in 1909 (Robinson, 1931, p. 97).

A trace of brown sphalerite was found in the center of a calcite mass in the Boyle Formation along the Southern Railroad cut about 1,000 feet north of the city limits of Junction City.

Future road building that involves cuts through the Borden Formation should take into account the unstable nature of these rocks.  More than 50 percent of the total outcrop area that includes the upper part of the New Providence Shale Member, the Nancy Member, and the lower part of the Halls Gap Member exhibits naturally occurring landslides.  Preliminary research suggests that ground water percolating downward through the more permeable siltstone beds lubricates the shales, so that landslides are easily triggered.

The water-bearing characteristics and availability of ground water in Lincoln and Boyle Counties have been discussed by Palmquist and Hall (1960).

In the eastern two-thirds of the Junction City quadrangle a high-level fluvial and eolian deposit is distributed as a discontinuous sheet on the highly dissected plain bordering the upland area and as irregularly spaced smaller areas north of the Brumfield fault.  This deposit has measurably improved the quality of soils by blanketing the much less productive New Albany Shale and cherty Boyle Formation with a highly productive well-drained silt loam.  This soil contributes to the vigor of the farming economy.


Danville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Parts of the Lexington Limestone have been quarried on a small scale, presumably for use as road metal and possibly for rough building stone.  Small abandoned quarries in the Salvisa Bed of the Perryville Limestone Member are located on the west side of Dry Branch Road 1.1 miles north of Mud Meeting House; in the northwest corner of the intersection of Bellows Mill Road and Buster Road, 0.3 mile east of Pioneer Church; and on the west side of Lochlin Lane 0.2 mile north of Davis Hill.  The Tanglewood Limestone Member was quarried in the extreme southeast corner of the quadrangle, and the Grier Limestone Member just below the bryozoan and crinoid ledge (cr) was quarried on a small scale on the south side of Clarks Run southwest of Danville.  All these quarries are inactive, but the upper part of the Grier Limestone Member, the Tanglewood Limestone Member, and the Perryville Limestone Member are quarried in adjacent quadrangles, largely for road metal and aggregate.

The Perryville Limestone Member is a potential source of high-calcium low-magnesium limestone.  Eight samples from the Salvisa Bed analyzed by R. F. Gantnier of the U.S. Geological Survey averaged 95.86 percent total carbonate of which 1.4 percent was MgCO3.  Three samples from the Faulconer Bed averaged 97.29 percent total carbonate and 1.7 percent MgCO3.

An old barite prospect is located 0.95 mile N. 45 degrees W. of Faulconer.  The vein is not exposed, but sparse float consists of barite and calcite.  According to Fohs (1913, p. 490), the vein is 2 feet wide, consists of both barite and fluorite, and extends both north and south of the prospect.  According to local reports, the southern extension was mined just north of Faulconer Lane.  Fohs (1913, p. 490), reported a barite vein striking N. 10 degrees E. on the east side of Mocks Branch about 1/2 mile north of Gentry Lane.  According to Fohs, the vein did not crop out, but its approximate position was marked by float.

Groundwater conditions have been studied by Palmquist and Hall (1960).  They state that most wells drilled in the valley bottoms along Clarks Run, Salt River and its tributaries, and Mocks Branch, will produce enough water for domestic supply, but most wells drilled elsewhere will not.  Many springs issue from a zone near the contact between the Tanglewood and Grier Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone, and this zone is a potential aquifer.


Bighill Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Small amounts of stone used for road building have been quarried from the Brassfield Dolomite, the Boyle Dolomite, the New Albany Shale, and the Newman Limestone.  The rock in this quadrangle most suitable for road building is limestone in the Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member and in the upper member of the Newman Limestone in the southern part of the quadrangle.

Siltstone from the Nada Member of the Borden Formation is used locally as flagstone and rough building stone.  Clayey shale in the basal part of the Nancy Member of the Borden Formation and shale in the Crab Orchard Formation are potential sources of material for brick making.

Lenses of coal, estimated to be as much as 36 inches thick (Miller, 1910, p. 42) and commonly a few tens to several hundreds of feet long, occur sporadically in the lower 50 feet of the Lee Formation east of the outcrop of the Livingston Conglomerate Member.  None of the lenses of coal have been worked commercially in recent years.

Several holes were drilled in the quadrangle to search for oil and gas in the Boyle and Brassfield Dolomites.  Small shows of oil and gas were reported from most of these tests (Burroughs, 1927, p. 196).  Exploration to date suggests that possibility of finding significant quantities of oil or gas in these formations is slight, but further prospecting for porosity and small structural traps in Silurian rocks near Red Lick Creek and Brushy Knob may be warranted.  In this part of the quadrangle the change in trend of the structure contours may be related to pre-Middle Devonian deformation similar to that near Richmond described by Simmons (1966) and Jillson (1964).  Pre-Silurian formations have been tested by only two holes which penetrated rocks of Early Ordovician age without commercial success (McGuire and Howell, 1963, p. A-6).

The ground-water resources of part of east-central Kentucky including the Bighill quadrangle were studied by Hall and Palmquist (1960) and the following comments are based largely on their work.  The mudstone shale and siltstone of the Drakes and Crab Orchard Formations, the New Albany Shale, and the Borden, Pennington, and Lee Formations generally yield little water and the water may be highly mineralized.  The Brassfield and Boyle Dolomites yield hard water to small springs.  Springs, generally having great seasonal fluctuations in flow, are most common at the base of the St. Louis Limestone Member and at the base and top of the upper member of the Newman Limestone.  The Livingston Conglomerate Member and unnamed sandstone units of the Lee Formation yield soft water on broad ridges but yield almost no water on narrow ridges.  Surficial units, with the possible exception of the alluvium of Red Lick Creek, are too thin to yield significant amounts of water.

Shale units in the Crab Orchard Formation and the Nancy and Nada Members of the Borden Formation weather to plastic clays that may slump when moist. Construction on these clays should have suitable foundation and drainage.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Several wells have been drilled in the quadrangle in the search for oil and gas in rocks ranging in age from Cambrian to Devonian.  None of the rocks have yielded oil or gas in commercial quantities (Freeman, 1953; McGuire and Howell, 1963).  Some wells penetrating the Boyle Dolomite and the Brassfield Dolomite reportedly yielded a few barrels of oil and sufficient gas for local domestic use, but all of these wells are now abandoned.  The structural rise northeast of Hyattsville was partly tested in the adjacent Buckeye quadrangle by the Gasaway et al. Jones No. 1 well.  This hole was abandoned after penetrating 22 feet of the Knox Formation of Cambrian and Ordovician age (Freeman, 1953, p. 163; McGuire and Howell, 1963, p. A-5).

Many formations in this quadrangle have been quarried on a small scale for local needs.  The most resistant fairly widespread rock is the fine-grained limestone of the Gilbert Member of the Ashlock Formation, but much thicker and purer limestones from formations of Mississippian age are quarried less than 20 miles southeast of this quadrangle.

Barite occurs sporadically as veinlets and nodular clusters, a few inches in diameter, of bladed pearly white crystals along and near faults in limestone and dolomite in the southern part of the quadrangle.

None of the formations contain significant aquifers (Palmquist and Hall, 1960) but generally the carbonate units such as the Calloway Creek Limestone, the Gilbert Member of the Ashlock Formation, and the Brassfield Dolornite yield more water than the shale and dolomitic mudstone which are dominant rocks cropping out in this quadrangle.


Wilmore Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and dolomite from the Oregon Formation and the basal part (below the lowest bentonite) of the Tyrone Limestone are quarried on White Oak Creek 1 mile northeast of Harmony Church in Garrard County and are mined at High Bridge in Jessamine County.  The rock is used for road metal, concrete aggregate, and agricultural lime.  Rocks of the same interval and of beds somewhat higher in the Tyrone Limestone were formerly quarried at several localities along Jessamine Creek southeast of Wilmore.

Beds of dolomite in the Oregon Formation were quarried for dimension stone on the north side of U.S. Route 68 half a mile east of Cog Hill Cemetery in Mercer County, but the quarry is no longer in operation.

A small barite-fluorite prospect was noted near the top of the bluff on the north side of the Kentucky River 300 feet east of where the river leaves the quadrangle, but the vein was not seen in outcrop.  The vein that crosses the Woodford County-Jessamine County line west of Bethany Chapel is not exposed, but its position is marked by trenches and prospect pits.  Float is mostly barite.  According to local informants, barite was mined on a small scale from the south end of the vein.  According to local reports, barite was mined on a small scale 1.4 miles S. 13 degrees E. of Shakertown, but no surface evidence was seen of either the workings or the veins.  Fohs (1913, p. 491, 510) described several north-trending calcite-barite veins (no longer exposed) in Jessamine County in the river bend east of the mouth of White Oak Creek.

Ground-water conditions have been studied by Palmquist and Hall (1960a, 1960b).


Buckeye Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone from the High Bridge Group has been quarried in nearby areas as a source of aggregate and road metal.  None has been quarried in this quadrangle.  The Tate Member of the Ashlock Formation and the upper part of the Calloway Creek Limestone formerly were quarried in the southern part of the quadrangle for use in road construction.  The material is too argillaceous to be used for aggregate.

Sand in alluvium along the Kentucky River is mostly fine to very fine and probably too fine for most concrete or mortar sands, but in nearby areas it has been used in bituminous road surfacing and is suitable for a soil conditioner in clayey soils.

Gas was discovered recently about one-half mile west of the quadrangle, and the well flowed 7 MMc.f.d. from the Rome Formation of Cambrian age between depths of 4,500 and 4,600 feet (Oil and Gas Jour., 1968).  No oil or gas has been produced within the quadrangle, and the area is largely untested.  Freeman (1953, p. 156-160) lists three shallow (less than 900 feet deep) tests drilled in the southern part of the quadrangle.  All were apparently dry and abandoned.

Availability of ground water in the area has been discussed by Palmquist and Hall (1960).


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Several wells have been drilled in the quadrangle in the search for oil and gas in rocks ranging in age from Cambrian to Devonian.  None of the rocks have yielded oil or gas in commercial quantities (Freeman, 1953; Jillson, 1954; McGuire and Howell, 1963).  Some wells penetrating the Boyle Dolomite and the Brassfield Formation reportedly yielded a few barrels of oil and sufficient gas for local domestic use, but all of these wells are now abandoned.  The structural rise in the northwestern part of the quadrangle was tested without commercial success by the Gasaway et al.  Jones No. 1 well located in the adjacent Buckeye quadrangle (Freeman, 1953, p. 163; McGuire and Howell, 1963, p. A-5).

The Calloway Creek Limestone, Ashlock Formation, Brassfield Dolomite and New Albany Shale have been quarried on a small scale for local needs.  In this quadrangle the most resistant fairly widespread rock is the fine-grained limestone of the Gilbert Member of the Ashlock Formation, but much thicker and purer limestones are quarried less than 25 miles north and south of Paint Lick.

Barite occurs sporadically near faults in limestone and dolomite as veinlets and nodular clusters, a few inches in diameter, of pearly white bladed crystals.

None of the formations contain significant aquifers (Palmquist and Hall, 1960), but generally the carbonate units, such as the Gilbert Member of the Ashlock Formation and the Brassfield Formation, yield more water than the shale and dolomitic mudstone units in this quadrangle.

Shale usable for brick and tile is available in the lower part of the Nancy Member of the Borden Formation and in the Crab Orchard Formation.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand was intermittently dredged from the Kentucky River near Camp Nelson for local use during 1967.  Most of the Kentucky River sand is fine to very fine grained and probably too fine for most concrete or mortar sands, but it has been used in bituminous surfacing.  Sand from alluvium along the Kentucky River, opposite the mouth of Paint Lick Creek, reportedly has been used for surfacing a race track near Lexington.  It seems doubtful that much medium- or coarse-grained sand exists in the Kentucky River alluvium because the river drains areas underlain by rocks that contain dominantly fine to very fine sand.  Similar sand is available from the high-level fluvial deposits.

Limestone was quarried from the Tyrone and upper part of the Oregon Limestones at a quarry, abandoned during 1960, in the southwestern part of the quadrangle.  The limestone was used for aggregate and agricultural lime.  Many potential quarry sites in the Tyrone and Oregon exist in the western part of the quadrangle, and the reserves are large.  Few quarries are located in the Camp Nelson Limestone in the Blue Grass area, primarily because the Camp Nelson crops out low along the walls of the Kentucky River canyon.  The Camp Nelson Limestone is higher and more favorably located for quarrying west of the Kentucky River fault zone.  Although the Camp Nelson contains a few argillaceous limestone zones, little chert was observed within it.

Barite veins were prospected in the quadrangle during the early 1900's.  The prospects were largely filled in by 1967, and none was observed during mapping.  Two barite veins were seen; one about a mile south of Sulphur Well occurs in a fault zone and is approximately vertical; it is 3 to 5 feet wide and consists of barite and calcite with scattered dark-gray sphalerite and rare light-yellow sphalerite.  The other occurs at river level about one mile southeast of Camp Nelson, strikes N. 25 degrees E. and dips 75 degrees W., is 2 inches thick, and consists of barite and calcite.  Fohs (1913) described the prospects and veins that were formerly exposed in the quadrangle, and Jolly and Heyl (1964) discussed the paragenesis and zoning of minerals in the central Kentucky area.

The metabentonite 20 to 25 feet below the top of the Tyrone Limestone forms a perched water table in the area northwest of the Kentucky River fault zone, and many perennial springs have been developed on the bed.  Other springs occur along faults and joints.  Palmquist and Hall (1960) discussed the availability of ground water in the area.

Five holes have been drilled in the quadrangle in search for petroleum.  All were apparently dry and were abandoned.  The most recent test, late in 1966, was located in the central part of the quadrangle (Carter coordinates 6-P-60) and reportedly penetrated Precambrian rocks.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Numerous abandoned small quarries in the less argillaceous limestone beds of the Tyrone and Lexington Limestones are evidence of former local use of limestone for fences, building stone, and agricultural lime.  No commercial quarries are in operation at present.

Residual clay soil from the lower part of the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone has been used in the recent past by the Big Run Coal and Clay Company for making brick.  The clay pits and brick kilns are located one-half mile west of Nicholasville Road at the north boundary of the quadrangle.

Commercial concentrations of phosphate have not been found, although phosphate is present throughout the Lexington Limestone.  The Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone is notably phosphatic.  The phosphatic limestone of the Blue Grass farms weathers to a natural fertilizer.

Traces of fluorite were recovered from insoluble residues of fossil collections in the Logana and Curdsville Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone just west of the West Hickman Creek fault zone near the southern border of the quadrangle (fossil collections A and B).  Barite float is common also in the southern portion of the fault zone.  Although this barite is reported to have been quarried along the fault zone some years ago, commercial production of thin, discontinuous veins seems doubtful (see Fohs, 1913; Robinson, 1931; Jolly and Heyl, 1964).

Residual, iron-bearing, dark-red or yellowish-brown, semi-consolidated soil is locally found in deposits as thick as 10 feet.  The concentration of iron is relatively low, judging by the weight of hand specimens.  However, some minor included concretionary material is relatively heavy and high in limonite.  The material is largely due to accretion of less soluble material in the "B" soil zone as limestone is dissolved, and probably has no commercial value.

Farm ponds have been most successfully located on argillaceous limestone and shale which weather to clay soils impervious to seepage as discussed by Smith (1966).  In particular the Brannon Member of the Lexington Limestone underlies ponds located high in local watersheds, in some cases near the top of local divides.  However, the presence of the impervious Brannon Member over large areas can limit ground water penetration, solution, and the development of ground water reservoirs in the underlying Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone.  The Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone and the Clays Ferry Formation locally weather to impervious clay favorable to pond construction.  Less favorable pond location sites are on the more permeable rocks, such as the Tanglewood, upper Grier, and Curdsville Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone.  Springs are common where argillaceous beds crop out near valley bottoms.  Higher level wet weather springs perched on argillaceous beds are usually intermittent.  Palmquist and Hall (1960, 1961) discuss favorable areas and conditions for groundwater accumulation.  Faulted rocks are generally favorable as ground water reservoirs but the water is generally reported to be sulphurous or salty at depths below 75 feet.

Oil and gas possibilities are relatively untested.  Two shallow oil and gas tests drilled in the area revealed no shows, although oil and gas shows have been reported by farmers in some water wells.  No shows were observed in two diamond drill holes completed during the mapping to gain stratigraphic and structural information where outcrops are sparse.  However, the structure of the rocks in the Hickman Creek fault area may be favorable for entrapment of hydrocarbons at depth.  Nearly north-south striking step faults, grabens, and horsts show displacements as much as 300 feet or more and cross a westerly-trending low-relief domal feature (shown by contours).  If the faulting is high-angle and the surface structural features continue to some depth, favorable traps for oil and gas may exist.  However, no information is available regarding hydrocarbon source beds or adequate permeable reservoir rocks at depth.

Soils and alluvium pose few problems for civil engineering projects such as road building and foundation work.  However, consideration should be given to the location of faults and sink holes.  The upper portion of the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone in particular is subject to solution.  Aspects of engineering geology are discussed by Johnson (1966).


Ford Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Vein deposits of barite, fluorite, calcite, and minor sphalerite occur as fissure fillings and, rarely, as matrix in limestone fault breccia.  Several of the veins have been prospected (shown by symbol P on map) and at least one, the Smitha vein, called the Smitha Fault by Fohs (1913), was mined in the early 1900's.  Others are newly discovered and were first reported in the open-file preliminary map released by the Kentucky Geological Survey in December, 1965.  No veins were being mined in early 1967.  Fohs (1913) and Robinson (1931) listed and described many of the vein deposits in the central Kentucky mineral district, and recently Jolly and Heyl (1964) described mineral paragenesis and zoning in the area.

Of the veins discussed in the literature, only the Smitha vein (Fohs, 1913, p. 474) and the Dr. Stevenson vein (Fohs, 1913, p. 472) could be identified.  The two prospected veins closest to the Smitha vein on the southwest may be those discussed by Fohs (p. 475) "on the John Morton and Jace Eads lands."  The east fork of the bifurcate Smitha vein may be the Dugan vein described by Fohs (p. 495).

The newly discovered veins range in width from several inches to a maximum of 9 feet (the vein offset by strike-slip faults northwest of Jones Nursery Road).  With the exception of the west-southwest striking calcite veins developed along faults of the Kentucky River Fault Zone, most of the veins are dominantly composed of very finely crystalline white barite, though coarsely crystalline calcite is dominant locally.  Colorless, brownish-yellow and minor pale-lavender crystalline fluorite locally make up as much as one-third of the vein material.  Minor disseminated crystalline sphalerite occurs in the veins crossed by Interstate Highway 75 at the west boundary of the quadrangle and in the Smitha vein where, though none was seen in surface exposures of the vein, disseminated sphalerite crystals occur in blocks of ore scattered about near the mine entrance.  No sphalerite was seen in veins east of the Smitha workings.

The barite-fluorite veins strike north-northeast to northeast (subparallel to the dominant joint direction commonly seen in formations of the High Bridge Group) and most are en echelon within an east-northeast trending belt.

Post-mineral strike-slip faulting is strongly indicated in two areas.  (1) Horizontal slickensides are well developed along the vein walls and within the Smitha vein, showing that there has been lateral movement after vein emplacement.  Though the Smitha fault was described by Fohs as a normal fault downthrown on the northwest, the present study showed it to be a reverse fault at least locally.  The Tyrone-Lexington contact on opposite walls of the adit on the Fayette County side of Boone Creek is displaced 5 feet, downthrown on the southeast.  The fault plane here dips 75 degrees to 80 degrees northwest.  The amount and direction of horizontal movement is not known, though a right-lateral strike-slip fault is shown in this vicinity by Jolly and Heyl (1964, fig. 3).  (2) Post-vein right-lateral movement along en echelon faults of negligible vertical displacement is also indicated in the faulted area northwest of the Jones Nursery Road.  There, several north-northeast striking segments of a strongly banded, unusually wide barite-fluorite vein have been offset by several northeast-striking en echelon faults.  Measured distances between segments presumed to be part of the same vein indicate total right-lateral movement of at least 3,000 feet.

None of the anticlines in the quadrangle area is known to have been tested for petroleum.  Nearest hydrocarbon production is in the Trapp Field in southeastern Clark County where gas production is reported (McGuire and Howell, 1963) from the St. Peter Sandstone (Middle Ordovician) at an average depth of 1,700 feet.

Limestone and dolomite for use as agricultural lime and crushed aggregate are mined from the Oregon Formation and the lower part of the Tyrone Limestone at the Lambert Brothers Quarry south of Bird Hill Road in the southwest quarter.  To the east, at the Boonesborough Quarry in Madison County just north of Memorial Bridge, agricultural lime and crushed limestone aggregate are produced from the Camp Nelson Limestone between 30 to 60 feet below the base of the Oregon Formation.  Across the river, the quarry southeast of Lisletown is currentIv inactive but has yielded rock for crushing and for agricultural lime from the upper Camp Nelson Limestone.

For discussions of characteristics of rock units as related to engineering problems in this and other quadrangles nearby refer to Black (1967) and Johnson (1966).  Groundwater availability is discussed by Hall and Palmquist (1960) and by Palmquist and Hall (1960).


Alcorn Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, light-brownish-gray, weathers yellowish brown and grayish orange; dominantly fine grained; in part in resistant beds 1 to 3 feet thick, in part in uneven lenses a few inches thick; rare light-gray chert concretions about one inch in diameter; sparse horn corals and brachiopods; commonly forms low cliff; unit crops out only in northwestern part of quadrangle.  Base is a regional unconformity; basal contact obscured by slumping.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Nada Member

Shale, siltstone, and limestone: Shale, greenish-gray to grayish-olive, rarely mottled red and purple in lower part; generally upper part interbedded and interlaminated with clayey siltstone; clayey near base; contains clayey to silty glauconite bed a few inches thick at top of unit and at several horizons below; contains several zones of siliceous geodal concretions; generally unfossiliferous, but contains abundant curly "worm" marks.  Siltstone, yellowish-green to greenish-gray; laminated; moderately fissile and resistant; grades to silty shale; Zoophycos ("rooster-tail" marking) common in places; locally lower part of unit contains a resistant calcareous siltstone as much as 3 feet thick containing abundant brachiopods.  Limestone, light-greenish-gray, weathers yellowish orange; glauconitic; probably in lensing beds less than 3 inches thick; contains fragments of crinoids, brachiopods, and bryozoans; commonly found as thin platy float near base of unit.  Unit very poorly exposed; base of unit gradational through a few feet; contact locally obscure.

Cowbell Member

Siltstone and shale: Siltstone, bluish- to greenish-gray, weathers yellowish brown; indistinctly and wavy bedded; irregularly platy to thick bedded; locally resistant, forms cliffs and very steep slopes; less resistant with increase of clay content; locally contains laminae of clay shale, grades imperceptibly downward and laterally to less resistant silty shale of Nancy Member of Borden Formation; a few fossils, commonly brachiopods, occur in middle and upper parts of unit; Zoophycos and curly "worm" marks abundant.  Unit thickest and most resistant near Beaver Pond Church on Red Lick Creek; lower resistant bed, locally very indistinct, mapped separately as a tongue in Nancy Member west of Beaver Pond Church.  Lower contact very poorly exposed; probably gradational through several tens of feet; contact approximately located throughout quadrangle.

Nancy Member

Siltstone and shale, intergraded, yellowish-green to greenish-gray, weather yellowish gray; crudely laminated; generally not resistant; silty shale in upper part grading down to clay shale at base; fossils rare, except curly "worm" marks abundant in upper part; contain dark-reddish- and yellowish-brown iron-rich siliceous concretions in beds and discontinuous lenses 1 to 12 inches thick in lower part of unit, and light-gray to yellowish-brown silty phosphatic nodules as much as 2 inches in diameter in basal 2 feet.  Lowermost part of clay shale at base weathers to plastic clay; may be equivalent to the New Providence Shale Member of Borden Formation (Taylor and Lewis, 1971).  Unit poorly exposed, generally covered by colluvial and landslide deposits.  Basal contact sharp.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Mississippian Paragon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Pennington Formation

Silstone, shale, sandstone, and coal: Siltstone and clay shale, intergraded and interlaminated, olive-gray to yellowish-green; fissile; contain rare silty concretions; locally near top concretions or lenses of yellowish-brown-weathering silty dolomite.  Locally in southeastern part of quadrangle medium- to medium-dark-gray carbonaceous shale occurs in lower part of unit.  Sandstone, weathers light gray to yellowish orange; fine to very fine grained; well cemented with calcite and silica; in beds as much as 6 feet thick in southeastern part of quadrangle, grades laterally to thin-bedded siltstone and shale; between Kissey and Bicknell Branches of Red Lick Creek, a thin sandstone filling a scour in Newman Limestone is mapped as a single line.  Coal at base of unit a few inches thick, overlies limestone and underlies green shale; found at two localities south and southeast of Chestnut Flat School.  Unit generally very poorly exposed, not present north of Red Lick Creek.  Lower contact placed at highest exposure of limestone.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Mississippian Slade Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Newman Limestone:  Upper Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, light-gray, yellowish-gray, and olive-gray, micrograined to coarse-grained, in part oolitic; fossils and fossil fragments common.  Upper part of unit, generally darker gray and finer grained, argillaceous, containing a few interbeds of shale; fossils common but generally not conspicuous.  Middle part of unit, generally coarser grained, but contains beds and lenses of dark-gray fine-grained to micrograined limestone and some nodules and irregular layers of very dark gray chert; in part oolitic, commonly with small oolites and pellets in clear to cloudy calcite matrix of coarser grained beds; fossils, commonly conspicuous on weathered surfaces, include crinoid columnals, brachiopods, blastoids, horn corals, and bryozoans.  Lower part of unit, micrograined to medium-grained, coarser grained beds commonly well cemented, oolitic, and pelletal; fossils common, but less conspicuous than in middle and upper part of unit; contains beds of yellow-weathering dolomitic limestone as much as 6 feet thick, locally brecciated, locally showing collapse structure due to solution; conspicuous dolomitic bed 20 to 35 feet above base; dominantly very fine grained to micrograined limestone near base with irregular lenses and layers of dark-gray chert, 2 inches to 2 feet thick, a few feet above base.  Shale, greenish-gray, calcareous, locally contains partings and lentils of dark-gray fine-grained limestone; occurs commonly in upper part of unit in beds a few feet thick and in the lower part of unit as thin partings.  Unit forms steep ledgy slope with bench at top; lower part locally forms cliff.  Base of unit is obscure but can commonly be located within a few feet.

Newman Limestone:  Saint Genevieve Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish- to light-olive-gray; characteristically a crossbedded oolite containing beds of fine and coarser grained limestone 10 to 20 feet thick; oolite is granular, medium to fine grained, commonly poorly cemented, commonly contains subrounded to rounded grains and pebbles of chert in lower 2 inches of beds; finer grained limestone is sparsely oolitic, locally argillaceous, locally contains a few stringers and irregularly shaped nodules of chert, resembles underlying St. Louis Limestone Member of Newman Limestone; coarser grained limestone containing large crystals of calcite and fragments of fossils in a medium- to fine-grained crystalline to fragmental matrix, occurs locally in north-central part of quadrangle.  Top of unit marked by bed of fine- to very fine grained limestone 1 inch to 2 feet thick showing a faint brecciated structure and containing indistinct blebs of pinkish, yellowish, and brownish limestone; bed generally obscure.  Fossils rare; found in lower few feet of unit and as fragments in upper few feet.  Unit commonly forms cliff.  Base is erosional unconformity; unit locally rests unconformably on Renfro Member of Borden Formation.  Contact at base generally well exposed.

Newman Limestone:  Saint Louis Limestone Member

Limestone, light-gray, micrograined to fine-grained, in part argillaceous, in fairly even beds 1 to 8 inches thick with some thin partings of shale; contains dark-gray to reddish chert in irregular layers, nodules, and as replacement of fossils.  Commonly fossiliferous where unit is thickest in southwestern part of quadrangle; chertified lithostrotionoid corals are characteristic in middle and upper beds; brachiopods, bryozoans, and other fossils locally occur in basal beds.  Unit thins toward north and east and is absent in much of the central and northeastern parts of quadrangle; locally present only as isolated flow-rolls or ball-and-pillow structures which extend into the upper surface of the underlying Renfro Member.  Locally forms conspicuous minor ledge at base of cliff-forming limestone sequence.  Contact at base generally well exposed.

Renfro Member

Dolomitic limestone, limestone, and shale: Dolomitic limestone, light-yellowish-gray to grayish-orange, micrograined to fine-grained, argillaceous, in thin to thick beds separated by partings and thin beds of shale; fossils rare.  Limestone, light-gray, medium- to fine-grained, in beds 1 to 4 feet thick in upper part of unit.  Shale, grayish-green, in partings and thin beds less than 1 foot thick mainly in lower part of unit.  Unit thins toward east, forms moderate to steep slopes; very poorly exposed.  Base of unit placed at lowest yellowish-orange dolomitic bed.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, brownish-black to almost black, weathers yellowish gray; thinly laminated and fissile, weathers to thin chips with planar surfaces; silty; carbonaceous; megafossils rare, conodonts and large plant spores present locally; contains a few beds of dark- to light-greenish-gray clay shale as much as 2 feet thick and discoidal nodules and thin lenses of dark-gray phosphatic siltstone as much as 3 inches thick in upper part of unit; dolomitic Iimestone, olive- to brownish-gray, very fine grained, argillaceous, occurs in lenses a few feet thick near base of unit.  Basal contact is sharp and appears conformable.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Corbin Sandstone Member of the Grundy Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sandstone and siltstone: Sandstone, reddish-brown, pink, and white, dominantly fine- to medium-grained, grades laterally to interbedded and interlaminated sandstone and siltstone; poorly sorted; friable; crossbedded; quartzose, grains angular to subrounded; lower part commonly contains very coarse angular grains and well-rounded small pebbles of quartz; lowest beds locally conglomeratic, commonly ferruginous and contain ironstone pebbles; forms steep slopes and cliffs where thickest in southeastern part of quadrangle; residual pebbles from the Corbin Sandstone Member common in soils on ridge tops in vicinity of Brazil in southeastern part of quadrangle.  Siltstone, poorly exposed, probably interlaminated with sandstone.  Base of unit irregularly channelling; contacts generally obscured by colluvium, locally inferred in incoherent material on hill tops.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Grundy Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal: Sandstone, light-gray, weathers to shades of red and yellowish brown; generally fine to medium grained, locally coarse grained and very pebbly along south border; grades laterally to interbedded and interlaminated sandstone and siltstone; poorly sorted; mostly crossbedded; commonly well indurated and resistant; where thick forms steep cliffs with bench at top; top less distinct and contact locally inferred in incoherent material north of Middle Fork of Station Camp Creek and upper part of Rock Lick Creek; base irregularly channelling; sandstone is mapped as single line where less than 12 feet thick.  Siltstone and shale, dominantly medium-gray, weather to shades of yellow and yellowish brown; finely laminated and interlaminated; contain imprints and remains of plant material, thin discontinuous and indistinct lenses of siderite; black carbonaceous silty shale locally found above unmapped thin coal bed along east border.  Basal contact of resistant sandstone placed at base of cliff or ledge.

Siltstone, shale, sandstone, and coal: Siltstone and shale, dominantly medium-gray, weather to shades of yellow and yellowish brown; intergraded and interlaminated; contain sparse plant remains; black and very carbonaceous silty shale as much as 6 feet thick above lowest coal bed; contain sideritic concretions in discontinuous thin lenses; greenish- to bluish-gray clay shale occurs locally above coal beds and sandstone; locally lowest bed is a dark-brown resistant vuggy ferruginous siltstone less than one foot thick; where shale is in contact with shale of the Pennington Formation, lowest shales are carbonaceous or have the appearance of a silty underclay of a coal bed.  Sandstone, fine- to very fine grained, locally crossbedded; occurs irregularly in resistant lenses as much as 25 feet thick; grades laterally to siltstone.  Coal, not persistent and difficult to correlate, very irregular in thickness; said to be as much as 3 feet thick.  Unit rests conformably on and intertongues with conglomeratic sandstone member, and rests unconformably on Pennington Formation and upper member of Newman Limestone.  Contact with Pennington Formation is very poorly exposed and may be more irregular than shown.

Corbin Sandstone Member


Alcorn Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Livingston Conglomerate Member: Alvy Creek Formation
Alcorn Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Livingston Conglomerate Member of Alvy Creek Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Conglomerate and sandstone: Conglomerate, weathers yellowish brown to brown; contains well-rounded quartz pebbles as much as 3/4 inch in diameter in a matrix of coarse to fine sand: crossbeds indicate a southerly current direction; occupies mostly central part of major north-south channel; grades laterally and upward to medium- to fine-grained light-gray sandstone; unit moderately resistant, forms cliffs and large float blocks.  Sandstone contained in the relatively narrow channel located in the northeast quadrant of the quadrangle, very fine to coarse-grained, contains a few quartz pebbles; lowest beds contain fossil fragments, locally numerous; locally vuggy and very ferruginous.  These deposits probably correlate with those which also occupy channels cut in the Newman Limestone mapped to the southwest in the eastern part of the Johnetta quadrangle by Gualtieri (1968).  Contact commonly obscured by colluvium, placed at highest exposure of limestone.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel; unit mostly yellowish-gray clayey silt, commonly sandy; scarce pebbles of quartz and chert; locally grades into and includes reworked material from terrace deposits.  Contacts generally indefinite.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel; unit mostly yellowish-gray to yellowish-brown clayey to sandy silt; commonly contains small pebbles of quartz and chert and worn fragments of iron-rich siliceous concretions a few inches in diameter; gravel generally more abundant in higher terrace deposits.  Contacts generally indefinite.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard/Brassfield Dolomite
Alcorn Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard

Shale and dolomite: Shale, yellowish-green to olive-gray, weathers grayish yellow; thin bedded and platy weathering; nonresistant, exposures generally weathered to plastic clay.  Dolomite, olive-gray to yellowish-gray, weathers yellowish brown to grayish orange; very fine to fine grained, silty; in beds a few inches to a few feet thick; exposed only in stream bed of Copperas Branch of Red Lick Creek.  Basal contact poorly exposed.

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite, medium- to light-gray and light-olive-gray, weathers grayish orange to light brown; fine grained; wavy to very irregular beds 2 to 12 inches thick separated by shaly partings; commonly fossiliferous; unit mostly covered, crops out only in extreme northwest corner of quadrangle.  Base not exposed.


Alcorn Quadrangle: Quaternary Colluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, gravel, and rubble; colluvium, rockslides, and landslides occur on Borden Formation throughout quadrangle; colluvial veneer is common on moderately steep slopes and locally thick on benches, particularly at top of Cowbell Member of the Borden Formation; landslides with characteristic hummocky topography occur commonly in heads of small valleys and consist of masses of shale and siltstone from the Borden Formation, blocks of limestone from the Newman Limestone, and locally, sand, pebbles, and blocks of resistant conglomerate and sandstone from the Lee Formation.  Fine debris from older eroded landslides mantles many of the narrow tops of lower ridges; most noticeable north of Locust Branch of Red Lick Creek where continuous sheets, a few inches to a few feet thick, of sandy silt containing small fragments of siltstone, quartz, and siliceous concretions extend from lower part of Nancy Member onto New Albany Shale.  Only one landslide mapped, occurs north of Red Lick Creek on west border of quadrangle; contact indefinite.


Berea Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite and dolomitic limestone, light- to dark-gray and pale-yellowish-brown; mostly weathers yellowish brown and grayish orange; surfaces commonly stained dark yellowish brown by limonite chiefly very fine grained, commonly silty and sandy at base and top; faint breccia texture of light-gray fragments in dark-gray matrix characteristic of upper part of unit; sparse finely crystalline pyrite; light-gray chert sparse to very abundant as replacements of fossils and as small angular to irregularly discoidal masses as much as 0.5 foot thick and 2 feet long; in irregular beds 1 to 5 feet thick.  Forms ledge on slopes, caps many hilltops and underlies extensive flats.  Fossils generally scarce, chiefly horn corals and crinoid columnals and molds of brachiopods.  The following fossil corals were identified by W. A. Oliver, Jr.: Billingsastraea yandelli (Rominger) and Blothrophyllum zaphrentiforme Davis.  Generally less than 3 feet thick in northern one-third of quadrangle; less than 0.2 foot thick in railroad cut near Farristown; pinches out southwest of Farristown.  Basal contact is sharp, a regional unconformity; generally covered.


Berea Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Nada Member

Shale and siltstone: Shale (70 percent), silty, pale-olive to yellowish-gray; laminated; moderately fissile; nonresistant, forms slope; unfossiliferous.  Siltstone (30 percent), pale-olive; weathers light olive gray and grayish orange; contains very fine sand in part; in even beds less than 1 foot thick, some beds with faint internal lamination; nonfissile; forms minor ledges; sparse "worm" tracks.  Glauconitic clayey siltstone, grayish-yellow-green, in seam as much as 0.2 foot thick at top.  This unit and underlying unit form Wildie Member south of quadrangle, an arbitrary cutoff (Weir and others, 1966); see diagram showing stratigraphic relations of Borden Formation.

Limestone, silty, glauconitic; weathers dark yellowish orange; in places abundant phosphatized fossils at base.  The following fossils were identified by E. L. Yochelson: Conularia, possibly C. micronema Meek or C. spergenesis Miller and Gurley; ?Paraconularia, possibly ?P. crawfordsvillensis (Owen) or ?P. newberryi Winchell, cephalopod, fish tooth, and steinkerns of gastropods, pelecypods, and brachiopods including a steinkern identified by Mackenzie Gordon, Jr., as cf. Athyris lamellosa (Leveille).  Mapped as marker bed except near east edge of quadrangle where unit does not crop out and may be missing.

Mudstone and siltstone: Mudstone (80 percent), clayey to silty, dark-greenish-gray, in part grayish-red; weathers same and brownish gray; slightly calcitic; crudely laminated; fissility poor to fair; fossils scarce, chiefly impressions of crinoid columnals.  Siltstone (20 percent), greenish-gray; weathers same; evenly laminated; moderately resistant; forms steep slope; outcrop yields chips and small plates; unfossiliferous; mostly in upper part of unit; in southern part of quadrangle mostly in a single bed, 4 to 6 feet thick at top of unit, which is probably northern edge of Halls Gap Member (Weir and others, 1966).  Unit passes into Nancy Member south of quadrangle, an arbitrary cutoff; see diagram showing stratigraphic relations of Borden Formation.  Base gradational through a few feet.

Cowbell Member

Siltstone and irregularly interstratified silty mudstone: Siltstone (80 percent), yellowish brown, weathering about same; grades into silty mudstone and shale; mostly in indistinct wavy beds less than 3 inches thick; moderately resistant, forms ledges or steep slopes; outcrop yields large platy fragments; fossils very scarce to common, chiefly molds of large brachiopods and crinoid fragments; curly "worm" marks and Taonurus ("rooster tail" marking) common.  Mudstone (20 percent), similar to siltstone but more crudely laminated and less resistant; in nonpersistent bedding sets a few feet thick.  Yellowish-brown iron-rich siliceous concretions, commonly ellipsoidal, as much as 18 inches in length, occur sporadically through unit.  The boundaries of the siltstone are commonly gradational and intertonguing through a few feet to a few tens of feet.  Unit thins southwesterly by intertonguing and intergradation with shale of Nancy Member.  In southwestern part of quadrangle the Cowbell Member splits into two tongues of siltstone, the Conway Cut Bed above and the Roundstone Bed below.  Both siltstone tongues pinch out in the Nancy Member a few miles south of quadrangle boundary (see diagram showing stratigraphic relations of Borden Formation).  The Roundstone Bed also pinches out in the west-central part of the quadrangle.  The interrelation of the members of the Borden are further described in Weir and others (1966).  The following fossils were identified by Mackenzie Gordon, Jr.: Cladochonus sp., cf. Avonia williamsiana Girty, Spirifer logani Hall, Imbrexia sp., Composita? sp., fragment of a horn coral, strophomenoid brachiopod, rhynchonelloid(?) brachiopod, and a crinoid columnal.

Nancy Member

Shale, in part silty, chiefly greenish-gray to light-olive-gray; weathers about same or yellowish gray; generally silt-free at base, mostly slightly silty near base grading to very silty at top; in part calcitic; in crude laminae less than 0.3 inch thick.  Nonresistant, forms long slopes; outcrop yields small chips.  Dark reddish- and yellowish-brown iron-rich siliceous and calcareous concretions a few inches to a few feet in diameter occur sporadically throughout unit; light-gray to yellowish-brown silty phosphatic ovoidal nodules, commonly about 1 inch in diameter, sparse to common in basal 1 foot of unit.  Fossils scarce: crinoid columnals in patches of calcitic shale, impressions of bryozoans common in a few layers.  Basal contact sharp; top contact placed at base of ledge-forming siltstone.  In southwestern part of quadrangle intertongues with overlying unit; see diagram showing stratigraphic relations of Borden Formation.


Berea Quadrangle: Mississippian Slade Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Upper Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (85 percent), light-gray, unevenly grained, fine to very coarse grained; commonly fossil fragmental, in part oolitic; contains sparse small concretions of yellowish-gray chert; mostly in uneven beds 3 to 10 inches thick; fossils common, chiefly crinoid fragments, also brachiopods, bryozoans, and blastoids.  Limestone (10 percent), olive-gray, even-grained, aphanitic to very fine grained, in even beds less than 6 inches thick; in part cherty; unfossiliferous.  Shale, calcitic, greenish-gray; as partings and seams in lower part of unit, as thin beds in upper part of unit.  Unit forms steep ledgy slope.  Base is a diastem marked in places by wavy bedded layer, 1 to 3 feet thick, of micrograined limestone having faint breccia texture.

Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member

Limestone, oolitic, very light gray; weathers same and light yellowish gray; mostly evenly grained, very fine to fine grained and medium to coarse grained, a few layers micrograined and sparsely cherty; fine to medium oolitic grains abundant except in micrograined layers.  Mostly in planar sets, about 1 foot thick, of low-angle crossbeds less than 1 inch thick; micrograined layers and some oolitic layers in horizontal beds a few inches thick; fissile along bedding.  Forms ledge or steep slope with bench or gentle slope at top.  Fossils very scarce, a few brachiopods in coarse-grained layers.  Base is unconformity, characterized by thin basal layer containing abundant fragments, a fraction of an inch in diameter, of micrograined limestone and chert derived from the St. Louis Limestone Member.  Thins northward.

St. Louis Limestone Member

Limestone, very light brownish gray; weathers light gray; micrograined to coarse grained, mostly fine grained; in fairly even beds, 1 to 8 inches thick, separated by partings and thin seams of grayish-yellow-green claystone; very resistant, forms prominent ledge.  Fossils generally scarce, chiefly colonial corals, some brachiopods.  Chert, grayish-red and grayish-orange; common as granules, as fossil replacements, and as pods and stringers, mostly about an inch thick and a few inches to a few feet long, irregularly distributed through upper part of unit.  Base generally not well exposed; locally sharp and locally intertongues through a thickness of a few feet with yellowish-orange muddy limestone of Renfro Member of Borden Formation.

Renfro Member

Limestone, silty and clayey, in part dolomitic, mostly weathered dark yellowish orange; evenly grained, very fine grained; in uneven beds mostly 1 to 4 inches thick; punky weathering, forms moderate to steep slopes lacks megafossils.  Pinkish-gray and yellowish-gray chert in irregularly shaped to roughly discoidal bodies, generally about an inch thick and a few inches in diameter, common at base and sparsely distributed throughout.  A few thin beds of light-gray, micrograined to fine-grained limestone in upper one-third of unit.  Greenish-gray shale occurs sporadically throughout unit in thin lensing seams.  Basal contact conformable, generally sharp.


Berea Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, black; weathers brownish black to yellowish brown; carbonaceous; sparse finely crystalline pyrite; locally with small ellipsoidal concretions of fine-grained calcitic and iron-rich or phosphatic material; a few seams, 1 to 2 inches thick, of yellowish-green shale present locally; well-rounded, frosted, fine grains of quartz common at base; thinly laminated, fissile along laminae; forms slope; outcrop yields abundant thin chips and plates.  Megafossils scarce, chiefly small brachiopods; fish plates, plant fragments and spores, and conodonts sparse to common.  The following fossils from basal few feet of formation were identified by J. T. Dutro, Jr.: abundant linguloid brachiopods (probably Lingulipora), Leiorhynchus sp., Emanuella? sp., Hypothyridina sp. , and spore-like bodies possibly referable to Tasmanites.  The following plants are reported from upper part of formation at Berea by Guy Campbell (1946, p. 870): Clepsidropsis chaneyi Read and Campbell and Steloxylon sp.  The following conodonts from the top few inches of the formation were identified by J. W. Huddle: Siphonodella sp., Siphonodella duplicata Branson and Mehl, Hindeodella sp., Ligonodina sp., Bryantodus sp., Euprionoidodina sp., Spathognathodus sp., Prioniodina sp., Ozarkodina sp., Diplododella sp., Falcodus sp.  Basal contact sharp, apparently conformable where resting on Boyle Dolomite; locally unconformable on Crab Orchard Formation in graben southwest of Farristown.


Berea Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone, greenish-gray to light-olive-gray; weathers about same; evenly grained, chiefly medium grained, slightly silty; in obscure wavy beds 0.5 to 2 inches thick.  Closely interstratified with equal amount of light-greenish-gray very silty limestone; weathers same and grayish yellow orange; in ill-defined slightly wavy beds less than 2 inches thick; poor fissility.  Unit forms steep, fossil-strewn, rubbly slope.  Fossiliferous throughout, various brachiopods and bryozoans abundant; top 1 to 2 feet consists of clayey limestone and contains abundant small branching bryozoans.

Limestone, medium-light-gray to light-olive-gray; aphanitic to fine grained but chiefly micrograined; sparse pyrite; in thin even beds generally less than 3 inches thick, in part obscurely laminated.  Conspicuous cylindrical markings, perpendicular to bedding, about 0.1 inch in diameter and 1 to 2 inches long, consisting of light-gray fine-grained material in dark-gray aphanitic to micrograined matrix.  Unit forms prominent ledge.  Megafossils scarce; fragments of gastropods and brachiopods occur in a few beds; ostracods common.  Basal contact conformable and sharp.

Terrill Member

Mudstone, calcitic and dolomitic, greenish-gray and moderate-olive; weathers about same and yellowish gray, generally more silty and clayey near base, more clayey and limy near top; sparse greenish-gray clay mineral; mostly in even laminae and very thin beds less than 1.5 inches thick; ripple marks and mud cracks common.  Unit forms slope; outcrop yields platy fragments.  Fossils very scarce, chiefly bryozoans scattered in basal 1 to 2 feet of unit.  Base gradational through a few inches.

Stingy Creek Member

Limestone, intermixed and intergrading with siltstone; chiefly medium light gray; weathers dusky yellow; poor to fair sorted; silty to coarse grained but chiefly silty and fine grained; in obscure thin beds made up of lenticles of limestone about an inch thick and a few inches long in a matrix of siltstone.  Forms rubbly, fossil-strewn slope.  Fossiliferous throughout, abundant varied brachiopods and bryozoans, in part silicified.  Base gradational through a few inches.

Gilbert Member

Limestone, bluish-gray and light-olive-gray; weathers same and grayish orange brown; evenly grained, micrograined to fine grained; sparse to common patches of coarsely crystalline calcite; in crinkly beds a few inches thick separated by partings of calcitic shale.  Forms rough ledge or steep slope.  Fossils scarce to common, chiefly brachiopods and bryozoans, in part silicified.  Base gradational through a few inches.

Tate Member

Mudstone, muddy limestone, and limestone: Mudstone, dolomitic and calcitic, grading to muddy limestone (90 percent), chiefly greenish-gray; weathers yellowish gray; well sorted; silty and micrograined, generally more limy in upper part; common to abundant patches and grains of dark-grayish-green clay mineral; in even laminae and thin beds as much as 2 inches thick, grouped in sets as much as 2 feet thick.  Forms slope; outcrops yield abundant platy fragments, fragments from near base are commonly silicified; fossils scarce, chiefly bryozoans.  Limestone (10 percent), chiefly medium-light-gray; weathers about same; evenly grained, micrograined to coarse grained, chiefly very fine grained; common vuggy patches, 1 to 2 inches across, of coarsely crystalline calcite; in crinkly beds, about 1 inch thick, separated by shaly partings; forms rough ledges; fossils scarce to common, chiefly brachiopods.

Limestone, light-gray and light-olive-gray, weathers yellowish gray; unevenly grained, chiefly fine grained and silty and clayey but ranging from micrograined to coarse grained; a single set of obscure wavy beds a few inches thick; forms ledge.  Large brachiopods and bryozoans common to abundant, locally silicified.

Mudstone, calcitic, greenish-gray; weathers same or yellowish gray; in even laminae and very thin beds as much as 1.5 inches thick.  Forms slope; outcrop yields platy fragments; fragments from near base of unit are commonly silicified.  Unfossiliferous.  Base gradational through a few inches.


Berea Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (90 percent), chiefly medium-gray; weathers about same or light gray; chiefly fine to medium grained with streaks of argillaceous material, in part coarse grained, fossil fragmental; very argillaceous in top few inches; in slightly wavy beds, commonly 1 to 6 inches thick; whole and fragmented fossils common to abundant, chiefly brachiopods and bryozoans.  Shale (10 percent), calcitic, light-olive-gray; in partings and seams, less than 1 inch thick, between beds of limestone.  Base not exposed; to the north in the adjoining quadrangle unit ranges in thickness from 90 to 105 feet.


Berea Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Mudstone and dolomite: Mudstone (85 percent), calcitic and dolomitic, light-greenish-gray and grayish-yellow-green; sparse spots of dark-greenish-gray clay mineral; in laminae and thin even beds less than 3 inches thick, in part obscurely stratified; outcrop generally yields platy fragments, where obscurely stratified weathers to rubble; megafossils absent or very scarce.  Dolomite (15 percent), argillaceous and calcitic, yellowish-gray and grayish-yellow; weathers same and dark yellowish orange; fine grained, silty; sparse spots of dark-greenish gray clay mineral; in fairly even beds a few inches to a few feet thick; thickest bed, 2 to 5 feet thick, generally at base of unit; fossils scarce, chiefly recrystallized small branching bryozoans and molds of small brachiopods.  Basal contact generally exposed only in roadcuts; lithology is transitional with underlying Rowland Member, contact commonly marked by relatively thick and persistent bed of dolomite.

Rowland Member

Mudstone, calcitic and dolomitic, light-greenish-gray and grayish-yellow-green; sparse spots of dark-greenish-gray clay mineral; in laminae and in very thin even beds less than 1 inch thick; sparse ripple marks and mud cracks; forms slope, outcrop yields abundant platy fragments, fragments from near base commonly silicified.  Megafossils absent.  Base conformable, gradational through a few inches; contact placed above highest limestone lentil of Reba Member.


Berea Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Grundy Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Mudstone, shale, and siltstone (90 percent), irregularly interstratified with sandstone (10 percent); coal: Mudstone, locally grading to shale,and siltstone, light-brownish-gray, clayey to silty, sparsely carbonaceous; mostly crudely laminated and poorly fissile, forms slopes.  Sandstone, light-gray to yellowish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, limonite-stained; fair sorted; sparse flecks of carbonaceous material and sparse impressions of woody material; mostly in lensing sets a few feet thick and several tens of feet long, in part cross-stratified; forms slope.  Thin, probably discontinuous, coal bed about 25 feet above base of unit on Bear Mountain; said by Burroughs (1927, p. 185, 195) to be as much as 30 inches thick; correlated by Miller (1910) with the Lee No. 1 (Hudson) coal.  Top of unit not exposed.  At base unit intertongues through a thickness of several feet with Livingston Conglomerate Member; on northwest side of Bear Mountain rests unconformably on Newman Limestone.


Berea Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Livingston Conglomeratic Sandstone Member
Berea Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Livingston Conglomeratic Sandstone Member of Alvy Creek Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sandstone, conglomeratic, interstratified and intergrading with sandstone and with conglomerate, chiefly yellowish-orange, limonite-stained; composed of subangular fine to medium grains of clear quartz; very sparse to very abundant well-rounded pebbles, mostly less than 1 inch in diameter, composed of clear quartz and pinkish-gray chert.  Sparse impressions of woody material.  In lensing sets, commonly several feet thick and several tens of feet long, of horizontal and crossbeds, commonly 2 to 4 inches thick.  Forms cliff.  Base is an erosional unconformity; about 60 feet of relief on this channeling contact within this quadrangle.  Pinches out to northwest on Bear Mountain.


Berea Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel: Composed chiefly of yellowish-gray clayey silt and very fine sand; contains sparse rounded pebbles of quartz and chert, and small geodes and discoidal masses of yellowish-gray chert.  In northern part of quadrangle includes slabs and angular to rounded fragments of dolomite and limestone.


Berea Quadrangle: Quaternary Colluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, pebbles of quartz and chert, and blocks, a few inches to a few feet across, of sandstone and conglomerate; derived from Livingston Conglomerate Member of Lee Formation.  Common as thin patches on steep slopes below ledges of conglomerate and sandstone; mapped only on north slope of Bear Mountain where deposit is relatively thick and extensive.

Rubble, consisting of blocks, a few inches to several feet across, of sandstone and conglomerate.  Matrix of rubble is sandstone, grayish-orange to dusky-yellow, fine- to medium-grained, limonite-stained, friable.  Sandstone in blocks is similar to sandstone in matrix; conglomerate in blocks consists of small rounded pebbles of quartz and chert in sandstone.  Material is derived from lower part of Lee Formation; an eroded remnant of a landslide that predates present topography.  Crops out on ridge east of Macedonia Church near southeastern corner of quadrangle.


Berea Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, sand, silt, and clay: Coarse fragments of gravel consist of well-rounded pebbles, 1/8 to 1 inch in diameter, of light-colored quartz and chert, and fragmented and whole limonitic and sideritic concretions, 1 to 8 inches in diameter, and fragmented and whole geodes of yellowish-gray chert and quartz, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, matrix, 40 to 90 percent of unit, is light brown, composed of clayey silt and very fine sand.  Thin lenses of clayey to sandy silt are irregularly interstratified.  Found chiefly along Silver Creek about 5 to 15 feet above stream level; boundaries commonly indefinite, locally grades into alluvium below and unmapped colluvium above; separated from older terrace deposits by topographic break.

Gravel, probably containing interstratified lenses of sand and silt; poorly exposed.  Gravel chiefly composed of well-rounded pebbles, commonly a fraction of an inch in diameter, of clear quartz and gray chert derived from the Lee Formation and discoidal concretions, as much as 2 inches in diameter, of yellowish- and pinkish-gray chert derived from the Borden Formation.  Found only on flats 20 to 80 feet above level of Silver Creek in eastern one-third of quadrangle.


Berea Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard/Brassfield Dolomite
Berea Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard

Mudstone and dolomite: Mudstone (80 percent), grayish-yellow and grayish-green; mostly weathered to fluffy light-yellowish-gray soil; slightly silty; in part laminated and fissile along laminae; no megafossils; poorly exposed.  Dolomite (20 percent), chiefly medium-light-gray, yellowish-gray, and light-olive-gray; mostly weathers grayish orange and light olive brown; very fine to fine grained, in part calcitic and silty; sparse grains of dark-green glauconite; in even beds a few inches to about 2 feet thick; irregularly interstratified with mudstone, fairly persistent thick bed near top of unit.  Megafossils generally very sparse; molds of brachiopods in some beds; small crinoid columnals and horn corals near base of unit in a few places.  Nonresistant, poorly exposed, forms slope.  Unit only 5 to 15 feet thick in graben southwest of Farristown; top probably removed by erosion prior to deposition of Devonian rocks.  Base conformable.

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite and mudstone: Dolomite (95 percent), in part calcitic and silty, chiefly light-olive-gray, light-gray and light-brownish-gray; in places irregularly stained dark gray by black petroliferous material; surface commonly stained dusky yellowish brown by limonite; fairly evenly to evenly grained, very fine to fine grained and fine to medium grained, silty near base; black petroliferous material fills interstices and small cavities; in irregular beds 1 to 12 inches thick.  Fossils scarce to common, chiefly crinoid columnals, mostly small unornamented forms but including a few large, 0.5 inch in diameter, cogwheel forms near top of unit; horn corals and molds of brachiopods locally common.  Mudstone (5 percent), limy, pale-greenish-yellow; as partings and seams less than 2 inches thick between limestone beds.  Locally, as on U.S. 25, 1.4 miles north of Berea, basal 0.5 to 1.5 feet is a conglomerate consisting of abundant angular to rounded fragments of dolomitic mudstone derived from Drakes Formation in matrix of very fine grained silty dolomite.  Unit is resistant, forms rough ledge.  Basal contact is interpreted as disconformity in this quadrangle; contact is apparently conformable to north (Greene, 1966).


Bighill Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, light-brownish-gray, weathers yellowish brown and grayish orange; dominantly fine grained, commonly silty at base; in obscure lensing beds a few inches thick; rare light-gray chert concretions, about one inch in diameter; contains a few poorly preserved horn corals and brachiopods.  Formation only a few feet thick at outcrop throughout quadrangle, probably thickens southward as in adjacent Berea quadrangle (Weir, 1967).  Generally less than one foot thick from near Bobtown to near Dreyfus; lenses out irregularly near Dreyfus.  Basal contact sharp, a regional unconformity.


Bighill Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Nada Member

Shale and siltstone: Shale (80 to 100 percent), in part calcitic, clayey to very silty, mostly greenish-gray and pale-olive, locally grayish-red and purplish-gray; well to obscurely laminated; moderately fissile; grades to clayey siltstone; calcitic beds locally contain impressions of fan-shaped bryozoans and small crinoid columnals.  Clayey siltstone (0 to 20 percent), mostly greenish-gray, laminated, moderately resistant; grades to silty shale; unfossiliferous.  Coarse siltstone, in part fine sandy, (0 to 5 percent), pale-olive, weathers light olive gray and light grayish orange; in fairly even layers, commonly 1 to 10 inches thick interstratified with shale in upper one-half of member; furrow and flute marks and load casts on undersides of some beds; resistant, forms conspicuous minor ledges; unfossiliferous; restricted to western part of quadrangle; locally referred to as "Rockcastle freestone."  Glauconitic siltstone (less than 1 percent), dark-greenish-gray, in several distinct seams a fraction of an inch to a few inches thick, one at top of member and one to four in lower one-half of member; locally contains small, dark-brown, round, phosphatic concretions, less than one inch in diameter; megafossils rare, conodonts sparse.  Seam of glauconitic siltstone near middle of member is probably correlative with glauconitic marker bed mapped in adjacent Berea quadrangle (Weir, 1967).  The following conodonts, identified by J. W. Huddle, were collected from a seam of calcitic glauconitic siltstone at top of member (collection B): Gnathodus texanus Roundy, and Lonchodus?.  The following conodonts, identified by J. W. Huddle, were collected from seams of glauconitic siltstone near the middle of the member (collections C and D): Cavusgnathus? sp. and Gnathodus texanus Roundy: a gastropod mold, an ostracode steinkern, and fish teeth were also noted.  Glauconitic dolomitic limestone, yellowish-orange, in lensing bed a few inches thick associated with seam of glauconitic siltstone near middle of member, contains a few poorly preserved gastropods and brachiopods.  Silty limestone, grayish-green, fine-grained, in lenticles a fraction of an inch thick and a few inches long, and in thin lensing beds 1 to 3 inches thick, irregularly interstratified in shale, contains sparse to abundant small crinoid columnals, brachiopods, and bryozoans.  Unit is poorly exposed, forms conspicuous low slope between more resistant units above and below.  Thickest in southwest corner of quadrangle; thinnest on east end of Wolf Gap Mountain.  Base of member gradational through a few feet, locally marked by layer of small, dark-gray, phosphatic concretions less than 0.5 inch in diameter.  Unit is lateral equivalent to Wildie Member, Halls Gap Member, and part of the Nancy Member in quadrangles to the southwest; see diagram showing stratigraphic relations of Borden Formation.

Cowbell Member

Siltstone and irregularly interstratified silty shale: Siltstone (80 percent), bluish- and greenish-gray and yellowish-brown and yellowish-gray, weathers mostly yellowish brown to yellowish gray; locally calcitic and contains lentils of crinoidal silty limestone, grades into silty shale; obscurely bedded, in part in thin uneven beds 1 to 3 inches thick; moderately resistant, forms rounded ledges or steep slopes; outcrop yields platy fragments, commonly a few inches across; fossils generally scarce but locally abundant in calcitic layers, include large and small brachiopods, crinoid columnals, and bryozoans; Zoophycos (=Taonurus, "rooster-tail" marking) and curly "worm" markings abundant.  Silty shale (20 percent), similar to siltstone but crudely laminated and less resistant; irregularly interstratified in thin lenses.  Yellowish- and reddish-brown iron-rich siliceous and calcitic concretions, commonly ellipsoidal, as much as 2 feet in diameter, occur sporadically through the unit.  Forms steep slope with conspicuous bench at top.  Thins irregularly to southwest.  Lower part intertongues westerly into Nancy Member between Owsley Fork and Radford Hollow.  Base is gradational; contact mapped at lowest resistant siltstone, commonly marked by lessening of slope.

Nancy Member

Shale, silty to very silty at top, greenish- to light-olive-gray; in part calcitic; crudely laminated.  Dark-reddish- and yellowish-brown iron-rich siliceous and calcareous concretions, commonly ellipsoidal, a few inches to a few feet in diameter, occur sporadically through unit.  Forms moderately steep slope, steepening near upper contact.  Fossils scarce, crinoid columnals and bryozoans locally common in calcitic layers.  Basal contact with siltstone bed gradational through a few feet; where siltstone bed is absent unit is not separable from basal shale unit.

Siltstone, greenish-gray to yellowish-brown; obscurely bedded; contains lentils of silty shale; unfossiliferous.  Fairly resistant, forms rounded ledge or steep slope.  Restricted to eastern one-half of quadrangle, feathers out on west side of Owsley Fork and on Brushy Knob and Hacker Smith Mountain.  Probably an isolated lens within the Nancy Member; possibly a tongue of the Cowbell Member that merges with the Cowbell in subsurface east of head of Owsley Fork.  Similar siltstone units showing both relations are known southwest of this quadrangle (see discussions of the Roundstone Bed of the Cowbell Member and of the Gum Sulphur Bed of the Nancy Member in Weir and others, 1966).  Top and base gradational; contacts placed at top and base of resistant siltstone, commonly marked by change in slope.

Shale, greenish- to light-olive-gray, mostly silty but clayey in basal few feet, very silty at top, locally calcitic; crudely laminated; poorly fissile.  Dark-reddish- and yellowish-brown iron-rich siliceous and calcareous concretions, commonly ellipsoidal, a few inches to a few feet in diameter, occur sporadically throughout unit.  Poorly exposed; forms gentle to moderate slope, generally steepening upward.  Fossils scarce; crinoid columnals and bryozoans common locally in calcitic layers.  Thickness of Nancy Member variable in south one-third of quadrangle because of intertonguing with siltstone of the Cowbell Member; thinnest in graben southwest of Hickory Flat Mountain.  Base sharp; marked by scattered light-gray to yellowish-brown, ovoidal nodules, 0.2 to 1.5 inches across, of phosphatic silt in basal foot of unit.


Bighill Quadrangle: Mississippian Paragon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Pennington Formation

Shale and siltstone, sandstone, and limestone and dolomitic limestone.  Shale (80 to 95 percent), calcitic, in part very silty and sandy and grading to thin-bedded siltstone; mostly olive gray to yellowish green, in part grayish purple, weathers yellowish brown to olive gray; laminated, fissile; locally contains brachiopod, bryozoan, crinoid, and blastoid fragments.  Sandstone (5 to 20 percent), calcitic, silty and micaceous; light gray to yellowish brown, weathers same and dark yellowish orange, locally limonite stained; very fine to medium grained, dominantly fine grained; irregularly interstratified in shale; locally contains unidentified organic markings and molds of spiriferoid brachiopods; in lensing beds, a few inches to a few feet thick.  Limestone (0 to 5 percent), light-gray, weathering same to yellowish gray; fine to medium grained, in part silty, in lenticles less than an inch thick and a few inches long and in thin lensing beds irregularly interstratified in shale; contains scarce to abundant crinoid, blastoid, bryozoan, and brachiopod fragments.  The following fossils were collected from a limestone lens and shale near the base of this unit (collection A): bryozoans, identified by Helen Duncan, -Fistulipora confinis Perry and Horowitz?, Eridopora sp., Cheilotrypa hispida Ulrich, Tabulipora penerudis Perry and Horowitz(?), Fenestella cestriensis Ulrich, F. matheri Condra and Elias, F. tenax Ulrich, Polypora corticosa Ulrich, P. multispinosa McFarlan?, Archimedes sp. and a stenoporoid form; pelmatozoans, identified by Alan Horowitz- pelmatozoan columnals, Pterocrinus acutus Wetherby, P. spatulatus Wetherby, P, depressus Lyon and Casseday, P. cf. depressus, Lyon and Casseday, crinoid spines cf. Tholocrinus sp., Pentremites cf. P. elegans Lyon, and P. robustus; brachiopods, identified by Mackenzie Gordon, Jr.-Diaphragmus cestriensis (Worthen), Coledium explanatum (McChesney), Reticulariina spinosa (Meek and Worthen), Anthracospirifer cf. A. increbescens (Hall), Torynifer setiger Hall, Eumetria cf. E. verneuilana Hall, Cleiothyridina sublamellosa Hall, Composita subquadrata Hall?; and trilobite identified by Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. - glabella of Paladin sp.  Dolomitic limestone (0 to 5 percent), Iight-yellowish-gray, weathering yellowish orange; very fine grained, in part silty; in lensing beds as much as 2 feet thick; unfossiliferous.  Unit forms gentle slope.  Where basal sandstone of Pennington (described below) is absent lithology is transitional at base through several feet with Newman Limestone; contact drawn at base of shale sequence so that a few lenses of fossiliferous limestone are commonly included in the Pennington.  The formation pinches out along an arc near the boundary of Jackson County.

Sandstone, light-gray to yellowish-gray, weathering same and grayish orange, locally limonite-stained, fine- to medium-grained; in thin horizontal beds and thin planar sets, a few feet thick, of low-angle crossbeds.  Forms conspicuous minor ledge.  Rests on scour surface on top of Newman Limestone in south-central part of quadrangle.  Pinches out about 0.5 mile south of Morrill.


Bighill Quadrangle: Mississippian Slade Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Newman Limestone: Upper Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (80 to 90 percent), medium- and light-gray, weathers medium gray; dominantly fine grained but micrograined to medium grained, evenly grained; in beds 6 to 24 inches thick; fossils rare to common but generally not conspicuous, include abraded fine to coarse fragments of brachiopods and crinoid columnals, corals, bryozoans, blastoids, and small whole brachiopods.  Lenses, a few feet thick, of light-gray abundantly fossiliferous medium-grained limestone occur sporadically at top of unit.  Shale (10 to 20 percent), calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish brown; laminated in sets a fraction of an inch to a few feet thick, irregularly interstratified with limestone; poorly exposed.  Unit forms steep ledgy slope, bench common at top.

Shale, calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish brown; contains partings and lentils of dark-gray fine-grained limestone; laminated; forms recess; poorly exposed.

Limestone and shale: Limestone (85 percent), mostly light-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, mostly skeletal, in part oolitic and pelletal; commonly in somewhat uneven beds 3 to 10 inches thick, in part in thin sets of low-angle crosslaminae; contains nodular concretions of yellowish-gray chert, mostly 1 to 3 inches in diameter, fossils common to abundant, mainly crinoid columnals and locally brachiopods, blastoids, horn corals, and bryozoans.  Limestone (10 percent), olive-gray, micrograined to very fine grained, in even beds less than 6 inches thick; contains nodules, irregular layers and masses of light to very dark gray chert; generally unfossiliferous, abraded crinoid columnals and brachiopod shells in a few fine-grained beds, micrograined limestone underlying shale seams is commonly dolomitized and faintly brecciated through a thickness of a few inches to a few feet.  Shale (5 percent), calcitic, dark-greenish-gray; in partings and thin seams in lower part of unit; contains partings and lenticles of limestone that commonly contains a few abraded brachiopod shells.  Unit forms steep ledgy slope or cliff.  Base is diastem locally marked by sparse granules and pebbles of dark-gray chert.

Newman Limestone: Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member

Limestone, light-olive-gray, mostly fine- to medium-grained, slightly to very oolitic; in planar sets, a few feet thick, of low-angle crossbeds; contains few fossils, mostly abraded brachiopods and horn corals.  About 10 percent of unit is micrograined, olive gray; irregularly interstratified in thin beds, commonly containing a few stringers and ovoidal masses of dark-gray chert; also generally forms layer a few feet thick at top of unit, faintly brecciated; unfossiliferous.  Uncommon but conspicuous are lenses of medium- to coarse-grained skeletal limestone containing abraded brachiopods; resembles limestone in overlying unit.  Forms ledge or steep slope, conspicuous bench common at top.  Base is erosional unconformity, characterized by thin bed containing scarce to abundant semi-angular to rounded granules and pebbles of dark-gray and reddish chert and micrograined limestone derived from St. Louis Limestone Member; rests unconformably on Renfro Member of Borden Formation near head of Owsley Fork.  Thickest in southwest corner of quadrangle.

Newman Limestone: St. Louis Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray, micrograined to coarse-grained, mostly fine grained, in fairly even beds mostly 1 to 8 inches thick separated by partings and very thin seams of pale-green claystone.  Chert, dark-gray grading to reddish and brownish gray, common in upper part of unit as irregular layers and small discoidal and ovoidal masses and as replacements of fossils.  Fossils in upper part of unit, scarce to common, are mainly lithostrotionoid corals and small brachiopods mostly replaced by chert; near base of unit fossils more abundant and varied, include small brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoid columnals, and trilobite fragments.  Forms conspicuous minor ledge at base of ledge- and cliff-forming limestone sequence.  Base locally sharp and locally intertongues through a few feet with silty dolomitic limestone of underlying Renfro Member of Borden Formation.  Thickest in southwest corner of quadrangle; generally about 6 feet in thickness; locally cut out along Owsley Fork by pre-Ste. Genevieve erosion.

Renfro Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (90 percent), silty to clayey, mostly dolomitic, light-yellowish-gray, weathering dark yellowish orange; very fine grained; in fairly even beds, commonly 1 to 4 inches thick; wavy beds at top of member along U.S. 421; moderately resistant, punky weathering; contains few fossils except for scarce crinoid columnals and scarce to abundant endothyrid foraminifera.  Sporadic discontinuous thin beds of dolomitic limestone have breccia texture with angular clasts about 0.3 inch across.  In upper one-half of unit are a few lensing beds, commonly about one foot thick, of less dolomitic and less silty, light-brownish-gray limestone resembling limestone of St. Louis Member of Newman Limestone; these beds are relatively resistant and form conspicuous ledges; unfossiliferous.  Shale, calcitic (10 percent), grayish-green, irregularly interstratified in partings, seams, and thin sets less than 1 foot thick; unfossiliferous.  The following calcareous foraminifera, identified by Betty Skipp, were recovered from a sequence of thin beds of silty limestone separated by partings of shale about 25 to 28 feet above the base of the formation on U.S. 421 (collection B): Endothyra cf. E. baileyi (Hall) emend. Henbest, E. scitula (Toomey), E. aff. E. tumula (E. J. Zeller), E. sp., Septabrunsiina cf. S. mckeei Skipp, Holcomb & Gutschick, Tuberitina sp., Septaglomospiranella sp., Earlandia sp., and Paracaligella? sp.  Yellowish-gray and pinkish-gray chert in irregularly shaped and roughly spheroidal masses, generally a few inches in diameter, in part geodal, lined with coarse clear crystals of quartz, common near base and sparse throughout unit.  Forms moderate slope, poorly exposed.  Base sharp, conformable.


Bighill Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, carbon-rich, black to brownish-black, weathers brownish black to yellowish gray; sparse finely crystalline pyrite; finely laminated; fissile; forms moderate slope; outcrop yields abundant thin platy fragments.  Small ellipsoidal concretions, commonly 1 to 3 inches in diameter, of very fine grained, calcitic, iron-rich, or phosphatic material occur sporadically throughout but are most common in upper one-fourth of unit.  Fine and medium frosted grains of quartz common at base.  Dolomite and dolomitic limestone, very fine grained, silty, olive- to brownish-gray, weather yellowish brown; in irregular lenses a few inches to a few feet thick and a few feet to a few tens of feet long, irregularly interstratified in lower one-third of unit; mostly unfossiliferous; make up less than one percent of unit.  Clay shale, noncarbonaceous, olive-gray to light-greenish-gray, irregularly interstratified in discontinuous seams a few inches thick; unfossiliferous; makes up less than one percent of unit.  Megafossils uncommon in black shale, mostly small brachiopods; conodonts, spores, and fish teeth common.  The following conodonts identified by J.W. Huddle, were collected by J. L. Gualtieri from the top few inches of the formation: (collection F): Hindeodella sp., Siphonodella sp., and Spathognathodus sp.  A lens of dolomitic limestone, about 25 feet above the base of the unit, contained the following megafossils, identified by J. T. Dutro, Jr., and microfossils identified by J. W. Huddle (collection G): hexactinellid sponge spicules, scolecodonts, Hindeodella sp., horn coral, Platyrachella sp., Tylothyris sp., Spinatrypa sp., and a pectinoid pelecypod.  Where black shale rests on Boyle Dolomite base generally sharp but locally gradational through a few inches; where black shale rests on shale of Crab Orchard Formation base is sharp, a regional unconformity.


Bighill Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Mudstone and dolomite: Mudstone (85 percent), dolomitic and calcitic, light-greenish-gray and yellowish-green, weathers grayish yellow; sparse spots of dark-greenish-gray clay mineral; in laminae and even thin beds less than 3 inches thick, in part obscurely stratified; outcrop yields platy fragments; unfossiliferous.  Dolomite (15 percent), clayey and silty and grading to mudstone; greenish- to yellowish-gray, weathers same mottled with yellowish orange; fine grained, in fairly even beds a few inches to a few feet thick; fossils scarce, a few poorly preserved bryozoans and brachiopods in some beds; fairly resistant, forms minor ledges.  Unit as a whole poorly exposed; forms low slope with a few minor ledges.  Crops out poorly in northern one-quarter of quadrangle.  Lithology transitional with underlying unit; base commonly marked by dolomite bed a few feet thick.

Rowland Member

Mudstone, dolomitic and calcitic, light-greenish-gray and yellowish-green, weathers grayish yellow, sparse spots of dark-greenish-gray clay mineral; in laminae and even beds less than 3 inches thick, in part obscurely stratified; outcrop yields platy fragments; unfossiliferous.  Crops out poorly in creek beds near Joe Lick Knob and Dreyfus.  Base not exposed.


Bighill Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Corbin Sandstone Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sandstone, reddish- to light-brown, and grayish-orange, fine- to medium-grained, locally conglomeratic.  Granules and pebbles, less than 0.5 inch in diameter, composed of clear and light-gray quartz and chert, are irregularly disseminated and locally concentrated in thin layers and lentils.  Generally friable; in places firmly cemented.  Limonite common in diffuse and banded impregnations and in siliceous concretions, a few inches in diameter.  Bedding mostly obscure, in part crossbedded.  Crops out poorly on hilltops in southeastern part of quadrangle.  Base covered; irregular distribution suggests that base of unit is scour surface with relief of several tens of feet.


Bighill Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Grundy Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and siltstone irregularly interbedded with sandstone; coal: Shale and siltstone (90 percent), mostly light-brownish- to greenish-gray, commonly limonite-stained; sparse black flakes of carbonaceous material; in part very fine sand and micaceous; in part very carbonaceous, medium-gray to black; laminated, poorly fissile.  Sandstone, brownish- to yellowish-gray and pale-orange, commonly limonite-stained; mostly fine grained, in part silty and micaceous, sparse to abundant flakes of black carbonaceous material, sparse impressions of woody material; mostly obscurely bedded, locally crossbedded in lensing units a few feet to a few tens of feet thick; only relatively thick ledge-forming units mapped separately.  Iron-rich siliceous and calcitic concretions, a few inches in diameter, occur sporadically in all lithologies.  First resistant sandstone unit below Corbin Sandstone Member pinches out in southeast part of quadrangle; probably is Hazel Patch Sandstone of Kilburn (1956, p. 22).  Coal, ranging from 0 to about 36 inches in thickness (Miller, 1910, p. 42) is in lenses, a few tens to several hundreds of feet long, in the basal 50 feet of unit east of the outcrop of the Livingston Conglomerate Member; does not crop out, known only from dumped material near abandoned workings.  Unit forms moderate slopes; thins toward north or northwest.  In part rests conformably on and intertongues with Livingston Conglomerate Member and in part rests, probably unconformably, on shale of Pennington Formation or limestone of the Newman Limestone.


Bighill Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Livingston Conglomeratic Sandstone Member of Alvy Creek Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sandstone, conglomeratic, interstratified and intergrading with sandstone and with conglomerate; mostly yellowish and light gray, commonly limonite stained orange to brown.  Composed mostly of subangular fine to medium grains of clear quartz; contains scarce to abundant well-rounded pebbles, mostly less than 1 inch in diameter, of clear quartz and light- and pinkish-gray chert.  Sparse impressions of woody material.  In lensing sets commonly several feet thick and several tens of feet long, of horizontal beds and crossbeds, commonly 2 to 4 inches thick.  Forms steep cliff with bench at top.  Unit deposited in south-trending channel cutting out upper member of Newman Limestone locally, as on western part of Indian Fort Mountain.  Basal unconformity has local relief of about 60 feet in this quadrangle; unit feathers out west of U.S. 421.


Bighill Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel.  Unit mostly yellowish-gray clayey silt, commonly sandy and containing lenses of yellowish-gray fine quartz sand.  Light- to dark-gray quartz and chert pebbles, commonly less than 1 inch in diameter, scarce to abundant.  Nodules and geodes of yellowish-gray chert, commonly 1 to 6 inches across, derived from upper part of the Borden Formation, common south of Blue Lick and Red Lick Creeks.  Pebbles and slab-like cobbles of grayish-orange dolomite and light-gray limestone locally common near north edge of quadrangle.


Bighill Quadrangle: Quaternary Colluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, gravel, rubble.  Colluvium is of two types.  The first type occurs as patches on slopes below cliffs formed by the Livingston Conglomerate Member of the Lee Formation in southwestern part of quadrangle and consists chiefly of sand and pebbles of quartz and chert derived from the Livingston Conglomerate.  The second type of colluvium consists of blocks of limestone derived from the Newman Limestone and locally of blocks of conglomerate and sand, pebbles, and shale from the Lee Formation and shale and siltstone from the Borden Formation.  Colluvium grades into landslide deposits which contain large blocks, more than 10 feet across, of limestone and conglomerate.  Locally, as on Pilot Knob, landslide deposits are characterized by hummocky topography suggesting movement of large masses of siltstone and shale of the Borden Formation.  Colluvium and landslide deposits widespread, especially common on northeast-facing slopes; mapped only where relatively thick and masking bedrock units.  Map unit same as colluvium and landslide deposits (Qlc) mapped in adjacent Berea quadrangle (Weir 1967); older landslide deposits (Qlo) mapped in Berea quadrangle not recognized in this quadrangle.


Bighill Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel: yellowish-gray to yellowish-brown clayey silt containing sporadic lenses of silty clay, coarse silt, fine sand and gravel, and scattered pebbles, commonly less than 1 inch in diameter, composed of red, gray, and white chert and quartz and whole and fragmented iron-rich siliceous concretions, commonly 1 to 8 inches in diameter.  Generally similar to nearby alluvium.  Crops out poorly on flats about 10 to 30 feet above stream level along Joe Lick Fork, and Cowbell and Red Lick Creeks.  Terrace deposits having similar lithology mapped as younger terrace deposits (Qty) in adjoining Berea quadrangle (Weir, 1967).

Gravel, sand, silt, and clay: Dominantly gravel containing scattered lenses of sand.  Matrix of gravel is mainly yellowish-brown and grayish-brown clayey silt to silty and sandy clay.  Coarse fragments of gravel consist of rounded pebbles of white quartz and red, gray, and white chert, derived mainly from the Lee Formation, and whole and broken iron-rich yellowish-brown and siliceous yellowish-gray concretions, commonly 1 to 8 inches across.  In part similar to younger terrace gravels, but coarse fragments more abundant and conspicuous, commonly weathers darker yellowish brown.  Poorly exposed on flats near junction of Owsley Fork and Red Lick Creek.  Terrace deposits having similar lithology mapped as older terrace deposits (Qto) in adjoining Berea quadrangle (Weir, 1967).


Bighill Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation /Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard Formation

Shale and dolomite.  Shale (90 percent), yellowish-green to olive-gray, weathers grayish yellow; locally silty and calcitic to dolomitic; laminated, in part fissile; mostly unfossiliferous but brachiopods and horn corals locally abundant in calcitic shale above dolomite bed near middle of formation; poorly exposed, weathers to fluffy plastic soil; forms slope.  Dolomite (10 percent), olive-gray to yellowish-gray, weathers yellowish brown to grayish orange; very fine to fine grained, in part calcitic and silty; in even beds a few inches to a few feet thick; fossils generally sparse, except for small crinoid columnals; interstratified with shale in lower one-third and near middle of formation; forms conspicuous minor ledges.  Generally thickest in Stillhouse Branch and McCarter Branch in northeast part of quadrangle; thins westward, thinnest near Bobtown.  Base conformable.  Lower part of unit is equivalent to Noland Formation of Rexroad and others (1965).

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite (95 percent), olive- to light-gray, weathers yellowish brown and grayish orange, irregularly limonite stained dark brown to orange; very fine to medium grained, in part calcitic, silty near base; in irregular beds commonly 1 to 10 inches thick.  Petroliferous material occurs sporadically in small vugs.  Fossils scarce except for crinoid columnals, including a few large cogwheel forms near top of unit.  Shale (5 percent), calcitic, greenish-yellow; in partings and seams less than 2 inches thick.  Unit forms rough ledges.  Thickest in northeastern part of quadrangle; thins irregularly to west.  Base seems conformable in this quadrangle but is an unconformity westward in adjacent Berea quadrangle (Weir, 1967).


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

siltstone member

Siltstone, light-gray, weathers yellowish gray; present only on Burdette Knob.  Unit may be Cowbell Member of Borden Formation (oral communication, G. W. Weir, 1968).

Nancy Member

Shale, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray, silty; some medium-brown calcareous siltstone; light-gray phosphatic nodules near base.  Poorly exposed.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, black, carbonaceous, silty, weathers yellowish brown to brownish black.  Unconformity at base cuts across rocks ranging from upper part of the Drakes Formation to upper part of the Terrill Member of the Ashlock Formation.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone and shale: lower part limestone, bluish-gray, weathers grayish brown, micrograined to fine grained; upper part limestone, light-gray to grayish-brown, weathers lighter, fossiliferous, interbedded with poorly exposed silty shale.  Few outcrops seen.

Terrill Member

Mudstone, dolomitic, grayish-green.  Poorly exposed, few outcrops seen.

Stingy Creek Member

Limestone, light-gray to grayish-brown, weathers lighter; abundant brachiopods, mollusks, and bryozoans; contains patches of coarsely crystalline white calcite.  Limestone in nodular beds a few inches thick interbedded with poorly exposed silty shale.  Few outcrops seen.

Gilbert Member

Limestone, bluish-gray, weathers grayish brown; micrograined to fine grained; contains patches of coarsely crystalline white calcite.  Forms resistant ledge.

Tate Member

Mudstone and limestone: Mudstone, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; silty, calcareous, dolomitic; silicified near base and above Back Bed.  Back Bed is limestone, light-gray to light-olive-gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined to coarse grained, in part silty, obscure nodular bedding in upper part, even bedded in lower part; contains abundant large brachiopods and bryozoans in upper part; commonly silicified; base 5 to 10 feet above base of formation.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone is greenish gray to medium gray and medium bluish gray, weathers grayish orange; micrograined; in even beds a few inches thick.  Shale is medium to dark gray, fissile; weathers to yellowish-gray clayey soil.  Contact with underlying unit is sharp.  Exposed in southwestern and southeastern parts of quadrangle.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, medium-bluish-gray, weathers light gray; fine to medium grained, locally dolomitic, in uneven beds a few inches thick; contains abundant branching bryozoans and flat brachiopods.  Shale, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; silty, calcareous.  Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; calcareous; in beds as thick as 2 inches; occurs in lower part.  Contact with underlying formation is gradational; placed to include dominantly limestone sequence in the Calloway Creek Limestone.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone; interbedded: Shale, dark-grayish-green, weathers grayish yellow; calcareous, clayey, in part silty.  Limestone is of two types.  One is greenish gray to light gray, weathers light brownish gray to brownish gray; abundant fossils and fossil fragments; in places phosphatic and dolomitic; some beds ripple marked.  The other limestone is greenish gray to medium bluish gray, weathers grayish orange; micrograined, in even beds a few inches thick.  Siltstone, greenish-gray to medium-bluish-gray, weathers reddish brown to grayish orange; calcareous, in even beds a few inches thick in upper part of formation.  Contact with underlying formation is generally gradational; placed at top of dominantly limestone sequence of the Lexington Limestone.  Formation generally covered; forms steep slopes littered with slabs of limestone.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Dolomite and mudstone: Dolomite, grayish-brown to grayish-green, weathers dark yellowish orange; calcareous; forms resistant ledges; interbedded with mudstone, dolomitic, grayish-green.

Rowland Member

Mudstone, dolomitic, grayish-green, poorly exposed.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale, and limestone: Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; calcareous; in beds a few inches to several feet thick, faintly crosslaminated, commonly contorted into bulbous masses.  Shale, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; silty, calcareous.  Limestone, medium-bluish-gray, weathers light gray; in part dolomitic; in beds a few inches thick; commonly contains flat brachiopods.  Basal contact placed to include siltstone beds over 6 inches thick in the Garrard.  Forms steeper slopes than formations above and below.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light- to medium-gray to yellowish-gray, weathers brownish gray to light brownish gray; composed mostly of brachiopod, bryozoan, trilobite, and mollusk remains and crinoid columnals with much micrograined calcite matrix; in nodular to irregular beds; contains some irregular interbeds of bioclastic limestone that is generally fossiliferous and poorly sorted.  Some thin interbeds of micrograined limestone present, particularly in basal 15 to 20 feet.  In northeastern part of quadrangle, contains at top a sequence 20 feet thick of dark-brownish-gray micrograined to cryptograined limestone which weathers light gray and breaks with a conchoidal fracture.  A key horizon (designated cr on map), about 105 feet above base of Lexington Limestone, is top of resistant ledge of limestone containing abundant branching bryozoans and, near top, scattered straight-shelled cephalopods, high-spired gastropods, large crinoid columnals, and silicified brachiopods; horizon overlain by less resistant dalmanellid brachiopod coquina.  Contact with underlying Curdsville Limestone Member is gradational and poorly exposed.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone (calcarenite), light- to medium-gray, weathers light brownish gray to light olive gray; fine to coarse grained, bioclastic.  Lower part is well sorted, partly crossbedded, and contains chert nodules; upper part is mostly irregularly bedded, poorly sorted, and fossiliferous.  Interval of micrograined limestone and shale, several feet thick, present 15 feet above base.  Contact with underlying Tyrone Limestone is disconformable.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, light-olive-gray to medium-gray, weathers light gray to light brownish gray; fossiliferous; in lenticular to irregular beds a few inches thick separated by shale partings; characterized by very abundant large branching bryozoans.  Contact with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member, Brannon Member, or Perryville Limestone Member sharp and probably disconformable.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Limestone, medium-gray to medium-dark-gray, fossiliferous, micrograined; in nodular beds.  Fossils are mostly brachiopods.  Grades through 1 or 2 feet from unit below.  Present in southwest corner of quadrangle; grades eastward into Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Limestone, light-gray to light-yellowish-gray, cryptograined; contains small tubes and specks of clear calcite; interbedded with brownish-gray to olive-gray micrograined limestone; in even smooth-surfaced beds about 1 foot thick; ostracodes common, but other fossils rare except locally near base where brachiopods and mollusks may be abundant.  Both types of limestone crop out as rounded ledges that weather very light gray.  Contact with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member is sharp but rarely exposed.  Intertongues eastward with Tanglewood Limestone Member; east of Herrington Lake, thin tongue or tongues of Salvisa Bed mapped as part of Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Oregon Formation/Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Oregon Formation

Oregon Formation: Dolomite, calcareous, grayish-orange, weathers moderate brown; micrograined, thick-bedded.  Thins southward by intertonguing with overlying unit.  Basal contact sharp.

Camp Nelson Limestone

Camp Nelson Limestone: Limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray; cryptograined, with irregular bodies of pale-orange calcareous micrograined dolomite.  Conspicuous calcareous shale as much as 10 feet thick present near middle of exposed part.  Calcareous shale overlain and underlain by a few feet of cryptograined limestone.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2of Lexington Limestone
Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), slightly phosphatic; upper part is medium gray to brownish gray, fine to medium grained, bioclastic, crossbedded; lower part is medium dark gray to medium gray, very fine to fine grained, bioclastic, and locally contains ball-and-pillow structure in lower part.  Contact with underlying Brannon Member is gradational and poorly exposed.  Present only in southwest corner of quadrangle.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone
Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), phosphatic, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, weathers light gray to brownish gray; fine to coarse grained, bioclastic; mostly in even beds and crossbedded sets.  In southwestern part of quadrangle, contains large stromatoporoids near top.  Contact with underlying Grier Limestone Member either sharp or gradational through 1 or 2 feet and rarely well exposed.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, of two types: 1) light-gray to light-olive-gray, cryptograined, with blebs and stringers of clear calcite, and 2) light-brownish-gray, cryptograined, with very pale orange calcareous dolomite in irregular bodies.  Cliff-forming limestone containing calcareous dolomite mostly from about 25 to 35 feet below top of Tyrone Limestone and from about 40 to 60 feet below top; contains scattered chert nodules.  Calcareous shale 6 to 7 feet thick persistent in upper part of unit.  Bentonite bed, as much as 2 feet thick, present at top in northern two-thirds of quadrangle; bentonite bed about 2 feet thick and 23 feet below top present throughout quadrangle; each of these bentonite beds is underlain by thin bed of chert.  Thin persistent bed grading from bentonite to bentonitic shale present 80 feet below top.  Basal contact, placed at top of highest dolomite bed, is sharp.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, clay, silt, and sand; gravel consists mostly of limestone slabs with sparse pebbles and cobbles of chert.


Bryantsville Quadrangle: Tertiary or Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, sand, and silt; no outcrops seen but surface littered with gravel composed chiefly of quartz geodes, with minor chert and conglomerate pebbles.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Stingy Creek Member

Not seen during mapping but a few feet probably present on ridge south of Boone Creek just north of Lancaster.  In nearby areas Weir (1969), describes the member as follows: "Limestone and siltstone, mixed and intergrading, chiefly medium-light-gray, weathering about dusky yellow; silty to coarse grained but chiefly silty, fine grained; poor to fair sorted.  In obscure wavy thin beds made up of lenticles of limestone about an inch thick and a few inches long in a matrix of siltstone; forms rubbly, fossil-strewn slope.  Very fossiliferous; Hebertella, Platystrophia, and other brachiopods in part silicified, are abundant; pelecypods, gastropods and scolecodonts are scarce to common.  Base gradational through a few inches."

Gilbert Member

Few outcrops seen, occurs below Stinky Creek Member south of Boone Creek.  In nearby areas Weir (1969) describes the member as follows: "Limestone, bluish-gray and light-olive-gray, weathering same and grayish orange brown; micrograined to fine grained; sparse to common patches of coarsely crystalline white calcite; in wavy beds, a few inches thick, separated by partings of calcitic shale; forms rough ledge or steep slope.  Fossils scarce to common, chiefly Hebertella, Platystrophia and bryozoans, in part silicified.  Base gradational through a few inches."

Tate Member

Mudstone and limestone: Mudstone, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish-gray, silty, calcareous; silicified near base and above Back Bed.  Limestone, light-gray to light-olive-gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined to coarse grained, in part silty, obscure nodular bedding; contains abundant large brachiopods and bryozoans, commonly silicified; base about 10 feet above base of formation; forms Back Bed.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member
Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, greenish-gray to medium-bluish-gray, weathers grayish orange; micrograined, in even beds a few inches thick, interbedded with gray shale; some limestone beds contorted; sparse fossils.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, medium-bluish-gray, weathers light gray; fine to medium grained; fossiliferous, locally dolomitic in uneven beds a few inches thick; contains abundant branching bryozoans and flat brachiopods.  Fossil collection A from upper part, collected along U.S. 27, contained the following: pelecypods, Deceptrix sp., ?Pterinea, ?Conocardium, and nuculoids (identified by John Pojeta, Jr.); brachiopods, Hebertella sinuata (Hall), Orthorhynchula linneyi (James), Rafinesquina cf. R. ponderosa Hall, Platystrophia cf. P. ponderosa Foerste, and Zygospira sp. (identified by R. B. Neuman).  Shale, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; silty, calcareous.  Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; calcareous; in beds as thick as 2 inches; occurs in lower part.  Contact with underlying formation is gradational; placed to include the dominantly limestone sequence in the Calloway Creek Limestone.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray; cryptograined, with irregular bodies of pale-orange calcareous micrograined dolomite; contains a few persistent argillaceous limestone units, one 10 feet below top seems to be regionally persistent.  Beds of light-brownish-gray cryptograined limestone with blebs and stringers of clear calcite are interbedded with mottled limestone.  Mollusks and brachiopods locally common.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone; interbedded: Shale, dark-grayish-green, weathers grayish yellow; calcareous, clayey, in part silty.  Limestone is of two types.  One is greenish gray to light gray, weathers light brownish gray to brownish gray; with abundant fossils and fossil fragments; in places phosphatic and dolomitic; some beds ripple marked.  In southern part of quadrangle, K. Y. Lee (written communication, 1967) found a limestone bed containing abundant sowerbyellid brachiopods about 90 feet below top of formation.  The other limestone is greenish gray to medium bluish gray, weathers grayish orange; micrograined, in even beds a few inches thick.  Siltstone, greenish-gray to medium-bluish-gray, weathers reddish brown to grayish orange; calcareous, in even beds a few inches thick in upper part of formation.  Contact with underlying formation is generally gradational; placed at top of dominantly limestone sequence of the Lexington Limestone.  Formation generally covered, forms steep slopes littered with slabs of limestone.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale, and limestone: Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; calcareous; in beds a few inches to several feet thick, faintly crossIaminated, commonly contorted into bulbous masses.  Shale, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; silty, calcareous.  Limestone, medium-bluish-gray, weathers light gray, in part dolomitic; in beds a few inches thick; commonly contains flat brachiopods.  Basal contact placed to include siltstone beds over 6 inches thick in the Garrard.  Forms steeper slopes than formations above and below.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, medium-gray to yellowish-gray, weathers brownish gray to light brownish gray; composed mostly of brachiopod, bryozoan, trilobite, and mollusk remains and crinoid columnals; beds very irregular to even; in places contains chert nodules; in part dolomitic.  Contains minor bioclastic limestone beds similar to those in the Tanglewood and a few thin units of interbedded micrograined limestone and shale.  In northwest part of quadrangle contains at top a distinctive sequence, 20 feet thick, of dark-brownish-gray micrograined to cryptograined limestone which weathers light gray and breaks with a conchoidal fracture.  A key horizon (designated cr on map), about 105 feet above base of formation, is the top of a distinctive sequence of limestone containing abundant branching bryozoans, scattered straight-shelled cephalopods and high-spired gastropods, and articulated crinoid columnals about 1/4 inch in diameter; horizon is overlain by a dalmanellid brachiopod coquina.  Contact with underlying Curdsville Limestone Member gradational.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, light- to medium-gray, weathers light brownish gray to light olive gray, bioclastic (calcarenite), commonly crossbedded in part, contains chert nodules and a few beds of medium-gray micrograined limestone.  Contact with underlying Tyrone Limestone is sharp with bioclastic limestone of the Curdsville Limestone Member resting on bentonite at top of the Tyrone.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, light-olive- to medium-gray, weathers light gray to light brownish gray; fossiliferous, partly dolomitic, in lenticular beds a few inches thick with shale partings; characterized by abundant large branching bryozoans, with few brachiopods and crinoid stems.  Wolcott (1969) lists fossils identified from this member in adjacent areas.  Contact with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member or Brannon Member is sharp.  Included in the Grier Limestone Member on the adjacent Kirksville quadrangle (Greene, 1965).

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue)
Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers light gray; bioclastic (calcarenite), commonly phosphatic, mostly in even beds some of which are crossbedded; locally cherty in lower part; contains at least three stromatoporoid zones.  In places includes units a few feet thick of fossiliferous irregularly bedded limestone.  Included in the Grier Limestone Member on adjacent Kirksville quadrangle (Greene, 1965).


Buckeye Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray, cryptograined, laminated to thick-bedded, with very pale orange calcareous dolomite in irregular bodies or laminae; some beds without dolomite contain blebs and stringers of clear calcite; some beds commonly contain mollusks, brachiopods and corals.  Contains a persistent unit of greenish-gray argillaceous limestone, 6 to 7 feet thick, in upper part.  Bentonite occurs at top where it is more than one foot thick and about 25 feet below top where it is as thick as 3 feet.  Chert commonly occurs in beds a few inches thick beneath bentonites and in scattered nodules.  Basal contact placed at top of highest mappable calcareous dolomite.

Oregon Formation

Limestone and dolomite: Limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray, cryptograined; with irregular bodies of pale-orange calcareous dolomite; dolomite, grayish-orange, weathers moderate brown, calcareous, micrograined; and limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray, cryptograined with blebs and stringers of clear calcite; laminated to thick bedded.  Units a few feet thick of calcareous dolomite distinguish the Oregon from overlying and underlying formations.  Basal contact placed at base of lowest mappable calcareous dolomite.  Limestone beds contain fossils in places.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Pliocene or Pleistocene High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, silt, clay, and gravel; Sand, reddish-brown to moderate-yellowish-brown, fine to very fine, subangular to subrounded, iron-stained; locally weakly cemented with iron minerals and clay.  Silt, grayish-orange to very pale orange, clayey with some very fine sand.  Clay, yellowish-gray, silty.  Gravel, rarely seen in outcrop, commonly occurs on the surface as a lag concentration; consists of quartz, quartzite, chert, quartz-geode, and conglomerate pebbles, cobbles and boulders.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Along Kentucky River: Sand, silt, clay, and gravel, grayish-brown to pale-brown; sand is fine to very fine, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, commonlv well sorted in modern point-bar deposits.  Along tributaries: Gravel, clay, silt, and sand; derived locally; gravel consists mostly of limestone slabs with sparse pebbles and cobbles of chert; commonly less than 10 feet thick.  Colluvium (not mapped) generally covers most hillsides, consists largely of clay and limestone.


Buckeye Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Similar to alluvium; few exposures.


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member
Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-gray to light-brownish-gray, micrograined, silty, partly fossiliferous; in very thin to thin tabular beds, locally convoluted (ball and pillow s'tructure), dense chert and punky porous residual chert common as float.  Clay shale, greenish- to brownish-gray; as interbeds, generally constitutes less than one-third of unit; 2-inch-thick bentonite bed occurs locally approximately 2 feet above base.


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and dolomite: Limestone, light-brownish-gray, cryptograined, interlaced with irregularly shaped blebs of brownish-yellow dolomite; differential weathering of dolomite and limestone gives rise to characteristic honeycomb weathered surfaces.  Unit contains several zones of cryptograined limestone and less resistant argillaceous limestone.


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, medium-light-gray to medium-brownish-gray, micrograined to coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental; in tabular beds generally less than 0.5 foot thick.  Fossils, especially brachiopods, abundant in upper half; base of abundant Sowerbyella occurs about 90 feet below base of Garrard Siltstone at the type section of the Clays Ferry Formation in the adjoining Ford quadrangle (Weir and Greene, 1965, p. B15).  Clay shale, medium-greenish-gray; weathers grayish-yellow; occurs as thin interbeds, constitutes 20 to 40 percent of unit.  Siltstone, greenish-gray; in very thin beds; abundant near top of unit, decreases in abundance downward.  Unit is thickest in southern fourth of quadrangle; lower half of unit intertongues northwestward with Lexington Limestone.


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite and shale: Dolomite, brownish- to grayish-orange, fine- to medium-crystalline with calcite cement; in even beds 0.1 to 0.5 foot thick occurring in bedding sets as much as 7 feet thick.  Clay shale, medium-grayish-green.  Unit is sparsely fossiliferous with bryozoan fragments and scattered crinoid plates.  This unit, seen only in grabens southeast of Walnut Hill, is lithologically similar to and probably comprises lower part of Preachersville Member and possibly uppermost bed of Rowland Member of Drakes Formation (Weir and others, 1965).

The Rowland Member of the Drakes Formation, the Ashlock Formation, and the Calloway Creek Limestone which normally underlie the Preachersville Member are not exposed in the quadrangle because of faulting.  The combined thickness of these units is around 300 feet at nearest exposure in the Richmond North quadrangle to the southeast (G. C. Simmons, written communication, 1965).


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, greenish-gray; weathers yellowish brown gray; quartzose with calcite cement; in even beds a few inches to several feet thick, convoluted beds common especially in south; in northern exposures siltstone is thinner bedded with widely spaced, very thin limestone and shale interbeds throughout.  Basal contact drawn above highest ledge-forming limestone bed overlain by abundant siltstone.  The Garrard Siltstone in the graben which crosses the northwest corner of the quadrangle is similar to and may be partly the lateral equivalent of the silty upper part of the Clays Ferry Formation in and adjacent to the southwest corner of the quadrangle.


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone and chert: Limestone, medium-light-gray, micrograined; in very thin tabular beds, commonly with included lenticles of dense chert.  Unit is locally 9 feet thick in south-central part but throughout most of area is much thinner and in southeast corner is absent.

Limestone, medium-light-gray to medium-gray, cryptograined to coarse-grained, fossiliferous throughout; lower half of unit consists of numerous zones of nodular limestone with minor gray shale partings, commonly contains dome-shaped bryozoans.  These zones are interbedded with thin resistant beds of medium- to coarse-grained coquinoid limestone; the resistant beds are irregularly spaced throughout but are more closely spaced and somewhat thicker bedded in upper part of unit.  Upper third commonly contains zones of thin-bedded cryptograined to micrograined, gastropod-bearing limestone.  In southeastern quarter lower 25 feet contains zones of calcarenite lithologically similar to Curdsville Limestone Member below.

Fossil collections (C) taken near top of quarry exposure of Grier Limestone Member west of Tates Creek Pike near northwest corner, (D-S) from Grier Limestone Member and (T-V) Curdsville Limestone Member along measured section in southeast quarter.  (C) Modiolodon species indeterminate, Ambonychia sp. indet., ?Nuculites Conrad 1894, Ctenodonta socialis Ulrich, Auriculate ctenodontid species A. (a large nuculoid with a prominent posterior auricle, which almost certainly represents a new genus and species), Cyrtolites retrorsus (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), Carinaropsis cymbula Hall, Liospira sp. indet., Loxoplocus (Lophospira) burginensis (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Rafinesquina sp., Zygospira sp. (D) Zygospira; (E) Hebertella frankfortensis, Zygospira sp.; (F) Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp. indet.; (G) Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Heterorthina bassleri (Foerste), Rafinesquina sp.; (H) Rafinesquina cf. R. praedeltoidea Wilson; (I) Rafinesquina? sp.; (J) Rafinesquina? sp., Zygospira sp.; (K) dalmanellid brachiopods, indet., Zygospira sp.; (L) Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Rhynchotrema cf. R. increbescens (Hall), Sphenotreta? sp., Zygospira sp., strophomenid; (M) Dinorthis? sp., dalmanellid brachiopods, Rafinesquina sp.; (N) Onniella? sp. (may be cf. O. multisecta), Rafinesquina sp.; (O) brachiopods, indet.; (P) dalmanellid brachiopods, Rafinesquina? sp.; (Q) dalmanellid brachiopods; (R) Onniella fertilis (Bassler); (S) dalmanellid brachiopods (probably Onniella).  R. B. Neuman reports that silicified fossils were obtained from localities F and G.

Limestone and shale: Intercalated light-gray micrograined limestone and medium- to dark-gray shale of Logana Member of Lexington Limestone; not present at surface in quadrangle; drill-hole information indicates presence of this unit in west-central part of area.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, partly fossiliferous, fine- to coarse-grained; in thin even beds, crossbedded in part; commonly contains very thin beds of micrograined limestone and lenticular bodies of dense chert.

(T) Rafinesquina? sp. (thin, delicate), rhynchonellid, Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp. indet. but suggestive of L. (L.) obliqua Ulrich and Scofield species group, Liospira sp. indet., (U) Calliops aff. C. strasburgensis Ulrich and Delo, Raymondites cf. R. ingalli (Raymond), Sowerbyella? sp. (large species), Plectocamera? sp., Rafinesquina? sp. (very small); (V) Rafinesquina sp., Rafinesquina sp., bathyurid trilobite, isotellid trilobite, streptelasmatoid corals.


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-gray; in very thin irregular beds and as discrete nodules in shale; fossils abundant, especially bryozoans and brachiopods; widespread zone of stromatoporoids in upper 20 feet.  Large pelecypods placed in the genus Allonychia by Foerste (1914) are locally present in the basal few feet of the Millersburg in the northeast quarter.  Shale, medium-gray; weathers grayish yellow; occurs as interbeds and as matrix of limestone nodules.  Unit is thickest in northeast, lower half intertongues westward with Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Limestone, pale-green to grayish-brown, micrograined to cryptograined; in thin beds, generally less than 0.5 foot thick.  Unit is thickest in northwestern quarter, terminates eastward, may merge southwestward with lower part of Clays Ferry Formation.

Fossil collections taken from unusually fossiliferous exposures of cryptograined limestone northwest of Lexington Reservoir No. 4 Pumping Station:

(A-B) Cyrtodonta subovata Ulrich, 1894, Ctenodonta species indeterminate, amphineuran plate, Tropidodiscus sp. indet., cf. Tropidodiscus, Bucania sp. indet. (some similarity to B. halli Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sumnerensis (Safford), Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp. indet. (open umbilicus), Loxoplocus (Donaldiella) cf. L. (D.) decursa (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), Murchisonia (Hormotoma) salteri (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), Orthorhynchula linneyi (James).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Member No. 4 (upper tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray, fossil-fragmental, partly phosphatic, medium- to coarse-grained; cemented with sparry calcite; in thin to thick even beds.  Unit thins and terminates southward, is probably equivalent to the Nicholas Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965).


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fossil-fragmental, fine- to coarse-grained, sparry calcite cemented, partly phosphatic; very thin to thin even beds, partly crossbedded, irregularly bedded in part; colonial corals occur locally in lower half.  Unit is thickest in northwest, intertongues with Millersburg Member to east and with Clays Ferry Formation to south.


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fossil-fragmental, fine- to coarse-grained, sparry calcite cemented, partly phosphatic; very thin to thin even beds, partly crossbedded, irregularly bedded in part; colonial corals occur locally in lower half.  Unit is thickest in northwest, intertongues with Millersburg Member to east and with Clays Ferry Formation to south.


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, fossil-fragmental, fine to coarse-grained, sparry calcite cemented, partly phosphatic; in very thin to thin planar beds, crossbedded in part; irregularly bedded fossiliferous limestone common in upper few feet of unit, locally contains stromatoporoids; thick-shelled brachiopods common in calcarenite.


Coletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Limestone, Iight-brownish-gray to light-yellowish-gray, cryptograined, conchoidal fracture; in thin to thick even beds.  Some cryptograined beds, containing small blebs and stringers of crystalline calcite, are commonly known as birdseye limestone; other beds consist of cryptograined limestone mottled with dark-gray splotches and bands.  Unit contains zones of argillaceous limestone and several beds of interlaced cryptograined limestone and dolomite in upper half; latter is similar to lithologic type most common in Camp Nelson Limestone.  A thin bentonite bed, about 20 feet below upper contact, may persist throughout area of exposure but is not everywhere seen.

Oregon Formation

Dolomite, brownish-orange to brownish-yellow, fine- to medium-crystalline, calcite cement, some zones mottled and banded in shades of orange and gray; cliff exposures commonly weather by exfoliation of smooth, curved sheets or blocks.  Unit thinnest in south, thickens northward by intertonguing with Tyrone Limestone.


Coletown Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Alluvium

Silty clay, silt, sand, and gravel: Silty clay and silt, medium-dark-reddish-brown to yellowish-brown, especially in highland stream beds, in large part locally derived from limestone residuum.  Sand, yellowish-brown, fine to medium, quartzose; forms thick deposits along banks of Kentucky River.  Gravel, composed of pebble- to boulder-size limestone fragments and dark-reddish-brown limonite pebbles and granules, generally concentrated in steep drainages tributary to Kentucky River.

High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Fluvial gravel, composed of water-worn quartz geodes, 0.2 to 1.0 foot diameter, and quartz, quartzite, and chert pebbles and granules, well-rounded; forms thin veneer which partially covers bedrock east of Kentucky River in southeastern corner of quadrangle; extends from altitude of about 760 feet to highest hilltops.  Unit also includes some colluvial material derived from fluvial deposits.


Cornishville Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of member) is medium to dark gray, micrograined, argillaceous; in even beds mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick.  Shale is dark gray, fissile.  Crops out in valley of Salt River, but pinches out westward and is absent in valley of Chaplin River.  Basal contact sharp and generally well exposed where member is more than 2 feet thick.


Cornishville Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale.  Limestone averages about half of unit, but some intervals in basal 80 feet contain as little as 25 percent and some as much as 75 percent limestone.  Limestone principally of following types: (1) dark to medium light gray, weathers light gray to yellowish gray, micrograined, argillaceous, in even beds mostly 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick; present throughout member; (2) medium gray to light olive gray, micrograined, containing abundant brachiopods and bryozoans; in even to lumpy-surfaced beds 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick; present throughout member; (3) medium gray, containing abundant whole and broken brachiopods, bryozoans, and crinoid columnals; both micrograined calcite matrix and sparry calcite cement in interstices; in beds as much as 1.5 feet thick, some crossbedded and para-rippled; present mostly in upper half of member; (4) medium gray, coarse and very coarse grained, crinoidal, in beds as much as 1.5 feet thick, some crossbedded and para-rippled; most common from 80 to 100 feet above base, but present throughout upper half of member.  Shale (about 50 percent of unit) is medium to olive gray, weathers yellowish gray, fissile.  Rafinesquina and dalmanellid brachiopods common throughout; brachiopod Sowerbyella abundant from 95 feet above base of formation to, with some interruptions, top of exposures.  Unit weathers to clayey impervious soil.  In drainage of Salt River, slopes are moderate, soil is deep, and exposures and float are uncommon; in drainage of Chaplin River, slopes are steep and littered with limestone float.  Basal contact sharp and generally well exposed.


Cornishville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-gray to pale-yellowish-orange, fossiliferous, poorly sorted; in irregular to nodular beds 0.05 to 0.4 foot thick.  Abundant fossils are mostly brachiopods, gastropods, and trilobite fragments.  Locally, uppermost bed is micrograined limestone with ball-and-pillow structure.


Cornishville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray, in irregular to lenticular beds separated by shale partings.  Characterized by very abundant large bryozoans.  Generally well exposed; basal contact sharp but rarely exposed.

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Limestone, medium- to brownish-gray, micrograined to very fine grained, nodular-bedded; weathers to rubble.  Brachiopods and locally stromatoporoids common.  Locally contains beds of poorly sorted calcarenite.  Grades downward through about 1 foot into Salvisa Bed.

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Limestone, light- to yellowish-gray, cryptograined to very finely pelletal; laminated in part; in even beds mostly 0.8 to 1 foot thick; some beds contain small calcite-filled tubiform burrows; chert nodules are present locally; ostracodes are common.  Brownish-gray micrograined limestone containing abundant fragments of coral Tetradium present in middle of unit near Cornishville.  Generally fairly well exposed.  Basal contact sharp to gradational through several feet.

Perryville Limestone Member: Faulconer Bed

Limestone, brownish-gray, cryptograined to micrograined; in irregular, lumpy-surfaced beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick.  Ostracodes abundant; pelecypods and brachiopods common in some beds, stromatoporoids present locally; coral Tetradium abundant near top.  Exposed in cliffs along Chaplin River near Cornishville, where it is the lowest unit to crop out.  In valley of Salt River present only near southeast corner of quadrangle; grades northward into calcarenite of Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Included in Tanglewood Limestone Member near southwest corner of Harrodsburg quadrangle (Allingham, 1972).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Cornishville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Cornishville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, phosphatic in part, pinkish- to light-brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, mostly well sorted; in beds and crossbedded sets as much as 1.5 feet but mostly less than 0.7 foot thick.  Basal contact sharp to gradational through a few feet, exposed at only a few localities.


Cornishville Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, and gravel: Silt is clayey, dark brownish gray when wet, pale yellowish brown when dry.  Sand, present locally in stream channels and point bars, consists mostly of limonite grains reworked from residual soils.  Gravel, present locally near base of alluvium, consists of subangular pebbles of brown chert, rounded pebbles of quartz and quartzite, and sparse quartz geodes.  Unit includes both modern flood plain deposits and older alluvium on low terraces along Salt and Chaplin Rivers.  Obscure thin patches of alluvium present on some slip-off slopes along Salt River to as high as 60 feet above the river are unmapped.


Danville Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit) is argillaceous, medium to dark gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined; in even beds mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick.  Shale is dark gray and fissile; weathers to yellowish-gray clayey soil.  Generally unfossiliferous but sparse dalmanellid brachiopods, bryozoans, and trilobite fragments in some beds.  Basal contact is sharp; unit is well exposed locally on steeper hillsides.


Danville Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit in upper part, decreasing to 25 percent in basal part) is of three types:

1) argillaceous, medium to dark gray, weathering yellowish gray; in beds 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick; generally unfossiliferous but containing sparse brachiopods and gastropods in some beds;

2) medium gray, brachiopodal with micrograined calcite matrix; in beds mostly 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick; most abundant in basal 20 to 30 feet but present throughout; and

3) medium gray, crinoidal; mostly in upper 10 to 20 feet.  Shale is medium gray, weathers dusky yellow; fissile.  Dalmanellid brachiopods present throughout; strophomenid brachiopods, probably Rafinesquina, common in upper half.  Generally poorly exposed, forms moderate slopes that are mostly in pasture or woodland.  Small slumps and earth-flows common on steeper slopes in lower part of unit.  In adjacent areas where the entire formation is exposed, it is approximately 200 feet thick.  Basal contact is sharp and commonly fairly well exposed.


Danville Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Mudstone and dolomite: Mudstone is dolomitic, greenish gray and deeply weathered.  Dolomite is grayish yellow to yellowish orange and medium crystalline.  Present in small graben in south-central part of quadrangle where it is exposed in bank 150 feet west of Hughes Road and in farm pond 800 feet east of Hughes Road.

The Rowland Member of the Drakes Formation, the Ashlock Formation, the Calloway Creek Limestone, and the Garrard Siltstone are not exposed in this quadrangle.  These units lie between the Clays Ferry Formation and the Preachersville Member of the Drakes Formation in adjoining quadrangles to the east and south; they total about 340 feet in thickness in the adjacent Bryantsville quadrangle.


Danville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, poorly sorted; in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick; alternating with sets 0.1 to 2 feet thick of nodular fossiliferous limestone containing much micrograined calcite matrix.  Brachiopods and bryozoans abundant.  Uppermost bed locally argillaceous micrograined limestone that in places has ball-and-pillow structures.  In upper part of unit, about 105 feet above base of Lexington Limestone, are several beds of bryozoan limestone containing large crinoid columnals, silicified brachiopods, and high-spired gastropods near top; these beds form a resistant ledge about 5 feet thick that is overlain by several feet of less resistant brachiopodal limestone and shale; top of resistant ledge mapped as key bed (cr).  In southeast corner of quadrangle is very fine to medium-grained bioclastic phosphatic limestone as much as 6 feet thick that is probably a tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member; it is 20 to 25 feet below the bryozoan and crinoid ledge.  Basal 15 feet of unit contains some interbeds of argillaceous micrograined limestone and brachiopod coquina.  Unit generally underlies moderate slopes, and soil is generally thin.  Solution features less common than in Tanglewood and Perryville Limestone Members.  Basal contact can be located only in nearly complete exposures.  Fossils identified (collection USGS 6132-CO) are the bryozoans Graptodictya sp. and Mesotrypa sp.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, medium- to light-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic.  Lower part is well sorted, partly crossbedded; upper part is mostly irregularly bedded, poorly sorted, fossiliferous, closely resembles the Grier Limestone Member but contains some interbeds of well-sorted bioclastic limestone.  Chert nodules and silicified fossils common in lower part.  Basal contact is disconformable with local relief of a few inches; scattered fragments of Tyrone Limestone present in basal bed.  Contact rarely exposed, but can generally be located to within a few feet.  Fossils identified (collection USGS 6131-CO) are the bryozoans Astreptodictya sp., Eridotrypa sp., Escharopora? sp., Graptodictya? sp., Halloporina sp., Heterotrypa sp., and Stictopora cf. S. neglecta Ulrich, the gastropods ?Bucania sp. indet., Liospira sp. indet., Loxoplocus (Lophospira) cf. L. (L.) medialis (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), and Sphenosphaera sp. indet., the pelecypods Ctenodonta cf. C. nasuta Hall, Cyrtodonta cf. C. subovata Ulrich, Tancrediopsis cuneata (Hall), Similodonta aff. S. hermitagensis (Bassler), and Vanuxemia gibbosa (Ulrich), and the brachiopods Dalmanella fertilis Bassler, Dinorthis pectinella (Emmons), Hesperorthis tricenarea (Conrad), Platystrophia amoena McEwan, Rafinesquina sp., Rhynchotrema cf. R. increbescens Hall, Sowerbyella curdsvillensis (Foerste), and Zygospira sp.


Danville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray; in irregular to lenticular beds separated by shale partings.  Characterized by very abundant bryozoans set in poorly sorted calcite matrix that ranges from micrograined to medium grained.  Outcrops are common.  Basal contact is rarely exposed except in quarries or roadcuts.

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Limestone, medium-gray to medium-dark-gray, fossiliferous, micrograined; in nodular beds.  Locally contains interbeds of bioclastic calcarenite.  Fossils are mostly brachiopods and bryozoans; stromatoporoids common locally.  Lower contact, gradational through 1 or 2 feet, poorly exposed.

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Limestone, slightly glauconitic, light-gray to yellowish-gray, cryptograined; contains small tubes and specks of clear calcite; interbedded with brownish-gray to olive-gray micrograined limestone in even beds mostly 0.8 to 1 foot thick.  Chert nodules in some beds.  Ostracods common; sparse gastropods and cephalopods in some beds.  Both cryptograined and micrograined limestone crop out as rounded ledges that weather very light gray to white.  Generally deeply weathered, and sinkholes and solution-enlarged joints are common.  Basal contact sharp to gradational through a few feet and generally poorly exposed.

Perryville Limestone Member: Faulconer Bed

Limestone, brownish-gray, micrograined to cryptograined, in beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick.  Bedding surfaces range from planar to irregular; some beds have nodular internal structure and contain lenses of comminuted fossils.  Well-preserved brachiopods and pelecypods common in some beds; stromatoporoids present locally; colonial corals, commonly silicified, abundant near top.  Generally poorly exposed and deeply weathered; sinkholes common.  Contact with underlying unit gradational; well exposed only along Salt River south of Quirks Run.  Unit thins from about 30 feet in southwest corner of quadrangle to a featheredge at northern edge and southeast corner of quadrangle.  Thinning results from gradation eastward into bioclastic calcarenite of Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Danville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic; upper part is medium gray to brownish gray, fine to medium grained, bioclastic, crossbedded; lower part is medium dark gray to medium gray, very fine to fine grained, bioclastic; has ball-and-pillow structures in lower part.  Present only in small area southeast of Danville where it is included in Sulphur Well Member.  Lateral relations to the Brannon and Sulphur Well Members to the north and west are not known because of poor exposures.

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, weathers brownish gray; fine to coarse grained, bioclastic; mostly well sorted; crossbedded in part; beds and crossbedded sets mostly less than 0.5 foot but locally as much as 2 feet thick.  Some beds contain brachiopods and bryozoans.  Deeply weathered on uplands; sinkholes common.  Poorly exposed near hilltops, but is locally well exposed along Salt River, on the south side of Clarks Run, and along Mocks Branch.  Contact with underlying unit sharp to gradational through 1 to 2 feet.


Danville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone of two types:

1) light-gray to light-olive-gray, cryptograined, containing small tubes and specks of clear calcite (birdseye limestone), and

2) very light gray to light-brownish-gray, cryptograined, containing pods and interlaced tubes of yellowish-gray micrograined calcareous dolomite and scattered chert nodules.  Bentonite, as much as 2 feet thick, is at top of the unit in northeast corner of quadrangle and locally elsewhere; a second bentonite, about 2 feet thick, is present about 23 feet below the top; a third bentonite, about 0.1 foot thick, is present 80 feet below the top.  Each bentonite is generally underlain by a thin chert bed.  A zone of calcareous shale is present between the two upper bentonites.


Danville Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Alluvium

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel: Silt and clay are medium to dark brownish gray and dark gray; form most of unit.  Sand is mostly limonite grains reworked from upland soils.  Gravel, generally present as thin layer at base of alluvium, consists of slightly worn, locally derived fragments of limestone; in southern part of valley of Salt River and along Clarks Run, gravel contains water-worn quartz geodes, subangular brown chert, and rounded quartz and quartzite pebbles.  Where valley sides are gentle, alluvium grades imperceptibly into colluvium.

Fluvial and Eolian Deposits

Clay, silt, and gravel, mainly a moderate-brown silt loam with some small siltstone pebbles and geodes.  Some of the silt may be of eolian origin.  Present only near southern border of quadrangle.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member
Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and clay shale: Limestone, medium-gray to light-brownish-gray, micrograined (calcisiltite), silty, partly fossiliferous; in very thin to thin tabular beds, locally contains ball-and-pillow structure; dense chert and punky porous residual siltstone blocks common as float.  Clay shale, medium-gray to medium-brownish-gray, as interbeds; generally makes up less than one-third of unit.  Unit is thickest at Clays Ferry.  It thins abruptly to the west by intertonguing with overlying Tanglewood Limestone Member and to east and north, presumably also by intertonguing.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Breccia

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Breccia; consists of mudstone and limestone fragments.  Mudstone, grayish-green, limy dolomitic; common to units of Late Ordovician age ranging from the Tate Member of the Ashlock Formation up through the Rowland Member of the Drakes Formation (Weir and others, 1965).  Limestone, nodular, fossiliferous; includes brachiopods Hebertella sinuata (Hall) and Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste, and bryozoans Constellaria sp., Dekayia aspera Milne, Edwards, and Haime, Escharapora sp., Hallopora sp., Homotrypa sp., Monticulipora sp. and Stictopora sp.  According to R. B. Neuman, who identified the brachiopods, they are common in rocks of both Maysville and Richmond age but the specimens studied seem more like Maysville forms.  O. L. Karklins, who identified the bryozoans, states that they suggest biostratigraphic equivalence with the Grant Lake Limestone and upper part of the Fairview Formation of the Mason County area of northern Kentucky.

This breccia occurs only in small, lenticular fault sliver developed adjacent to southern fault of Elk Lick Creek Graben at its intersection with Interstate Highway 75 approximately one mile north-northwest of Clays Ferry.  The northwestern terminus of the graben was described and named by Jillson (1950).  At the eastern end of the brecciated fault sliver large float blocks of orange-brown, medium-crystalline dolomite, some containing a few disseminated crinoid columnals, are abundant in the banks of a small sinkhole.  This dolomite is lithologically similar to and presumably is derived from the Preachersville Member of the Drakes Formation of Late Ordovician age (Weir and others, 1965).


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, clay shale, and minor siltstone: Limestone, medium-light-gray; in very thin lumpy to hackly-surfaced beds intercalated with laminae or very thin interbeds of shale; very fossiliferous with strophomenid brachiopods and bryozoans predominant in most beds.  Clay shale, medium-dark-greenish-gray, makes up roughly 15 percent of unit.  Siltstone, similar to that of underlying Garrard but in very thin, tabular beds, accounts for approximately 5 percent of unit and is most prevalent in lower 10 feet.  Limestone grades into underlying siltstone and basal contact is arbitrarily placed beneath lowest occurrence of abundant limestone underlain by relatively thick-bedded siltstone.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and dolomite: Limestone, Iight-brownish-gray, cryptograined; dolomite, brownish-yellow, very finely crystalline to medium crystalline, occurring as irregularly shaped finger-like blebs in limestone.  When viewed in the plane of bedding some dolomite inclusions exhibit dendritic branching though most show no regular pattern; differential weathering of dolomite and limestone gives rise to honeycomb weathered surfaces characteristic of this lithologic type; contains several zones of tabular-bedded cryptograined limestone and less resistant argillaceous limestone in upper part.  A thin zone of cryptograined limestone (not mapped) was seen well down in the Camp Nelson near the mouth of Jouett Creek.  Base of unit not exposed.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded clay shale, limestone, and siltstone: Clay shale, medium-dark-olive-gray, weathers yellowish gray; calcareous, as planar interbeds 0.1 to 1.0 foot thick, weakly to moderately fissile; varies between 30 and 60 percent of unit.  Limestone, medium- to dark-gray, varies in texture from micrograined to coarsely coquinoid; in very thin to thin tabular beds intercalated with shale and siltstone; makes up 30 to 60 percent of unit.  Siltstone, medium-greenish-gray, calcareous, in very thin beds, fairly abundant near top of unit becoming more widely spaced down section; accounts for 5 to 15 percent of unit.  Lower third of unit passes laterally northward and eastward into Lexington Limestone by intertonguing with the Millersburg Member and upper part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of that formation.  Type section is in the southwest quarter of the quadrangle.  Fossils from collections B through Z include: Bryozoans: Arthropora sp., Atactoporella sp., Batostoma implicatum (Nicholson), Batostomella sp., Dekayella uIrichi (Nicholson), Eridotrypa sp., Hallopora sp., Heterotrypa cf. H.,frondosa (d'Orbigny), Homotrypo sp., Peronopora cf. P. decipiens (Rominger), Stictopora sp.; Brachiopods: Dalmanella sp., Hebertella sp., Platystrophia sp., Rafinesquina sp., Sowerbyella sp., Zygospira sp.; Gastropods: Cyclonema sp., platyceratid, juvenile; Trilobites; calymenid pygidium, Flexicalymene sp., lsotelus? sp., Proetus? sp.  Fossil collections are tabulated in Weir and Greene, 1965, in Table 1, p. B12.  Lowest occurrence of abundant Sowerbyella (base of Million Shale of earlier workers) is about 95 feet above the top of the Lexington at the type section of the Clays Ferry Formation.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish-brown; quartzose with calcite cement; in even beds and bedding sets several feet thick, crossbedded in part; ball-and-pillow structure prevalent throughout in convolute zones commonly more than 3 feet thick and up to 8 or 10 feet thick.  These beds are commonly flat (truncated?) on top, bulbous at the base.  Minor shale occurs as partings or very thin interbeds.  Fossiliferous limestone is rare, occurring in thin lenticles and as irregular blebs and patches admixed with siltstone in the convolute beds.  Basal contact locally appears to be disconformable but generally unit grades downward into interbedded shale and tabular limestone and siltstone of the Clays Ferry Formation.  This contact is placed at base of lowest relatively thick (generally thicker than one foot) siltstone bed underlain by closely spaced tabular limestone beds.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cane Run Bed

Limestone and chert: Limestone, medium-light-gray, micrograined, commonly with included lenticles of dense, dark-gray to medium-gray chert.  Unit is present only in west-central part; pinches out to east, north, and south.

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-light-gray to medium-gray, cryptograined to coarse-grained, fossiliferous throughout; lower half of unit consists of zones of nodular fossiliferous limestone with some gray shale partings interbedded with thin resistant beds of medium- to coarse-grained fossiliferous limestone; resistant beds are thicker and somewhat more closely spaced in upper part of unit.  Upper third commonly contains zones of thin-bedded cryptograined to micrograined, gastropod-bearing limestone.  Upper 20 to 25 feet of unit intertongues with calcarenite of the lower tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Locally contains stromatoporoids near top.  Contact with underlying Curdsville Limestone Member is gradational with thick bedding sets of calcarenite (similar to those common in the Curdsville) occurring as much as 50 feet above Tyrone-Lexington contact.  Contact between Grier and Curdsville Limestone Members was not mapped.  Fossil collection AA of silicified float from upper Grier Limestone Member 40 to 55 feet below base of Brannon Member, on west side of U.S. Highway 227, 0.4 mile south of Ford-Hampton road intersection yielded the following: Brachiopods, Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Heterorthina macfarlani Neuman, Rafinesquina trentonensis Conrad, Sowerbyella sp., Zygospira sp.; gastropods, Cyrtolites retrorsus (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), Sphenosphaera cf. S. clausus (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), bellerophontacean indet. cf. Sphenosphaera, Carinaropsis cymbula Hall, Liospira sp. indet., Clathrospira subconica (Hall), Loxoplocus (Lophospira) burginensis (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), Murchisonia (Hormotoma) salteri? salteri (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), pelecypods, Ambonychia sp. indet., Ctenodonta socialis Ulrich, Deceptrix sp.? pteroid pelecypod, modiomorphid fragments,? cyrtodontid pelecypod.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, fine- to very coarse grained fossil-fragmental, sparry-calcite-cemented, partly phosphatic; in thin, even beds, partly crossbedded; very thin tabular beds of micrograined limestone, common with included lenticules of dense, medium- to dark-gray chert, widely spaced throughout unit; abundant whole fossils or large fossil fragments in some beds.  Sharp basal contact is placed at top of underlying cryptograined limestone except at one locality north of Clays Ferry where 4-inch-thick bentonite bed at contact is included with Tyrone Limestone.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale.  In northern exposures nodular to irregularly bedded, very fossiliferous limestone and shale of the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone are dominant, interbedded with some thin tongues of even-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained fossil-fragmental calcarenite of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington.  In southeast quarter, mostly very fossiliferous limestone, conspicuously brachiopodal, containing somewhat less shale than is common to north; complexly intertongues to north and west with nodular fossiliferous limestone and shale more typical of Millersburg Member, with calcarenite similar to that of Tanglewood Limestone Member described below, and with intercalated tabular limestone and shale of Clays Ferry Formation.  Basal 3 to 8 feet of Millersburg Member commonly cobbly to rubbly limestone with shale partings.  Valves of the large pelecypod Allonychia flanaganensis are generally found in and appear to be restricted to this zone.  Stromatoporoids are common in the upper Millersburg in the northern part of the area.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Ford Quadrangle: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite and calcirudite), medium-light-gray to medium-brownish-gray, calcarenite of medium to very coarse sand size; sparry calcite-cemented; in thin to thick even beds, crossbedded in part; commonly interbedded with light-gray, fossil-fragmental, sparry calcite-cemented calcirudite in thin beds to the north becoming thick bedded to the south; probably equivalent to the upper part of the Nicholas Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965) though continuity cannot yet be established across wide area north of Kentucky River Fault Zone where these rocks have been uplifted and eroded away.  In southeastern part of area, west of Boonesborough State Park, the calcirudite and calcarenite unit at top of the Lexington is locally as much as 25 feet thick.  It thins abruptly and pinches out to the south, west, and east.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Ford Quadrangle: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained fossilfragmental, sparry calcite-cemented, partly phosphatic; in very thin to thin even beds, crossbedded in part, irregularly bedded in part.  Whole fossils rare.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Ford Quadrangle: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained fossilfragmental, sparry calcite-cemented, partly phosphatic; in very thin to thin even beds, crossbedded in part, irregularly bedded in part.  Whole fossils rare.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Ford Quadrangle: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained fossil-fragmental, sparry calcite-cemented, partly phosphatic; in very thin to thin, even to slightly irregular beds, crossbedded in part; irregularly bedded fossiliferous limestone similar to Grier Limestone Member below common in upper few feet; thick-shelled brachiopods common in calcarenite; to north and south unit passes laterally into Grier Limestone Member by intertonguing.  Unit thins and is not shown south of Kentucky River.


Ford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-yellowish-gray, dominantly cryptograined (lithographic, micritic), with conchoidal fracture; in thin to thick even beds.  Some beds are composed of cryptograined limestone with included tubules and blebs of sparry calcite, commonly oval or circular in cross section (birdseye limestone).  Other beds are cryptograined limestone mottled with dark patches or bands that contain diffuse microscopic specks of opaque material.  Upper half of unit includes thin zones of argillaceous limestone and several beds of cryptograined limestone interlaced with finger-like bodies of brownish-yellow dolomite lithologically similar to interlaced limestone and dolomite commonly found in the Camp Nelson Limestone.  A 4-inch-thick bentonite bed directly underlying the Lexington Limestone was seen in a culvert west of Interstate 75 just north of its crossing of the Kentucky River.  Another bentonite bed, roughly 20 feet below the upper contact, is nearly one foot thick and may persist throughout the area.  Lower third of unit intertongues northeastward with upper part of Oregon Formation.

Oregon Formation

Calcareous dolomite, brownish-orange to brownish-yellow, fine- to medium-crystalline dolomite rhombs with calcite cement (rock effervesces strongly in dilute hydrochloric acid), generally occurs in thick, even-surfaced beds and bedding sets some of which show lamination when weathered; certain zones, mottled and banded in shades of orange and gray, are similar in pattern to mottled zones in the overlying Tyrone.  Where streams cross thick zones of dolomite waterfalls are common.  Here steep cliffs or undercut faces are carved in the weathered dolomite by exfoliation and spalling of curved, smooth-surfaced tablets and blocks.  In most areas the Oregon consists of a basal unit of thick, bIocky bedded dolomite, 25 to 35 feet thick, commonly marked at or near basal contact by a thin layer of poorly resistant, argillaceous dolomite; an intermediate unit of cryptograined limestone in part interlaced with finger-like bodies of dolomite, a few very thin beds of dolomite, and, at least locally, at the top an argillaceous unit containing at its base a 6-inch-thick bed of pale-green swelling bentonite (approximately 38 feet above base of Oregon); and an upper unit of even-bedded, very fine to medium-crystalline dolomite with a few cryptograined limestone interbeds.  In the north this upper unit is as much as 15 feet thick.  In the southwest it thins and intertongues with the Tyrone, and beyond its pinchout the top of the Oregon was mapped on top of the thick basal dolomite unit.


Ford Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silty clay, silt, sand, and gravel: Silty clay and silt, medium-dark-reddish-brown to yellowish-brown, mostly locally derived from limestone residuum; sand, yellowish-brown, very fine to medium-grained, quartzose, forms thick deposits along banks of Kentucky River; gravel, composed of pebble- to boulder-size limestone fragments locally concentrated in steep-walled drainages.


Ford Quadrangle: Tertiary or Quaternary Irvine Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel and sand; well-rounded quartz, quartzite, and chert pebbles and granules; cobble- to boulder-size water-worn quartzose geodes lined internally with euhedral quartz crystals or botryoidal cryptocrystalline masses; coarse to fine quartzose sand, rarely exposed.  The roughly east-west trending belt of fluvial deposits and associated concentrations of sinkholes mark meandering course of ancestral Kentucky River across southern part of quadrangle.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member
Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit) is argillaceous, medium to dark bluish gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined; in even beds mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick, brittle, blocky, resistant.  Shale is dark gray, fissile; weathers to yellowish-gray clayey soil.  In north-central part of quadrangle, limestone thins to less than one foot and is absent north of Judd Siding near the Salt River.  Thickens southward.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and dolomite: Limestone, light-gray to light-brownish-gray, cryptograined; contains pods and irregularly interlaced rods of yellowish-gray micrograined dolomite; rods commonly parallel to bedding; honeycomb weathering.  A 1- to 2-foot-thick bed of cryptograined limestone at upper contact is underlain by a widespread sequence of interbedded limestone and shale, about 5 feet thick.  Solution-widened joints common in more argillaceous beds.  Crops out in gorge of Kentucky River.  Base of unit not exposed.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (increasing from 25 percent at base to about 50 percent 40 feet above base) is of two types: 1) medium to dark gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined, argillaceous; in beds 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick; and 2) medium gray, brachiopodal with micrograined calcite matrix, in beds mostly 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick; Rafinesquina bearing; upper 50 feet contains large bryozoans and red dalmanellid coquinoid.  Shale is medium bluish gray, weathers yellowish or greenish gray.  Basal contact locally covered by clay.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, poorly sorted, fossiliferous; in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick, alternating with sets 0.1 to 2.0 feet thick of nodular fossiliferous limestone containing much micrograined calcite matrix.  Brachiopods and bryozoans abundant.  Interbedded limestone and shale about 15 to 20 feet below top (Macedonia Bed); limestone is argillaceous, light gray, micrograined; in even beds mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick.  Thins from 4 feet to about 0.6 foot in southeastern part of quadrangle.  About 105 feet above base of Lexington Limestone, several beds of argillaceous, micrograined limestone, silicified near top, contain abundant small branching bryozoans and large crinoid columnals, and form a resistant ledge, mapped as key bed (cr), which is overlain by a few feet of less resistant brachiopodal coquinoid and shale: brachiopods about 8 to 10 mm wide.  Key bed cr locally well-exposed.

Logana Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, light-olive-gray, weathers pinkish gray; in wavy beds; interbeds of micrograined limestone and closely packed dalmanellid coquinoid.  Lower part interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone is argillaceous, Iight olive gray, micrograined; in smooth-surfaced, even beds 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick.  Shale is fissile, olive gray to medium gray.  Uppermost coquinoid light red; lower coquinoids pinkish gray.  Unit absent in southeastern part of the quadrangle.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-light-gray, micrograined to coarse-grained, bioclastic.  Upper part is mostly irregularly bedded, poorly sorted, fossiliferous.  Lower part is phosphatic, well sorted, partly crossbedded; chert and silicified fossils common.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray; in irregular to lenticular beds separated by shale partings.  Characterized by very abundant large bryozoans commonly identified as Eridotrypa; Escharopora, Hallopora, Heterotrypa, and Prasopora also common (see Cressman, 1968).  Basal resistant crinoidal limestone 0.3 to 0.9 foot thick, weathers white.

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Limestone, medium-gray to medium-dark-gray, micrograined, bioclastic; in nodular beds; locally contains interbeds of fossiliferous fragments.  Stromatoporoids in resistant limestone present near base.  Unit absent in the north-central part near Cummins Ferry Road and Harvey Road.

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Limestone, light-gray to yellowish-gray, cryptograined, subconchoidal fracture; contains small rods and specks of clear calcite; interbedded with brownish-gray to olive-gray micrograined limestone in even to slightly irregular beds mostly 0.8 to 1.0 foot thick.  Lower third brownish-gray, micrograined to cryptograined, in beds 0.1 to 1.0 foot thick.  Contains some limy shale, having chocolate-brown to brownish-gray partings.  Crops out as resistant, rounded, light-gray to white ledges.  Solution-enlarged joints and sinkholes common.  Unit absent in north-central part of quadrangle near Unity and Mundys Landing Roads; thickens southwestward; locally transitional with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, weathers light brownish gray, locally has pinkish cast; fine to coarse grained, bioclastic, generally well sorted; crossbedded in part; generally few unbroken fossils.  Beds and crossbedded sets mostly less than 0.5 foot thick but may be as thick as 2.0 feet.  About 10 feet below base of Brannon Member, limestone is light gray, cryptograined and brittle.  Upper contact locally iron stained by oxidized pyrite.  Intertongues at base with Grier Limestone Member.  Contacts poorly exposed over large areas, mainly projected in southeastern part of quadrangle.  Cavernous; sinkholes and solution-widened joints common.  Uppermost beds locally contain stromatoporoids.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Limestone of two types: 1) light-gray to light-olive-gray, cryptograined, containing specks and small calcite-filled rods (commonly called birdseye limestone), crops out as ledges or cliffs; and 2) very light gray to light-brownish-gray, cryptograined, thin-bedded, containing pods and interlaced rods of yellowish-gray, micrograined, calcareous dolomite and scattered chert nodules; poorly exposed.  Bentonite as much as 1 foot thick at top; two other bentonite beds about 23 and 80 feet below top.  Thin beds of chert underlie the bentonites.  A 7-foot-thick bed of argillaceous limestone occurs about 15 feet below top; thin limestone beds mottled by dark-gray patches 10 feet above base.

Oregon Formation

Dolomite and limestone: Dolomite, calcareous, yellowish-gray to yellowish-white, very fine grained, forms thick ledges and steep cliffs, marked by waterfalls along streams; thick-bedded, blocky.  Limestone cryptograined, contains dolomite blebs, interbedded with dolomite in middle unit.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Pliocene or Pleistocene High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel in high-level terrace remnants.  Mostly yellowish-orange silty clay and very fine sand.  Locally goethite cements sand.  Gravel consists of rounded quartz, quartzite, and chert pebbles and water-worn geodes.  Gravel widely distributed down-slope from mapped deposits.


Harrodsburg Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand and gravel: Silt and clay are medium to dark brownish gray; sand is light brown and consists mainly of reworked limonite grains from upland soils; gravel at base of alluvium consists of locally derived limestone and clay fragments, residual chert, and geodes and pebbles of quartz.


Hedges Quadrangle: Dolomite of Uncertain Age and Origin

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomitic mudstone of uncertain age and origin; may be dolomitized Clays Ferry Formation but is similar to dolomitic mudstone of Drakes and Crab Orchard Formations.


Hedges Quadrangle: Middle Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite and chert: Dolomite, light-gray to grayish-brown; medium to finely crystalline with some interstitial calcite; relict fossil fragments abundant; many small etched-fossil pores, commonlv stained with petroleum or lined and rarely filled with limonite; locally contains whole silicified fossils, especially corals; in thin beds, crossbedded in part, in thick ledge-forming sets.  Near south boundary, in structurally low area east of Trapp which extends into Palmer quadrangle, unit includes at base a few feet of dolomite containing elongate, dense chert nodules.  Unit thins and pinches out northward.  (See cross section and diagrammatic section.)  Base sharp and unconformable.


Hedges Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, grayish- to brownish-black, weathers dark yellowish brown to very light gray; carbonaceous, abundant disseminated grains of pyrite; locally stained by limonite and sulfur.  Very fissile; fresh exposures weather to produce blocks or large plates which in time weather to chips, platelets, and paper-thin wafers.  Basal contact sharp, in part unconformabie; overlies rocks as old as Brassfield Dolomite.  (See diagrammatic cross section.)

In southern part of area New Albany includes in lower part the dolomite unit described below with but a few inches to several feet of shale intervening beneath lowest dolomite bed and underlying Boyle Dolomite.  (See diagrammatic cross section.)

Dolomite, grayish-brown to dark-gray, weathers yellowish to reddish brown; finely to very finely crystalline, silty, with earthy luster; in part calcite cemented; some beds contain fossil fragments and rounded granule- to coarse sand-size chert and aphanitic rock fragments.  Some dolomite has a patchy appearance resembling breccia described by Foerste (1906) as the Duffin layer of the Devonian limestones.  Unit occurs as beds ½ to 3 feet thick in sets as much as 8 feet thick; locally contains thin interbeds of black shale.  Present in southern part of area.  Apparently locally included with Boyle Dolomite on Palmer quadrangle map (Simmons, 1967b).


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone and clay shale, altered to and grade laterally into dolomite and dolomitic shale in some areas adjacent to faults.  Member is divisible into three lithologically distinct parts.  Where unaltered, upper part is limestone (calcarenite), medium-gray, medium- to coarse-grained; even bedded in sets 1 to 4 feet thick.  Middle part is limestone and shale; limestone, light- to medium-gray, nodular, argillaceous; composed of whole and coarsely broken fossils, chiefly bryozoans and brachiopods, in a fine bioclastic groundmass, with gray shale as partings and interbeds.  Lower part is limestone, yellowish-gray to grayish-brown, weathers very light gray; micrograined, contains abundant ostracodes and some cephalopods; in thin tabular beds locally thickened to smooth-surfaced bulbous masses.  Incomplete specimens of the bryozoan Amplexopora sp. were identified from collection near base of unit.  In two areas shown by crosshatching, adjacent to Eagle Nest and Ruckerville faults, member is entirely dolomitized; middle and upper parts are dolomitized beyond areas shown by crosshatching.  Middle part, fossiliferous limestone and shale, dolomitized farther from faults; grades into greenish-gray dolomitic shale similar to dolomitic shale of Terrill Member and shaly parts of Drakes and Crab Orchard Formations.  Partly destroyed fossils are preserved in dolomitic shale near margin of dolomitization, but decrease in abundance and disappear nearer to centers of dolomitized masses.  Upper calcarenite is dolomitized at greater distance from faults than lower micrograined limestone beds; in each zone there is a fairly abrupt change from limestone to ledge-forming, orange to reddish-brown, ferruginous dolomite similar to the type found in the lower part of the Preachersville Member of the Drakes Formation, upper part of Brassfield Dolomite, and Oldham and Waco Members of Crab Orchard Formation; in local areas very near the faults, the middle dolomitic shale interval also contains numerous beds of resistant dolomite of this type.  In both dolomitized and undolomitized rocks, basal contact and contacts between subunits are fairly sharp.

Terrill Member

Dolomitic shale, moderate-grayish-green to light-greenish-gray, weathers to yellowish-brown clayey soil; fresh rock has blocky subconchoidal fracture, fissile where weathered.  Basal few feet is gray calcareous shale grading downward into nodular fossiliferous limestone and shale; contact placed at top of highest nodular limestone of underlying member.

Grant Lake Member

Limestone and shale: Dominant limestone type is light to medium gray, partly tinged with green or yellow especially in zones a few feet thick near lower and upper contacts where limestone appears to be slightly dolomitic; fine to very coarsely bioclastic with whole fossils, notably the large brachiopod Platystrophia ponderosa; characteristic nodular to indistinct bedding with olive-gray shale as partings surrounding nodules and as irregular laminae intercalated with limestone beds; on weathering, shale partings are eroded, leaving nodular limestone rubble.  Fossils identified are the brachiopods Platystrophia, Hebertella, Plaesyomys, and Zygospira; bryozoans Homotrypa cf. H. spinea Cummings and Galloway, Stigmatella? sp., Hallopora sp., Graptodictya sp., Peronopora? sp., Crepipora? sp., Mesotrypa? sp., Heterotrypa? sp., and Amplexopora? sp.  A few thin, even-surfaced beds of brownish-gray calcarenite and calcirudite are widely spaced throughout member.  Least common limestone type is very light gray to light brownish gray, micrograined to cryptograined, commonly ostracodal; some beds contain small sparry calcite-filled tubes; occurs only in upper part of member near west edge of quadrangle in a zone as much as 12 feet thick; base of zone indicated by a line on adjacent Winchester quadrangle (Black, 1974); zone may be correlative with Gilbert Member of the Ashlock Formation as mapped in southern Madison County (Greene, 1966 1967).  Member commonly grades downward through an interval of several feet from nodular, somewhat dolomitic limestone and shale to more evenly bedded dolomitic shale; contact placed at top of dominantIy dolomitic shale

Tate Member

Dolomitic shale and limestone: Dolomitic shale, light-grayish-green to olive-gray, silty, calcareous; in even-surfaced beds and laminae; fissile to nonfissile with blocky subconchoidal fracture.  Limestone, greenish-gray, locally mottled with green patches, weathers light brownish gray; micrograined to fine grained, dolomitic, fossiliferous in part, in very thin beds.  Limestone occurs chiefly in Back Bed in lower part of member, mostly a zone of irregularly bedded, fossiliferous limestone underlain and overlain by green shale; dessication cracks seen near middle of Back Bed at one locality in stream bottom east of bend in Crowe Ridge road about midway between Eagle Nest and Ruckerville faults.  Very thin, even-surfaced, tabular beds of micrograined limestone occur widely spaced in green shale throughout member.  Basal contact generally sharp; similar in appearance to and may be mistaken for upper contact of Back Bed 10 to 15 feet higher in the section.


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and clay shale: Limestone, medium-gray to light-brownish-gray, micrograined, silty; in very thin to thin tabular beds, locally has ball-and-pillow structure; sparsely fossiliferous; locally contains small, elongate nodules of dense chert.  Clay shale, gray; as even interbeds with limestone; generally makes up less than one-third of unit, rarely exposed.  Basal contact sharp, easily defined in most places by highest occurrence of coarse-grained limestone of Grier Limestone Member overlain by smooth-weathering micrograined limestone tablets.


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, clay shale, and minor siltstone: Limestone, medium-gray to medium-light-gray with greenish cast in upper few feet, in very thin irregular beds becoming nodular in upper 20 to 30 feet; fossiliferous, brachiopods and bryozoans dominant, the large brachiopod Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste common in, and probably restricted to, upper nodular part, strophomenid brachiopods common in lower part; bioclastic calcarenite and calcirudite in beds as much as 10 inches thick locally concentrated near base, also occur widely spaced higher in formation.  Calcareous clay shale, medium-gray; as partings and very thin interbeds throughout.  Siltstone, quartzose, has calcareous matrix; in very thin tabular beds; occurs sparsely in lower half of unit as interbeds with shaly limestone.  Nodular fossiliferous limestone and clay shale in upper part is probably coextensive with lower part of Grant Lake Limestone mapped in quadrangles to northeast (Mytton and McDowell, 1970; Outerbridge, 1970) but is here included with Calloway Creek Limestone.  Basal contact gradational; in an interbedded sequence of limestone, siltstone, and shale, placed to separate a dominantly limestone sequence above from dominantly siltstone sequence below.


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and clay shale with minor siltstone, minor dolomite: Limestone (50 to 70 percent), medium- to dark-gray, weathers to lighter shades of gray and brown; commonly micrograined, some beds of coarser grained bioclastic limestone ranging from fine- to coarse-grained calcarenite; mostly in even beds 1 inch to slightly more than 1 foot thick; micrograined limestone beds, characteristic of formation, yield smooth-surfaced tablets on weathering; large fossil fragments and whole fossils abundant in some beds, the brachiopod Sowerbyella, abundant near base, occurs sparsely throughout formation to within a few feet of the top.  Fossils in upper part include strophomenid brachiopods, graptolites identified as Climacograptus typicalis Hall, and pelecypods Whiteavesia? and Ambonychia cf. A radiata Hall.  Clay shale (20 to 40 percent), medium-dark-olive-gray, yields light-yellowish-brown soil on weathering; calcareous, fissile; in even beds commonly less than one foot thick interbedded with limestone and siltstone, rarely exposed.  Siltstone (5 to 10 percent), olive-gray, weathers light brown; calcareous, in thin to very thin beds mostly in upper part.  Zone in middle part is dolomitized in areas half a mile north of Ruckerville.  Dolomitic mudstone in small graben near northwest corner may be altered Clays Ferry or may be material displaced from formations much higher in the stratigraphic column.  Basal contact fairly sharp but rarely well exposed, placed at top of resistant, coarse-grained, irregularly bedded, very fossiliferous limestone underlying shale with abundant even-surfaced, tabular, notably micrograined, limestone interbeds.


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member: Upper Part

Dolomitic shale and minor dolomite: Dolomitic shale, light-grayish-green to light-greenish-brown; weathers light yellowish brown; commonly thickly banded in outcrops; sand- and probably silt-size rhombic grains of dolomite disseminated through argillaceous groundmass; fissile; widely spaced, very thin interbeds and laminae of resistant, medium to finely crystalline, ferruginous dolomite; fossils absent or rare in most beds, but some thin dolomite interbeds matted with thin-walled ironstone replacements of bryozoans surrounding inner cores of finely crystalline greenish-gray dolomite.  Trepostome bryozoans collected but skeletons of colonies completely replaced so taxa were not identifiable.  Basal contact gradational, placed at top of concentration of closely spaced resistant dolomite beds overlain by sequence of thick dolomitic shale beds.  Unit thickens erratically northward toward fault zone.

Preachersville Member: Lower Part

Dolomite and dolomitic shale: Dolomite, ferruginous and of various colors, commonly greenish gray tinged or mottled with yellow, orange, red, brown, and darker shades of green; weathered surfaces mostly grayish or reddish brown; finely to coarsely crystalline, in part calcite cemented, porous where weathered; locally vuggy, commonly with petroleum residue lining vugs.  Fossils generally absent or rare and poorly preserved, but locally abundant where fossils, especially bryozoans, are preserved as ironstone concentrations, as described above.  The brachiopod Hebertella and dolomitized trepostome bryozoans are present.  Unidentified plant debris, possibly of algal origin (S. H. Mamay, written communication, 1964) was collected from exposures on Mountain Parkway from basal few feet of member.  Dolomitic shale, similar to but much less abundant than that in overlying and underlying units, occurs as thin interbeds.  Basal contact gradational, placed at base of closely spaced beds of more coarsely crystalline dolomite of Preachersville Member; base commonly marked by one or more thick beds of resistant dolomite.

Rowland Member

Dolomitic mudstone and shale with minor dolomite: Dolomitic mudstone and shale, light-greenish-gray to medium-olive- or brownish-gray, patchy bright-green mottling on some beds; in part thick bedded with blocky subconchoidal fracture where fresh, fissile where weathered; in part thin bedded to laminated.  Resistant beds of dolomite similar to that in lower part of Preachersville Member very widely spaced within dolomitic mudstone and shale, especially in eastern part of outcrop area.  Hilltops and steep slopes poorly vegetated, locally bare, but vegetative cover generally thicker than on upper part of the Preachersville.  Basal contact fairly sharp.


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone and minor limestone and shale: Siltstone, olive-gray, weathers yellowish brown; corsists of quartz silt in calcisiltite matrix, weathers to porous, grain-supported quartzose siltstone; in even beds a few inches to several feet thick, crossbedded in part, commonly includes thick zones of ball-and-pillow structure.  Thin, contorted bioclastic limestone lenses and swirled partings and interbeds of shale intercalated with siltstone are commonly incorporated in the ball-and-pillow masses.  Basal contact gradational, placed at base of sequence of siltstone beds, most more than a foot thick, overlying limestone and less abundant shale and minor siltstone of Clays Ferry Formation, or shale, siltstone, and minor limestone of Kope Formation.


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Kope Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, siltstone, and limestone: Clay shale (60 to 80 percent), medium-dark-olive-gray, weathers light yellowish brown; fissile, calcareous; in even beds 1.5 to 3 feet thick interbedded with siltstone and some limestone.  Siltstone (15 to 35 percent), olive-gray, weathers light brown; in even beds 1 to 8 inches thick, tablets and plates common as float on weathered outcrops.  Limestone (5 to 20 percent), gray to brownish-gray; includes calcirudite, calcarenite, and some micrograined limestone; in even beds Iess than 3 inches thick.  In southern part of occurrence unit is a thin interval of shaly siltstone that separates thick-bedded Garrard Siltstone above from bench-forming limestone at top of Clays Ferry Formation; northward, shale beds thicken and interbeds of siltstone and minor limestone thin as Garrard decreases in thickness and lower part grades laterally by intertonguing with much more shaly Kope.  Basal contact gradational through a few feet, placed at top of closely spaced sequence of resistant limestone beds, some containing the brachiopod Sowerbyella.  Siltstone interbeds are present below contact but are far more abundant in the Kope.


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-light-gray to medium-gray; very finely to coarsely bioclastic, commonly as nodules containing abundant whole fossils and large fossil fragments in a matrix of very finely comminuted fossil debris with some clay and silt; occurs mostly in zones several feet thick of indistinctly bedded limestone with minor shale as thin interbeds and as irregular partings surrounding nodules.  More resistant fossiliferous calcirudite in distinct beds as much as a foot thick, commonly with irregular surfaces, occurs between zones of nodular limestone.  Only upper part is exposed, but member is 170 feet in total thickness in U.S. Geological Survey Troy Sams No. 1 diamond-drill hole.


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Millersburg Member

Millersburg Member: Limestone and shale; light-gray, nodular, fossiliferous limestone (70 to 80 percent) with medium-dark-gray shale as interbeds and as partings surrounding limestone nodules.  Whole fossils abundant throughout member with several characteristic and easilv recognizable zones in middle and lower parts: large stromatoporoids fairly abundant 35 to 50 feet below top, in same stratigraphic position as, and probably laterally equivalent to, stromatoporoid concentration in Strodes Creek Member; zone of colonial corals generally occurs 10 to 20 feet below base of stromatoporoid zone; the large pelecypod Allonychia flanaganensis Foerste occurs in a zone 3 to 5 feet thick immediately above base of member; basal contact sharp.

Strodes Creek Member

Strodes Creek Member: Limestone, light-grayish-brown to light-greenish-gray, chiefly micrograined limestone of clay- and silt-size particles with scattered coarse sand-size shell fragments.  Characteristically in contorted beds ranging from wavy, pinch-and swell to bulbous and convolute, a few inches to more than a foot thick.  Contains numerous stromatoporoids; ostracodes sparsely disseminated throughout most micrograined limestone beds; cephalopods and gastropods are less abundant; member intertongues with and grades laterally into Millersburg Member to south where correlative zone of stromatoporoids extends beyond limits of micrograined limestone occurrence; occurs only near northwest corner, absent where comparable interval is first exposed to south and in U.S Geological Survey diamond-drill hole 2 miles northwest of Ruckerville.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member


Hedges Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite and calcirudite), gray, weathers brownish gray; medium to very coarse grained, bioclastic, some beds contain abundant large fossil fragments; in thin, rather even-surfaced beds, partly crossbedded in sets as much as 5 feet thick; occurs as thin tongue or tongues in upper part of Lexington Limestone; top of highest Iedge-forming bedding sets, 20 to 30 feet below base of Clays Ferry Formation, represented locally by a line; contacts generally sharp, but locaIly lithologies intergrade.

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental, sparry calcite-cemented, minor disseminated phosphate mostly as fillings of small gastropod shells and as replacements and fillings of bryozoan zooecia; in very thin to thin, even to slightly irregular beds, partly crossbedded, in sets several feet thick.  Whole fossils rare, although colonial corals and large fragments of robust brachiopods concentrated in some beds.  Basal contact sharp.


Hedges Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, silt, clay, and sand: Gravel, boulder- to pebble-size; consists of moderately to well-rounded tablets and blocks of limestone, dolomite, siltstone, and chert; minor amounts of ironstone as small pebbles in most deposits.  Silt, clay, and very fine to fine sand, yellowish-brown to medium-dark-reddish -brown; locally merge with unmapped colluvium along valley sides and at heads of tributaries.  Finer fractions dominant in bottoms of low-gradient upper reaches of stream valleys, overlie gravel in floodplain deposits farther downstream.  Imbricated coarse gravel locally covers floors of steep-walled valleys and gullies.  Gravel dominant in basal part beneath moderate-gradient flood plains commonly overlain by finer material.


Hedges Quadrangle: Quaternary Ironstone and Clay

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Ironstone, mottled in shades of yellow, orange, and reddish brown; small areas of very dark metallic blue, and black; as irregular ferruginous and perhaps manganiferous concretionary masses ranging in size from coarse sand to blocks several feet across, common as float in reddish- to yellowish-brown clayey soil.  Quartz pebbles of type found in fluvial deposits occur as float at or near base at one locality, probably remnant of fluvial deposit which locally underlies unit.  Some deposits straddle contacts of underlying bedrock units; composition of unit has no apparent relation to that of underlying bedrock.  Unit occurs as partly preserved patches on hilltops, sloping ridge crests north of Upper Howard Creek, and on the low-lying flat of Indian Old Fields.  Unit not mapped, and because it was not differentiated from bedrock units on which it rests the underlying units appear abnormally thick at places.


Hedges Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay and gravel: Clay, dark-reddish-brown to light-gray; locally contains disseminated coarse quartz sand; commonly flecked with dark-gray to black fossil plant fragments.  Gravel, poorly sorted, granule- to cobble-size, rounded to subangular fragments of chert, quartz, and ironstone; some dark-gray, aphanitic, well-rounded tabular chips of unidentified lithology.  Clay locally dominant where deposits well exposed, elsewhere deposits traceable by gravel float.  Deposit near lake 1.1 mile north of Goffs Corner was formerly more extensive than shown on map.  The lake probably occupies the site of a large clay pit discussed by Foerste (1906, p. 195).  According to Foerste 2 to 5 feet of very sandy, pebbly clay was excavated from the pit.


Hedges Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard
Hedges Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard Formation

Dolomitic shale and dolomite: Dolomitic shale, light-grayish-green to light-greenish-brown weathers to light-yellowish-brown unctuous clayey soil; fissile, fossiliferous in upper part of Waco Member; interbedded with more resistant, ferruginous, earthy, varicolored dolomite mottled in shades of greenish gray, orange, and reddish brown.  Estill Shale Member, Lulbegrud Shale Member, and Plum Creek Member are dominantly dolomitic shale with sparse 1- to 2-inch-thick interbeds of more resistant dolomite.  Waco Member consists of 1.5-foot-thick resistant dolomite bed at base (mapped locally) overlain by a zone of very thin beds and nodules of fossiliferous dolomite interbedded with dolomitic shale or by rare exposures of dolomitic shale of the Estill.  Oldham Member consists of 1- to 8-inch-thick beds of dolomite interbedded with dolomitic shale in beds as much as 4 inches thick; top is mapped locally.  Basal contact gradational, picked to separate 2- to 4-foot thick zone of dolomitic shale of Plum Creek Member from underlying closely spaced resistant dolomite beds of the Brassfield.  Unit discussed by Rexroad and others (1965).

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite and minor dolomitic shale: Dolomite, generally light-gray with patches of brownish, reddish, or greenish gray, weathers to darker shades of similar hue; a few beds of microcrystalline dolomite with earthy luster occurring locally near top and at base are pale yellowish orange; dolomite is dominantly fine to medium crystalline with calcite cement, ferruginous, porous where weathered; in bedding sets as much as 3 feet thick, made up of beds and some crossbeds less than 1 to 6 inches thick, with some very thin dolomitic shale interbeds in upper few feet of unit.  Calcite and barite as replacements and fillings locally occur in some beds.  At a few localities lowest few inches of basal bed includes disseminated granule- to coarse sand-size grains of quartz and chert in dolomite.  Lower two-thirds of unit generally consists of thick-bedded, dense, very resistant dolomite which commonly forms scarp exposures and overhangs shallow undercuts in underlying dolomitic shale; upper third is slightly less resistant, thinner bedded, and is composed of porous-weathering, earthy, ferruginous dolomite similar to dolomite in the Crab Orchard and Drakes Formations.  Some beds fossiliferous, especially in upper part; cogwheel-shaped crinoid segments and, at three locations, the brachiopod Whitfieldella, used by earlier workers to define the upper contact (Foerste, 1906), occur within 1 to 3 feet of the base of the overlying shale unit, which is commonly marked by a slight topographic bench.  Basal contact sharp.


Hedges Quadrangle: Tertiary (?) and Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, sand, silt, and clay: Gravel, varicolored, generally a lag concentrate in brownish-yellow sandy soil; consists of granule- to pebble-size fragments the largest of which are slightly more than an inch long, well-rounded, of medium sphericity; dominantly quartz though chert fragments common, some chertified fossil fragments.  Gravel is most conspicuous constituent of deposits even where not dominant.  Sand, brownish-yellow to light-gray flecked with brownish red, very fine to fine, some medium grains in soil, interstitial silt and clay.  Equivalent to Irvine Formation in Palmer quadrangle (Simmons, 1967b) adjacent to the south.


Junction City Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, olive-gray to brownish-gray, fine- to medium-crystalline; lower few feet contain scattered thin zones of silt to very fine sand; abundant light-olive-gray chert occurs as nodules and beds as much as 6 inches thick; rounded masses of coarsely crystalline calcite resembling geodes from 1 to 3 inches in diameter occur sparsely throughout.  Locally, the upper 6 to 8 feet is conglomerate composed of angular chert fragments, rounded calcite masses, and dolomite pebbles locally derived from underlying part of the Boyle Formation.  This conglomerate is the "Duffin" of McFarlan and White (1952) and Rubarts (1959).  At one locality, in a railroad cut about 1,000 feet north of the city limits of Junction City, the conglomerate contains thin interbeds of carboniferous shale similar to shale of the overlying New Albany.


Junction City Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Muldraugh Member

Siltstone, chert, and minor limestone: Dominantly dolomitic light-gray siltstone that weathers yellowish orange; contains geodes 1 inch to 1 foot in diameter which are most conspicuous in lower part; upper two-thirds has abundant dense or pelletal chert that weathers to angular blocks from a few inches to 2 feet long.  Near base are a few thin beds of limestone similar to Salem and Harrodsburg Limestones, locally silicified.

Halls Gap Member

Siltstone and minor limestone: Siltstone, light-gray to greenish-gray, in irregular, somewhat resistant ledges in which bedding is indistinct; tends to weather to yellowish-gray elongate fragments 1 inch to 1 foot long.  A few geodes occur throughout and the upper 20 feet may contain minor thin beds of limestone, which are locally silicified and are similar to the Salem and Harrodsburg Limestones.  A persistent 1- to 2-inch thick glauconite bed marks the top of the Halls Gap Member.  Landslides occur sparingly throughout.

Nancy Member

Siltstone and shale: Siltstone, light-gray or greenish-gray, interbedded with dark-greenish-gray shale.  Because the contact between the overlying Halls Gap Member and the Nancy Member is gradational and indistinct, these members were mapped as a single unit.  Landslides occur throughout the member but are most abundant near the contact with the underlying New Providence Shale Member.

New Providence Shale Member

Shale, dark-greenish-gray, weathers to light greenish gray; contains a few thin layers and concretions of ironstone.  Phosphatic nodules as much as 3 inches in diameter occur in the lower few inches.

The upper contact of the New Providence Shale Member is placed at base of lowermost prominent siltstone.  Landslides common.


Junction City Quadrangle: Mississippian Salem and Harrodsburg Limestones

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray, calcarenite, in irregular beds 1 to 6 inches thick that are dominantly composed of crinoid columnals.  A major portion of this unit has been randomly silicified, and residuum contains abundant porous crinoidal chert in rectilinear blocks 1 to 3 inches thick.  Approximately 8 feet above base is a persistent bed of fine-grained sandstone about 5 feet thick.  The 8-foot crinoidal limestone sequence below the sandstone may be equivalent to the Harrodsburg Limestone.


Junction City Quadrangle: Mississippian St. Louis Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, olive-gray to dark-gray, argillaceous, in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick.  Locally contains flattened geodes 1/2 to 1 foot in diameter.  Upper part has abundant white porous chert masses.


Junction City Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, grayish-black, carbonaceous, pyritic; contains a few phosphate nodules in upper part; lower few feet locally contains vertical quartz veins about an inch thick filling a joint system.


Junction City Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Unconformity marks the top of the Ashlock Formation throughout the quadrangle.  Erosion has removed the Terrill and Stingy Creek Members and part of the Gilbert Member of the Ashlock except in the area north of Knoblick Creek and east of Clarks Run.

Terrill Member

Mudstone and shale: Light-greenish-gray shale at base grades upward to light-greenish-gray, dolomitic, silty, platy-bedded mudstone.  Occurs only in the area north of Knoblick Creek and east of the Southern Railroad.

Stingy Creek Member

Limestone, light-gray, argillaceous, abundantly fossiliferous; where weathered yields 2- to 3-inch-thick irregularly shaped nodules that litter the outcrop surface.  Occurs only in the area north of Knoblick Creek and east of Clarks Run.

Gilbert Member

Limestone, light-olive-gray, mainly calcilutite with few interbeds of medium-gray abundantly fossiliferous limestone and olive-gray argillaceous calcisiltite.  Locally near the top are abundant nodules of olive-gray chert.

Tate Member

Mudstone and siltstone, interbedded, light-greenish-gray, glauconitic, and dolomitic; in 1- to 3-inch-thick planar beds locally with desiccation cracks and ripple marks.  A few olive-gray chert nodules near base.


Junction City Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-gray argillaceous calcisiltite in thin even beds.  Shale is medium gray in sets 1 to 6 inches thick, locally contains small limestone nodules.


Junction City Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale: Dominantly medium-gray, fossiliferous calcarenite in 1 to 3-inch-thick irregular beds with some interbedded dark-gray calcisiltite; greenish-gray shale partings throughout.  Near base a few thin platy beds of calcareous siltstone.


Junction City Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone: Dominantly shale, olive-gray where fresh, yellowish-gray where weathered.  Limestone, medium- to dark-gray, as calcarenite and calcisiltite, in beds 1 to 2 inches thick.  Dark-gray calcareous siltstone in platy 1- to 3-inch-thick beds forms a relatively small portion of the total section.  Where exposed in the quadrangle the upper part of the Clays Ferry Formation in fault contact with the lower part; hence thickness could not be measured from surface exposure.  A thickness of 190 feet is estimated from the description (Freeman, 1953, p. 206-298) of cuttings of the California Co. No. 1 A. R. Spears well drilled about 2.7 miles south of the southeast edge of the Junction City quadrangle.


Junction City Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, medium- to dark-gray, calcareous; in 1- to 4-inch-thick planar beds, locally in flow rolls.  A few medium-gray limestone beds in the middle and near top.


Junction City Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone; olive-gray to brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained calcarenite with calcilutite matrix.  Tends to weather to a series of irregular wavy ledges that appear to be made up of indistinct limestone nodules.  Upper 2 feet is a dark-gray calcisiltite in thin even beds which locally exhibit flow rolls.


Junction City Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray, very fine to fine-grained calcarenite with a calcilutite matrix.  Occurs in 1- to 3-inch-thick wavy beds that contain abundant bryozoans.  Sparse shale partings less than 1 inch thick.

Ordovician Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member

Limestone: Upper 6 feet and lower 0-25 feet olive-gray or brownish-gray calcisiltite and fine-grained calcarenite in indistinctly nodular or irregular beds 2 to 12 inches thick.  Stromatoporoids present locally.  Basal sequence thickest in northwest corner of quadrangle; grades eastward into Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Middle 8 to 15 feet, light-gray calcilutite in even beds averaging 6 inches thick; olive-black chert nodules occur in a 2-foot-thick zone at base.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Junction City Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-dark-gray calcarenite with a clear calcite matrix.  Bedding ranges from planar to highly crossbedded; individual beds are 1 to 6 inches thick.


Junction City Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, and gravel; geodes, siltstone and chert pebbles in clay and silt matrix; limestone pebbles are locally abundant.

Clay, silt, and gravel; mainly a moderate-brown silt loam with some small siltstone pebbles and geodes which are probably derived from the Borden Formation.  Unit probably in part loess.


Junction City Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, and gravel; pebbles and cobbles of chert, siltstone, and geodes in a clay and silt matrix, with wide variation in relative abundance of larger constituents.  Terrace remnants occur at several levels along or near most major streams.


Junction City Quadrangle: Tertiary Gravel and Sand

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

GraveI and sand; unconsolidated conglomerate composed of fine to coarse sand and larger quartz clasts from 1/4 inch to 3 inches in diameter; locally partly cemented with a combination of limonite and silica.


Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member
Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone is argillaceous, very thin to thin bedded, light gray, microgranular.  Shale is fissile and dark to light gray.  Residual soil contains abundant porcelaneous chert and porous siltstone fragments.


Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone Lower
Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, thin-bedded, light-gray to pale-yellowish-brown, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic; interbedded with very thin bedded microgranular argillaceous limestone and nodularly bedded argillaceous limestone; bioclastic limestone contains abundant brachiopods, branching and subconical bryozoans, and trilobite fragments; microgranular limestone commonly contains gastropods.  Upper two-thirds of unit grades eastward into indistinctly bedded light-gray limestone consisting of irregular very fine to coarse-grained limestone nodules in an argillaceous matrix and containing abundant silicified brachiopods.  In western part of quadrangle, uppermost bed is light-gray microgranular argillaceous limestone, as much as 5 feet thick, that contains scattered silicified brachiopods, gastropods, and straight-shelled cephalopods.  A light-gray microgranular limestone 6 inches to 1 foot thick and approximately 50 feet below top of Grier Limestone Member is conspicuous near Keene and is mapped there.

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (75 to 90 percent of unit) is argillaceous, very thin to thin bedded, medium to light gray, microgranular.  Shale is fissile and dark gray.  Near eastern edge of quadrangle shale is less abundant, limestone is fossiliferous and bioclastic, and unit is indistinguishable from overlying and underlying units.

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, thin- and irregularly bedded, yellowish-gray, coarse-grained, bioclastic, contains scattered brachiopod valves; interbedded with nodularly bedded argillaceous limestone and very thin bedded medium-gray microgranular argillaceous limestone; some beds contain gastropods; brachiopods particularly abundant in uppermost and lowermost few feet; contains abundant branching and subconical bryozoans.  Several beds of very fine grained limestone containing large crinoid columnals and stem fragments are present 10 to 15 feet below top of unit in southern half of quadrangle and are mapped in southeastern part of quadrangle.

Logana Member

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone is argillaceous, very thin to thin bedded, light olive gray, microgranular.  Shale is fissile, olive gray to medium gray.

Limestone, thick-bedded, brownish-gray, brachiopodal; abundant closely packed thin-shelled brachiopod valves nearly parallel to bedding and give appearance of wavy laminae on weathered surfaces.

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone is argillaceous, very thin to thin bedded, light olive gray, microgranular.  Shale is fissile, olive gray to medium gray.  Large pelecypods common in upper part.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, thin- to thick-bedded, very pale orange to light-brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, bioclastic; phosphatic in upper part; thin layer of microgranular limestone and shale in middle; chert nodules and silicified brachiopods in lower part.


Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone Upper
Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Limestone, thick-bedded, medium-gray, coarse-grained, bioclastic; contains abundant closely packed brachiopod valves; crops out as smoothly rounded ledges.  Upper part is poorly exposed.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Keene Quadrangle: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic; some beds contain abundant bryozoans and brachiopod valves.  Poorly exposed.


Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Keene Quadrangle: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, thin-bedded, crossbedded in part, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, well-sorted.  Generally deeply weathered and poorly exposed.  In southwestern part of quadrangle several small outcrops of bryozoan limestone that overlie the Brannon Member are included in the Tanglewood Limestone Member.


Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Keene Quadrangle: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, thin-bedded, crossbedded in part, light-gray to very pale orange, medium-grained, bioclastic.  Some beds contain abundant silicified brachiopods; stromatoporoids common in upper 5 feet in northwestern part of quadrangle.


Keene Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Limestone, thin- to thick-bedded, light-gray and Iight-brownish-gray to yellowish-white; lithographic; with discontinuous veins and small pods of clear calcite; contains a few thin beds of pelletal limestone and some beds containing silicified gastropods and corals.  Bentonite bed 2 feet thick is present in west-central part of quadrangle 20 feet below top of unit; chert nodules and thin chert beds present locally.

Mudstone, calcareous, medium-gray to yellowish-gray.

Limestone, argillaceous, thin-bedded, light-gray to yellowish-gray, aphanitic to fine-grained, bioclastic and pelletal.

Limestone, thin-bedded, light-gray to Iight-brownish-gray, lithographic; contains discontinuous veins and small pods of clear calcite; contains a few pods and stringers of yellowish-gray aphanitic calcareous dolomite and a few interbeds of pelletal limestone; calcareous shale beds at base and 12 feet above base.

Dolomite and limestone; very thin to thin-bedded yellowish-gray microcrystalline calcareous dolomite containing irregular pods, stringers, and beds of light-gray aphanitic limestone.  May in part grade laterally into upper part of Oregon Limestone.

Oregon Limestone

Dolomite, calcareous, thick-bedded, yellowish-white mottled pinkish-gray, very finely crystalline; lower part poorly exposed.


Keene Quadrangle: Pliocene or Pleistocene High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Fluvial gravel, sand, silt, and clay on dissected terraces and abandoned river channels; gravel contains abundant water-worn geodes, rounded quartz and quartzite pebbles, and minor chert.  Sand is fine grained and crosslaminated and composed nearly entirely of quartz; some layers contain scattered small pebbles of quartz, quartzite, and chert; silt is light colored where weathered, medium to dark gray and brownish gray in fresh exposures.  Near Clover Bottom Church, sand and silt are shown by diagonal lines; elsewhere, sand and silt cannot be differentiated because of poor exposure.  Correlated with Irvine Formation by Miller (1924).


Keene Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, and gravel, generally less than 10 feet thick.


Kirksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tate Member

Limestone, medium-dark- to light-gray and brownish-gray; weathers light to very light gray, fine- to medium-grained, very irregular texture; bedding obscure, beds 1 to 10 inches thick, wavy and uneven, outcrops weather to "rubbly" appearance.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.  Unit poorly exposed.

Dolomite, silty, Iight-olive-gray to greenish-gray; weathers greenish gray and grayish orange, micrograined, bedding thin and even, beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick, resembling shale; weathers to slabs and chips with planar surfaces; grades into limestone at top.  Fossils absent.

Limestone, medium-light- to brownish-gray, micrograined to fine-grained, beds mildly uneven, 2 to 12 inches thick.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods, commonly silicified.

Dolomite, silty, light-olive-gray to greenish-gray; weathers greenish gray and grayish orange, micrograined, bedding thin and even, beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick, resembling shale; weathers to slabs and chips with planar surfaces.  Fossils absent.


Kirksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-dark- to medium-light-gray; weathers light to moderate olive gray and brown, generally fine- to medium-grained, in part coarse-grained.  Beds commonly 1 to 4 inches thick, rarely as much as 12 inches thick.  Shale, calcareous, light-gray to light-olive-gray, present as partings between limestone beds; quantity decreases downward from 30 percent near top to 10 percent near base of formation.  Entire formation abundantly fossiliferous.


Kirksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-dark- to light-gray and light-olive-gray; fine- to coarse-grained.  Most fine-grained limestone is medium dark gray and uniform in texture; medium- to coarse-grained limestone is mottled light gray to olive gray, irregular in texture, contains abundant fossil debris.  Weathered surfaces stained light brownish gray to light greenish gray.  Beds 1 to 12 inches thick, commonly interbedded with shale.  Thinner beds lenticular; thicker beds continuous.  Shale, medium-, olive-, and greenish-gray, calcareous; weathers to plates, blocks, and irregular bits, commonly with light-gray chalky surfaces.  Bedding generally thin and regular, in part irregular and obscure.  Limestone and some shale beds abundantly fossiliferous.  Upper 140 to 165 feet of formation 60 to 80 percent limestone, lower 60 feet 60 to 80 percent shale.  The lowest occurrence of Sowerbyella in abundance is about 110 to 115 feet below top of formation.


Kirksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale, and limestone: Siltstone, medium- to light-gray and light-olive-gray to greenish-gray, calcareous; weathers to dark- to light-brown and orange porous friable siltstone.  Characterized by lenticular beds, 6 to 18 inches thick, with bedding surfaces steeply dipping, curving, and discontinuous.  Lenticular beds generally show fine internal laminae 1/16 to 1/4 inch thick that curve parallel to bedding surfaces.  Other siltstone beds continuous, 2 to 6 inches thick.  Shale, medium-light-gray to light-olive-gray; weathers to platy to blocky fragments the same colors as weathered siltstone.  Shale envelops siltstone lenses and fills interstices; constitutes 10 to 30 percent of section.  Limestone, medium-light-gray, coarse-grained, present as thin beds near top and base of formation.  Siltstone and shale beds sparsely fossiliferous; limestone beds abundantly fossiliferous.


Kirksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-light- to dark-gray; weathered colors more commonly seen, medium to light brownish gray and grayish to pale brown.  Medium- to coarse-, rarely fine-grained, even granular to irregular clastic texture.  Even beds 4 to 10 inches thick, interlayered with intervals of thin (1/2 to 4 inch) lenticular beds.  Even beds of uniform color and texture, commonly finely laminated, in part phosphatic, rarely crossbedded.  Thin lenticular beds of irregular texture and color, have rough, knobby surfaces and shaly partings.  Fossils common in thin-bedded intervals, sparse in massive beds.  Stromatoporoids commonly present in upper part.  Base not exposed.


Kirksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Description from Buckeye Quadrangle

Limestone, light-olive- to medium-gray, weathers light gray to light brownish gray; fossiliferous, partly dolomitic, in lenticular beds a few inches thick with shale partings; characterized by abundant large branching bryozoans, with few brachiopods and crinoid stems.  Wolcott (1969) lists fossils identified from this member in adjacent areas.  Contact with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member or Brannon Member is sharp.  Included in the Grier Limestone Member on the adjacent Kirksville quadrangle (Greene, 1965).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Kirksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Description from Buckeye Quadrangle

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers light gray; bioclastic (calcarenite), commonly phosphatic, mostly in even beds some of which are crossbedded; locally cherty in lower part; contains at least three stromatoporoid zones.  In places includes units a few feet thick of fossiliferous irregularly bedded limestone.  Included in the Grier Limestone Member on adjacent Kirksville quadrangle (Greene, 1965).


Kirksville Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt and clay, dark-brown, interbedded with gravel.  Gravel consists of rounded siltstone and limestone pebbles and cobbles as much as 4 inches in diameter with matrix of clay and silt.  In stream channels, gravel consists primarily of limestone slabs, many as much as 18 inches long.


Kirksville Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silty, yellowish-brown; with rounded pebbles of quartz, siltstone, and ferruginous sandstone, 1/8 to 1 inch in diameter.  Pebbles most abundant at surface; may be a lag accumulation.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite and dolomitic limestone, light- to dark-gray and pale-yellowish-brown, mostly weathering yellowish brown and grayish orange, surfaces commonly stained dark yellowish brown by limonite; chiefly very fine grained, commonly silty and sandy at base and top; shadowy breccia texture in upper part of unit.  Finely crystalline pyrite common; light-gray chert locally very abundant as replacement of fossils and as small angular to irregularly discoidal masses as much as 3 inches thick and 7 inches long.  Unit in irregular beds commonly a few inches to about 1 foot thick; forms ledge on slopes, caps hilltops.  Fossils rare and poorly preserved, chiefly horn corals and crinoid columnals.  Irregular in thickness near faults; thins to the northwest; probably pinches out locally on flats northeast of Gilberts Creek Church in northeast part of quadrangle.  Generally poorly exposed.  Base is a regional unconformity.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Nancy Member: Gum Sulphur Bed

Siltstone, light-gray and yellowish-gray; mostly in uneven beds less than 1 inch thick.  Locally contains minor lenses of silty shale.  Moderately resistant; forms steep slopes; outcrop yields large platy fragments.  Sparse Taonurus and curly "worm" marks.  Caps hills near east edge of quadrangle about 2 miles east-southeast of Preachersville; grades into underlying unit; contact mapped at base of resistant siltstone.  Unit is a lens that rises in section toward the east (Weir and others, 1966; Gualtieri, 1967).

Nancy Member

Shale, chiefly greenish-gray and light-olive-gray, weathers same and yellowish gray; mostly silty but clayey in basal few feet.  Crudely laminated, outcrop yields small chips.  Locally contains dark-reddish-brown, iron-rich siliceous and calcareous concretions a few inches to a few feet in diameter.  Light-gray to yellowish-brown, silty, phosphatic, ovoidal nodules, mostly about 1 inch in diameter, are common in basal foot of unit.  Basal contact sharp.  Unit forms gentle slopes, poorly exposed.  Crops out near edge of quadrangle about 2 miles east-southeast of Preachersville.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, black; weathers brownish black to yellowish brown; carbonaceous; well-rounded, frosted, fine grains of quartz common at base, laminated and fissile.  Sparse finely crystalline pyrite.  Locally contains small, ellipsoidal concretions of fine-grained calcitic and iron-rich or phosphatic material.  Megafossils rare, chiefly small linguloid and orbiculoid brachiopods; fish scales, plant spores and conodonts common to abundant.  A small fossil collection from basal 2 feet of formation about 0.7 mile northeast of Gilberts Creek Church contained poorly preserved horn corals and brachiopods.  The corals include a species of Blothrophyllum and a zaphrentid form (identified by W.A. Oliver, Jr.): the worn condition and stratigraphic position of the corals suggest that they were reworked from the Boyle Dolomite.  The brachiopods, all fragmented, were identified by J. T. Dutro, Jr., as Barroisella?.  Unit forms moderate slopes; outcrop yields abundant thin chips and plates.  Basal contact sharp.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone closely interstratified with an equal amount of very silty limestone.  Limestone is greenish gray to light olive gray, fine to medium grained, slightly silty; in obscure wavy beds 0.5 to 2 inches thick.  Very silty limestone is light greenish gray; weathers same and grayish yellow orange; very fine to fine grained; in obscure slightly wavy beds less than 2 inches thick; poorly fissile.  Fossiliferous throughout, brachiopods and bryozoans dominant; top 1 to 2 feet is clayey and contains abundant small branching bryozoans.  The following brachiopods were identified by R. B. Neuman: Hebertella sp., Platystrophia ponderosa (Foerste), P. cypha (James), P. sp., Rhynchotrema dentatum (Hall), Zygospira sp., and Leptaena richmondensis (Foerste).  Unit forms steep, fossil-strewn, rubbly slope.  Grades into underlying unit.

Limestone, medium-light-gray to light-olive-gray; chiefly micrograined; sparse pyrite; in even beds generally less than 3 inches thick; in part obscurely laminated.  Cylindrical burrows, perpendicular to bedding, about 0.1 inch in diameter and 1 to 2 inches long, are conspicuous in some beds.  Megafossils scarce, chiefly fragments of gastropods and brachiopods; ostracodes locally common.  Resistant, forms ledge.  Basal contact fairly sharp and conformable.

Terrill Member

Mudstone, dolomitic, greenish-gray and moderate-olive, weathering about same and yellowish gray; generally more clayey near base, more dolomitic or calcitic near top; flakes of greenish-gray clay mineral common.  Mostly in even laminae and very thin beds less than 1.5 inches thick; ripple marks and mud cracks locally common.  Fossils absent except for scarce bryozoans in basal 1 to 2 feet of unit.  Forms moderate slope; outcrop yields platy fragments.  Basal contact fairly sharp and conformable.

Stingy Creek Member

Siltstone, calcitic (60 percent), intermixed and intergrading with silty limestone (40 percent); chiefly medium-light-gray, weathering dusky yellow; chiefly silty and fine grained.  In obscure thin beds made up of lenticles of limestone about an inch thick and a few inches long in a matrix of siltstone.  Fossils, in part silicified, are abundant and conspicuous; brachiopods are dominant; pelecypods, gastropods and scolecodonts are rare to common.  The following fossils were identified by R. B. Neuman: Hebertella sinuata (Hall), Hebertella sp., Platystrophia ponderosa, P. cypha, P. sp., Zygospira sp., Leptaena richmondensis; silicified bryozoans, pelecypods, scolecodonts and conodonts.  Unit forms rubbly, fossil-strewn slope.  Base gradational through a few inches.

Gilbert Member

Limestone, bluish-gray and light-olive-gray, weathering same and grayish orange brown; micrograined to fine grained, contains scattered patches of coarsely crystalline white calcite; in crinkly to nodular beds a few inches thick, separated by partings of dark-gray calcitic shale.  Fossils rare to common, in part silicified; most conspicuous are large brachiopods and large and small bryozoans.  Scolecodonts and the following brachiopods were identified by R. B. Neuman: Hebertella sinuata, Hebertella sp., Platystrophia ponderosa, and Zygospira sp.  The following pelecypods were identified by John Pojeta, Jr.: Ambonychia cf. A. praecursa (Ulrich), Ctenodonta aff. C. iphigenia Billings, "Ctenodonta" cingulata Ulrich, Deceptrix cf. D. filistriata (Ulrich), ?Ischyrodonta, and Pterinea demissa Conrad.  Unit forms rough ledge or steep slope.  Base gradational through a few inches.

Tate Member

Mudstone, muddy limestone, and limestone: Mudstone, dolomitic and calcitic grading to muddy limestone, chiefly greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; even grained; silty and micrograined, generally more calcitic in upper part; common to abundant flakes of dark-grayish-green clay mineral; muddy limestone at top of unit makes up about 10 percent of unit near west edge of quadrangle, about 30 percent of unit near east edge of quadrangle.  In basal 1 to 2 feet are scattered discoidal bodies, a fraction of an inch thick and a few inches in diameter, of silicified siltstone; resistant, fragments conspicuous on weathered slopes.  In even laminae and thin beds as much as 2 inches thick, grouped in sets as much as 2 feet thick; small ripple marks on a few laminae.  Fossils absent except for a few bryozoans scattered in beds of muddy limestone.  Limestone (5 percent), similar to limestone of Gilbert Member described above; in ledge-forming set, about 2 to 3 feet thick, about 10 to 11 feet below top of member; fossils scarce, chiefly brachiopods.  Unit forms moderate slope; outcrop yields abundant platy fragments.  Base of unit gradational through a few inches.

Limestone, light-gray and Iight-olive-gray, weathers yellowish gray; inequigranular; chiefly fine grained and silty; a single set of obscurely nodular beds a few feet thick; forms minor ledge.  Large brachiopods and bryozoans common, locally silicified.  The following fossils were identified by R. B. Neuman: Hebertella sinuata, Platystrophia ponderosa, and phosphatic steinkerns of gastropods.  Base fairly sharp and conformable.

Mudstone, calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers same or yellowish gray; in even laminae and thin beds as much as 1.5 inches thick; small ripple marks and dessication cracks on a few laminae.  In basal 1 to 2 feet are scattered discoidal concretions a fraction of an inch thick and a few inches in diameter, of silicified siltstone; outcrop yields resistant platy fragments conspicuous on weathered slopes.  Base is gradational through several inches.  Unit forms moderate slopes.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone (70 to 80 percent), chiefly medium-gray, weathers same or light gray; chiefly fine to medium grained, in part made up of coarse fossil fragments, contains streaks of silty material, very clayey and silty in top few inches.  In slightly wavy beds, commonly 1 to 6 inches thick.  Whole and fragmented fossils common to abundant, chiefly brachiopods and bryozoans.  Shale (10 to 15 percent), calcitic, light-olive-gray; mostly in partings and seams, less than 1 inch thick, between beds of limestone.  Siltstone (10 to 15 percent), calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; in thin beds, commonly about an inch thick; mostly in basal one-third of unit.  Unit fairly resistant, forms moderate slope.  Lithology in lower part is transitional with underlying Garrard Siltstone; contact placed at base of lowest relatively persistent bed of limestone.  Crops out along drainages in northern part of quadrangle.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone.  Limestone (60 percent), dark- to light-gray, weathers yellowish brown; fine grained and medium to coarse grained, in part silty; in fairly even beds 1 to 12 inches thick; fragmented and whole fossils, chiefly brachiopods, but also bryozoans, trilobites and crinoid columnals, common in medium- and coarse-grained layers.  Shale (20 to 30 percent), greenish-gray, in part silty and calcitic; laminated in sets 1 to 12 inches thick interstratified with limestone and siltstone; locally contains a few brachiopods and bryozoans.  Siltstone (10 to 20 percent), calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; mostly in even beds 1 to 5 inches thick; sparse brachiopods.  Base not exposed.  Crops out only in northwest corner of quadrangle.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Mudstone and dolomite: Mudstone (85 percent), calcitic and dolomitic, greenish-gray and grayish-green; spots of dark-greenish-gray clay mineral; in laminae and even beds less than 3 inches thick, in part obscurely stratified; outcrop generally yields small platy and chunky fragments.  Dolomite (15 percent), silty and calcitic, yellowish-gray and grayish-yellow, weathering same and dark yellowish orange; very fine grained; sparse spots of dark-greenish-gray clay mineral; in fairly even beds a few inches to a few feet thick; fossils rare to common, mostly recrystallized small branching bryozoans and molds of small brachiopods; corals and stromatoporoids conspicuous locally near base.  The following fossils were identified by W. A. Oliver, Jr.: stromatoporoid, Aulacera cylindrica (Foerste); solitary corals, Grewingkia rustica (Billings), "Streptelasma" spp., "Streptelasma" angulatum (Billings); colonial corals, Calapoecia huronensis (Billings), Favistina stellata (Hall), Foerstephyllum vacuum (Foerste), Saffordophyllum floweri (Browne), Tetradium approximatum (Bassler).  The following fossil brachiopods were identified by R_ B. Neuman: Hebertella sp. and Platystrophia attenuata (McEwan).  Lithology differs from underlying Rowland Member in containing dolomite beds.  Basal contact is commonly marked by a relatively thick (2 to 6 feet) and persistent bed of dolomite; generally exposed only in roadcuts.

Rowland Member

Mudstone, calcitic and dolomitic, greenish-gray and grayish green; spots of dark-greenish gray clay mineral common; in laminae and in very thin even beds less than 1 inch thick.  Forms moderate slope; outcrop yields abundant platy fragments; weathered fragments from near base are commonly silicified.  Base conformable, lithology gradational through a few inches; contact placed above highest limestone lentil of Reba Member of Ashlock Formation


Lancaster Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale, and limestone: Siltstone (80 to 90 percent), calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray and grayish orange; mostly in even beds a few inches thick, in part in lensing, contorted beds including ball-and-pillow structures, as much as 5 feet thick; weathered rock is porous and friable.  Shale (10 to 15 percent), calcitic and silty to clayey, medium-greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; laminated in lensing seams and thin sets irregularly interlayered with siltstone.  Limestone (0 to 5 percent), light-gray, weathering about same; fine to coarse grained, silty, in streaks and thin lenses, commonly less than 2 inches thick and less than 10 feet long, irregularly interlayered with siltstone; commonly contains abundant flat, thin-shelled brachiopods.  Unit fairly resistant, forms ledgy slope.  Maximum thickness of incomplete section in this quadrangle is about 50 feet, but where full section is exposed in Paint Lick quadrangle about 0.5 mile east of northeast corner of the Lancaster quadrangle, the Garrard Siltstone is about 100 feet thick; in northeast corner Garrard is about 30 feet thick.  Lithology in lower part is transitional with underlying Clays Ferry Formation; basal contact is placed at top of highest relatively continuous bed of limestone.  Crops out only along streams near northern edge of quadrangle.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel.  Chiefly yellowish-gray silt and clay containing lenses of yellowish-gray fine sand.  Locally contains pebbles, cobbles and blocks of firmly cemented siltstone and limestone; well-rounded pebbles, commonly less than 1 inch in diameter, of chert and quartz, derived from Pennsylvanian formations; and rounded masses, commonly 1 to 3 inches in diameter, of white and yellowish-gray chert, derived from Mississippian and Ordovician formations.  Generally separable from younger terrace deposits along Dix River by break in slope and vertical separation of as much as 30 feet.  Separation is obscured locally by slope wash; may intergrade with younger terrace deposits on some bends.  Bedrock in small outcrops in stream beds not shown separately.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel.  Yellowish-gray to light-brown clayey silt and silty clay.  Contains lenses of fine sand and pebbles of limonite-stained yellowish-gray siltstone derived from Ordovician and Mississippian formations, pebbles and cobbles of light-gray very fine grained limestone from Ordovician formations and brown to light-gray chert nodules and irregular masses and fragments from Mississippian formations and brown to gray quartz pebbles from the Pennsylvanian Lee Formation.  Terrace deposits of several ages occur irregularly along Dix River, commonly 10 to 60 feet above present streams.  Lower terrace deposits are locally reworked into alluvium.  Higher terrace deposits contain less silt and clay than lower deposits.  Generally poorly exposed; contacts obscure.


Lancaster Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard/Brassfield Dolomite
Lancaster Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation /Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard Formation

Mudstone and dolomite: Mudstone (80 percent), grayish-yellow and grayish-green, mostly weathered to fluffy light-yellowish-gray soil; slightly silty; in part laminated and fissile; poorly exposed.  Dolomite (20 percent), chiefly medium-light-gray, yellowish-gray, and light-olive-gray, mostly weathering grayish orange and reddish brown; very fine to fine grained, in part calcitic and silty; sparse grains of dark-green clay mineral; in even beds a few inches to about 2 feet thick; irregularly interstratified with mudstone.  Megafossils very rare, small crinoid columnals common in dolomite near base of unit.  Irregular in thickness near faults.  Unit forms gentle slope; poorly exposed.  Base conformable.

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite and mudstone: Dolomite (90 percent), in part calcitic, chiefly light-olive-gray, light-gray, and light-brownish-gray, in places irregularly stained dark gray by black petroliferous material that fills interstices and small cavities; surface commonly stained yellowish brown by limonite; very fine to medium grained, silty near base; in irregular beds 1 to 12 inches thick.  Fossils scarce to common, chiefly crinoid columnals, mostly small unornamented forms but including a few large, 0.5 inch diameter, cog-wheel forms near top of unit; horn corals and molds of brachiopods locally common.  Mudstone (10 percent), calcitic, pale-greenish-yellow; as partings and seams less than 2 inches thick between limestone beds.  Unit forms ledge or ledgy slope.  Basal contact sharp, probably a disconformity.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone
Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, greenish-gray to medium-bluish-gray, weathers grayish orange; micrograined, in even beds a few inches thick, interbedded with gray shale; some limestone beds contorted; sparse fossils.  Present only in southwestern part of quadrangle.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, medium-bluish-gray, weathers light gray; fossiliferous, locally dolomitic, in uneven beds a few inches thick; contains abundant branching bryozoans and flat brachiopods.  Shale, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; silty, calcareous.  Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; calcareous; in beds as thick as 2 inches; occurs in lower part.  Contact with underlying formation is gradational; placed to include the dominantly limestone sequence in the Calloway Creek.  Caps higher hills in southern part of quadrangle.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray, cryptograined, with irregular bodies of pale-orange calcareous micrograined dolomite; contains a few persistent argillaceous limestone units, one 10 feet below top seems to be regionally persistent.  Beds of light-brownish-gray cryptograined limestone with blebs and stringers of clear calcite are interbedded with mottled limestone.  Mollusks and brachiopods locally common.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone: Shale, dark-grayish-green, weathers grayish yellow; calcareous, clayey, in part silty.  Limestone is of two types.  One is greenish gray to light gray, weathers light brownish gray to brownish grav; fossiliferous with abundant fossils and fossil fragments; in places phosphatic and dolomitic; some beds ripple marked.  The other limestone is greenish gray to medium bluish gray, weathers grayish orange; micrograined, in even beds a few inches thick.  Siltstone, greenish-gray to medium-bluish-gray, weathers reddish brown to grayish orange; calcareous, in even beds a few inches thick in upper part of formation.  Contact with underlying formation is generally gradational; placed at top of dominantly limestone sequence of the Lexington.  Formation generally covered, forms steep slopes littered with slabs of limestone.  Identified fossils include: Constellaria cf. C. teres Ulrich and Bassler (collection T), Eridotrypa cf. E. briareus (Nicholson) (collection V), Eridotrypa sp. (collections M, O, Q, R, S, T, V, and W), Hallopora cf. H. onealli (James) (collections N, U, and W), Hallopora sp. (collections A, B, C, D, I, J, K, N, U, V, and W), Hemiphragma sp. (collection T), Heterotrypa sp. (collections C, E, S, T, V, and W), Peronopora milleri Nickles (collections C, V, and W), Ambonychia cf. A. radiata Hall (collection G), Dalmanella emacerata (Hall) (collections F, G, L, and T), Platystrophia elegantula. McEwan (collection T), Platystrophia cf. P. amoena McEwan (collection P), Rafinesquina winchesterensis Foerste (collections S and T), Rafinesquina sp. (collection F), Sowerbyella sp. (collection F), abundant Sowerbyella sp. (collection K) and Zygospira sp (collections F, K, L. and S).


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale, and limestone: Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; calcareous; in beds a few inches to several feet thick, faintlv crosslaminated, commonly contorted into bulbous masses.  Shale, greenish-gray, weathers grayish orange; silty, calcareous.  Limestone, medium-bluish-gray, weathers light gray; in part dolomitic; in beds a few inches thick; commonly contains flat brachiopods.  Where seen basal contact is sharp with contorted siltstone at different stratigraphic levels resting on shale, limestone, or siltstone of the Clays Ferry Formation.  Elsewhere contact placed to include siltstone beds over 6 inches thick in the Garrard.  Occurs in southern part of quadrangle where it forms steeper slopes than formations above and below.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, medium- to yellowish-gray, weathers brownish to light brownish gray; composed mostly of brachiopod, bryozoan, trilobite, and mollusk remains and crinoid columnals; beds very irregular to even, in places cherty and dolomitic.  Contains minor bioclastic limestone beds similar to those in the Tanglewood and a few thin units of interbedded micrograined limestone and shale.  In northwest half of quadrangle two key horizons were mapped: The upper one (designated cr on map), about 105 feet above base of formation, is the top of a distinctive sequence of limestone containing abundant branching bryozoans, scattered straight-shelled cephalopods and high-spired gastropods, and articulated crinoid columnals about 1/4 inch in diameter; horizon is overlain by a dalmanellid brachiopod coquina.  Lower key horizon (designated b on map), about 50 feet above base of formation is the top of a dalmanellid brachiopod coquina.  Identified fossils include: Amplexopora sp. (collection HH), Eridotrypa sp. (collections HH, II, LL, MM, OO, RR, TT, UU, VV, and XX), Hallopora multitabulata (Ulrich) (collections FF, HH, OO, QQ, VV, and XX), Hemiphragma cf. H. tenuimurale Ulrich (collections TT, WW, and XX), Mesotrypa sp. (collection OO), Prasopora falesi (James) (collections TT, VV, and XX), Prasopora cf. P. falesi (James) (collections LL and RR), Prasopora cf. P. simulatrix (Ulrich) (collections VV, WW, and XX), Ambonychia byrnesi Ulrich (collection KK), Amboynchia sp. (collections GG, JJ, and KK), Deceptrix sp. (collections JJ and KK), Colpomya faba (Emmons) (collection GG), Ctenodata regia Ulrich (collection JJ), ?Ctenodata regia Ulrich (collection KK), Cymatonota sp. (collection KK), Cyrtodontula sp. (collection JJ), ?Cyrtodontula (collection KK), cyrtodontid fragments (collection NN), Modiolodon aff. M. oviformis (Ulrich) (collection KK), modiomorphid fragments (collections JJ and KK), Similodonta sp. (collection GG), Archinacella sp. (collection PP), bellerophontacean indet. cf. Sinuites (collection KK), Bucania cf. B. sublata Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield (collection KK), Bucania sp. (collection GG), Bucanopsis carinifera. (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collection GG), Carinaropsis cymbula Hall (collections JJ and KK), Carinaropsis sp. (collections GG and NN), Clathrospira subconica (Hall) (collection KK), ?Clathrospira sp. (collection GG), Cyrtolites retrorsus Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield (collections JJ, KK, and NN), Cyrtolites sp. (collections GG and PP), Holopea cf. H. parvula Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield (collection JJ), Liospira progne (Billings) (collections GG, JJ, and KK), Loxoplocus (Lophospira) burginensis (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collections GG, JJ, and KK), Loxoplocus (Lophospira) cf. L. (L.) burginensis (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collection NN), Loxoplocus (Lophospira) medialis (Ulrich and Scofield) (collections JJ and KK), Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp. (collection PP), Murchisonia (Hormotoma) salteri ?salteri (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collections JJ and KK), Sphenosphaera clausus (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collections JJ and KK), Sphenosphaera troosti burginensis (Ulrich and Scofield) (collection GG), Sphenosphaera sp. (collections GG and JJ), ?Tropidodiscus sp. (collection JJ), Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich (collections KK and NN), Leperditella? sp. (collection NN), scolecodonts (collection NN), Tetradium sp. (collection JJ), Conularia sp. (collection FF), Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste (collections FF, GG, JJ, KK, MM, NN, PP, and SS), Heterorthina macfarlani Neuman (collections PP, RR, and SS), Pionodema rectimarginata Neuman (collections GG, JJ, KK, and SS), Pionomena recens Neuman (collections JJ and KK), Raflnesquina trentonensis Conrad (collections GG, JJ, KK, NN, PP, RR, and SS), Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall) (collections JJ, KK, NN, and PP), Sowerbyella sp. (collections KK, NN, PP, RR, and SS), Zygospira sp. (collections FF, GG, JJ, KK, NN, PP, RR, and SS).

Logana Member

Limestone and shale: Poorly exposed; micrograined limestone with locally common pelecypods, dalmanellid brachiopod coquina, and weathered shale are the only rock types observed.  Present only in northwestern corner of quadrangle, grades laterally southeastward into the Grier Limestone Member.  Dalmanellid brachiopod coquina (designated b on map and described above with the Grier) was used as the top of the Logana Member in the adjacent Nicholasville quadrangle (MacQuown, 1968).

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, light- to medium-gray, weathers light brownish to light olive gray, bioclastic (calcarenite), commonly cherty, crossbedded, contains a few beds of medium-gray micrograined limestone.  Contact with underlying Tyrone Limestone is sharp with bioclastic limestone of the Curdsville Limestone Member resting on cryptograined limestone or metabentonite of the Tyrone; in places pebbles derived from the Tyrone are included in the lower part of the Curdsville.  Fossils identified from collection YY include: Cyrtodonta sp., Vanuxemia gibbosa Ulrich, Bucania cf. B. halli Ulrich and Scofield, dalmanellids, Dinorthis pectinella (Conrad), and Hesperorthis tricenaria (Conrad).


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers light gray; bioclastic (calcarenite), commonly phosphatic, mostly in even beds some of which are crossbedded; commonly contains stromatoporoids in upper part.  Member is probably the lower tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member on the Coletown quadrangle (Black, 1967).  Unit not shown on the adjacent Valley View quadrangle where Greene (1966) included it in the Grier Limestone Member.  Identified fossils include: Amplexopora sp. (collection DD), Constellaria cf. C. teres Ulrich and Bassler (collection DD), Eridotrypa sp. (collection EE), Heterotrypa? sp. (collection DD), and Stictopora sp. (collection DD).


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray, cryptograined, laminated to thick-bedded; with very pale orange calcareous dolomite as irregular bodies or laminae; some beds without dolomite contain blebs and stringers of clear calcite; some beds fossiliferous.  Contains a persistent unit of greenish-gray argillaceous limestone 6 to 7 feet thick in upper part, other argillaceous zones occur locally.  Metabentonite occurs at top in southwestern part of quadrangle where it is as thick as 2 feet, between 20 and 25 feet below top throughout the quadrangle where it is as thick as 3 1/2 feet, and about 80 feet below top in centraI and southwestern parts of the quadrangle where it is a few inches thick.  Chert commonly occurs in beds a few inches thick beneath metabentonites and in scattered nodules.  A distinctive crossbedded bioclastic calcarenite is present near the middle of unit in the vicinity of Sulphur Well.  Intertongues with underlying Oregon Limestone; basal contact placed at top of highest mappable calcareous dolomite.  Identified fossils include: Batostoma sp. (collections CCC and FFF), Escharopora cf. E. angularis Ulrich (collection EEE), Homotrypa sp. (collection CCC), Pachydictya sp. (collection CCC), Phyllodictya frondosa Ulrich (collections EEE and FFF), Stictopora nicholsoni (Ulrich) (collections CCC, EEE, and FFF), Cleionychia sp. (collection AAA), Ctenodonta aff. C. nasuta (Hall) (collections AAA and BBB), "Ctenodonta" aff. "C." logani Salter (collection AAA), Cyrtodonta subovata Ulrich (collection AAA), Cyrtodonta aff. C. subovata (collection BBB), Cyrtodonta sp. (collections DDD and GGG); from collection AAA: Actinoceras altapontense Foerste and Teichert, Actinoceras kentuckiense Foerste and Teichert, Actinoceras n. sp., n.g. aff. Avilionella, Beloitoceras sp., Cameroceras sp., Cartersoceras spp. Manitoulinoceras sp., Michelinoceras s.I., Oncoceras n. sp., new genus of oncoceratid, Plectoceras sp., Protoceras n. sp., Tofangoceras n. sp., Tofangoceras? n. sp., and Valcouroceras n. sp.; Tetradium sp., of T. fibratum group (collection ZZ), Camerella cf. C. bella Fenton (collections AAA and HHH), Idiospira panderi (Billings) (collection DDD), Opikina sp. (collection BBB), and Zygospira circularis Cooper (collections BBB, DDD, GGG, HHH, and III).

Oregon Limestone

Limestone and dolomite: Limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray, cryptograined; with irregular bodies of pale-orange calcareous dolomite; dolomite, grayish-orange, weathers moderate brown, calcareous, micrograined; and limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathers light gray, cryptograined with blebs and stringers of clear calcite; laminated to thick bedded.  Units a few feet thick of calcareous dolomite distinguish the Oregon from overlying and underlying formations.  Uppermost tongue of dolomite present only in northeastern part of quadrangle, intertongues southwestward with Tyrone Limestone.  Basal contact placed at base of lowest mappable calcareous dolomite.  Limestone beds contain fossils in places; Ancistrorhyncha sp. (collection JJJ) was identified and bryozoans were observed.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Pliocene or Pleistocene High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, silt, clay, and gravel: Sand, fine to very fine, reddish- to moderate-yellowish-brown, subangular to subrounded, iron-stained; locally weakly cemented with iron minerals and clay.  Silt, grayish-orange to very pale orange, clayey with some very fine sand.  Clay, yellowish-gray, silty.  Gravel, rarely seen in outcrop, commonly occurs on the surface as a lag concentration; consists of quartz, quartzite, chert, and quartz-geode pebbles, cobbles, and boulders.  Unit occurs at at least two levels which record former courses of the Kentucky River.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Along Kentucky River: Sand, silt, clay, and gravel, grayish-brown to pale-brown; sand is fine to very fine, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, commonly well sorted in modern point-bar deposits.  Reportedly as thick as 90 feet at Camp Nelson.  Along tributaries: Gravel, clay, silt, and sand; derived locally; gravel consists mostly of limestone slabs with sparse pebbles and cobbles of chert; commonly less than 10 feet thick.  Colluvium (not mapped) generally covers most hillsides, mostly consists of clay and limestone; locally near Camp Nelson the limestone fragments are cemented.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Few exposures seen, but similar to alluvium.


Little Hickman Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, light-olive- to medium-gray, weathers light to light brownish gray; fossiliferous, partly dolomitic, in lenticular beds a few inches thick; characterized by abundant bryozoans, with few brachiopods and crinoid stems; in places stromatoporoids occur near base.  In east-central part of quadrangle contains a few feet of bioclastic (calcarenite) limestone at top.  Contact with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member or Brannon Member is fairly sharp.  Member was not shown on the adjacent Valley View quadrangle where Greene (1966) included the Sulphur Well in the Grier Limestone Member.  Identified fossils include: A ceramoporid (collection AA), Dekayia? sp. (collection Y), Eridotrypa sp. (collections X, AA, BB, and CC), Escharopora sp. (collections X and BB), Heterotrypa sp. (collections X, Y, Z, AA, and BB), Heterotrypa? sp. (collection BB), Homotrypa sp. (collection Z), Pachydictya sp. (collection BB), Peronopora milleri Nickles (collections AA and BB), Peronopora sp. (collection Z), Prasopora cf. P. falesi (James) (collection X), and Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste (collection CC).

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


McBrayer Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member
McBrayer Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit) is medium to dark gray, micrograined, argillaceous; in even to lenticular beds mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick.  Shale is dark gray, fissile.  Thins southward and westward from a maximum of 18 feet in northeastern part of quadrangle; pinches out just north of Hickory-Kirkwood Road but reappears at Vanarsdell Road.


McBrayer Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit) is of three types: (1) dark to medium light gray, weathers light olive gray, micrograined, argillaceous, in even beds mostly 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick; (2) medium gray to light olive gray, containing abundant brachiopods and bryozoans in micrograined calcite matrix, in beds mostly 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick; (3) medium gray, crinoidal, in beds as much as 1.5 feet thick, some crossbedded and exhibit para-ripples.  Shale (about 50 percent of unit) is medium to olive gray, weathers yellowish gray, fissile.  Basal 30 to 40 feet overlying Sulphur Well Member of Lexington Limestone is mostly unfossiliferous limestone and shale; basal 5 feet as much as 75 percent shale.  Beds from 30 to 40 feet to about 70 to 85 feet above Sulphur Well Member are mostly Rafinesquina-bearing limestone and shale and are nodular bedded in part; micrograined limestone becomes more abundant and nodular bedding much less common to west.  Crinoidal limestone, interbedded with brachiopodal limestone, micrograined limestone, and shale, present from 70 to 85 feet above Sulphur Well Member to top of unit.  Brachiopod Sowerbyella abundant from 85 to 100 feet above Sulphur Well Member to near top of unit.  Siltstone interbeds, present in upper part of formation in Lawrenceburg quadrangle to north (Cressman, 1972) not observed in this quadrangle, probably because of poor exposures.  Unit generally poorly exposed; forms moderate steep slopes that are mostly in woodland or pasture; weathers to clayey impervious soil.  Basal contact sharp and commonly well exposed.  Base of zone of abundant Sowerbyella can generally be located to within a contour interval in pastures with moderate slopes but cannot be located as closely on steep slopes or in woods.


McBrayer Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-gray to pale-yellowish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, poorly sorted; in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick alternating with sets of nodularly bedded fossiliferous limestone containing much micrograined calcite matrix.  Macedonia Bed consists of medium- to light-gray argillaceous micrograined limestone in beds 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick interbedded with some shale.  Brachiopod Rhynchotrema common in uppermost 40 feet of unit; dalmanellid brachiopods common below; bryozoans common throughout.


McBrayer Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray, in irregular to lenticular beds separated by shale partings.  Characterized by very abundant large bryozoans.  Basal contact sharp but generally poorly exposed.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member

Limestone; upper 4 feet is light brownish gray, nodular-bedded, micrograined to very fine grained limestone; lower 0 to 3 feet is medium to light gray cryptograined limestone.  Present only near southeast corner of quadrangle; grades laterally northward into Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Poorly exposed except on bluff along west side of Salt River 0.85 mile south-southwest of Vanarsdell.  Basal contact sharp.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


McBrayer Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
McBrayer Quadrangle: Tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, phosphatic, medium- to pinkish-gray, weathers brownish gray to pale orange; medium to coarse grained, bioclastic, in even to irregular beds and crossbedded sets; some beds contain abundant brachiopods and bryozoans.  Present only in northeastern part of quadrangle; enters quadrangle as single tongue about 40 feet thick but subdivides into three tongues (mapped) that pinch out southward and westward within lower part of Clays Ferry Formation.  Generally poorly exposed.


McBrayer Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
McBrayer Quadrangle: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member: Limestone, phosphatic, medium- to pinkish-gray, weathers brownish gray to pale orange; medium to coarse grained, bioclastic, in even to irregular beds and crossbedded sets; uppermost few feet contain abundant small ramose bryozoans.  Present only near northeast corner of quadrangle; grades laterally through a distance of 0.5 mile into Sulphur Well Member.


McBrayer Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
McBrayer Quadrangle: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, phosphatic, pinkish-gray to light-brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic; mostly well sorted; in irregular beds and crossbedded sets as much as 1.5 but mostly 0 1 to 0.7 foot thick.  Present in southeastern part of quadrangle; grades northward through less than 0.5 mile into nodular-bedded fossiliferous limestone of Grier Limestone Member.  Basal contact sharp but rarely well exposed.


McBrayer Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, and gravel: Silt is clayey, dark brownish gray when wet, pale yellowish brown when dry; sparse subangular pebbles of brown chert and rounded pebbles of quartz and quartzite common near base.  Sand, present locally in stream channels, consists mostly of limonite grains reworked from residual soils.  Gravel, present in some stream channels, consists mostly of locally derived angular fragments of limestone.  Unit includes both modern floodplain deposits and older alluvium on low terraces along Salt River.  Obscure thin patches of alluvium present on most slip-off slopes along Salt River; unmapped.


McBrayer Quadrangle: Tertiary or Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand and gravel; mostly yellowish-orange to yellowish-gray, silty, very fine quartz sand.  Gravel consists of rounded pebbles of quartz, quartzite, and chert and water-worn quartz geodes.  Sand was well exposed at time of mapping in cut at Kentucky Department of Highways garage on State Highway 425, 100 yards north of Pump House Road.


Moberly Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, light-olive- to light-brownish-gray; weathers in bulk pale to moderate yellowish brown, surface weathers olive gray to olive black; fine grained; bedding obscure, beds commonly 1 to 3 feet thick, rarely 2 to 12 inches.  Chert rare or absent where formation less than 10 feet thick, common where greater than 10 feet thick, mostly in topmost beds.  Chert, occurs as nodules 2 to 6 inches in maximum dimension; pale brown to medium gray; weathers light gray to white, texture irregular; contains oolites and fossil fragments.  Fossils rare, mostly silicified corals and brachiopods, largely fragmentary.

Thickness variable, maximum is 33 feet west of Elliston, reduced to 4 feet near Waco; 20 feet near Pine Grove church, generally 2 to 5 feet south of Brassfield.  Shown by colors where greater than 10 feet thick, by heavy line ( locally by colors ) where less than 10 feet thick.  Combined with Crab Orchard Formation in belt from Hickory Lick to Hays Fork; here the Boyle is poorly exposed but probably present beneath the New Albany Shale, except near the south boundary of the quadrangle, where it may pinch out.  Outcrops of Boyle indicated by symbol were observed.  The Boyle may be present at other localities in this belt where isolated topographic highs project more than 50 feet above the base of the Brassfield Dolomite.


Moberly Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, black, with grayish-orange, grayish-red, and dusky-yellow surface blooms; even bedding, beds commonly 1/64 to 1/8 inch thick, in alternating sets of more and less resistant beds, commonly 1 to 2 inches thick, fissile; weathers to thin chips with planar surfaces; commonly jointed.  Top not preserved.

Shale, black, grayish-black, and grayish-olive.  Black shale, occurs in even beds 1/64 to 1/8 inch thick grading into shale, dolomitic, brownish-black; in irregular beds 1/8 to 1 inch thick; interbedded with shale, grayish-olive; even beds 1/16 to 1/8 inch thick, in sets 1/2 to 8 inches thick; sharp contacts with and less resistant than black and brownish-black shale.

Shale and dolomite: Shale, dolomitic, brownish-black; weathers light olive gray; even beds 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick, commonly in coherent sets as much as 12 inches thick; weathers to plates and chips with planar surfaces or to pieces whose surfaces are curved fractures; contains rare beds of shale, black, thin-bedded and fissile, 1/2 to 2 inches thick.  Dolomite, in part argillaceous, olive- to light-olive-gray; weathers yellowish brown; fine grained; bedding obscure, exposed surfaces are curved fractures; beds 2 inches to 3 feet thick, in part even, in part lenticular.


Moberly Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone, dolomitic and silty, medium- to light-olive-gray, mottled with grayish-green, fine-grained; argillaceous streaks and calcite augen common; faint irregular bedding, beds 2 to 3 inches thick; weathers to blocks with curved surfaces.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.

Limestone, brownish- to olive-gray, commonly mottled with grayish-blue-green and dark-olive-gray; weathers light gray; micrograined to fine grained; beds even, ½ to 8 inches thick, with shaly partings.  Fossils rare.

Terrill Member

Dolomite, silty, greenish-gray to light-olive-gray; weathers light olive gray to pale olive; micrograined; commonly in even beds 1/16 to ½ inch thick that resemble shale; weathers to slabs and chips with planar surfaces; basal bed as much as 8 inches thick, weathers to irregular, curved pieces.  Fossils absent.

Stingy Creek Member

Limestone, silty and argillaceous, brownish- to olive-gray, commonly fine-, in part medium-grained; slightly uneven beds 3 to 24 inches thick, separated by sets of thin beds of very silty limestone, sets are 2 to 4 inches thick and non-resistant.  Weathers to irregular pieces, silty beds weather to small fragments.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.

Gilbert Member

Limestone, medium-dark- to medium-gray, micrograined to fine-grained; prominent bedding, beds 1 to 6 inches thick, with wavy, irregular surfaces and shaly partings between beds.  Unit is relatively resistant.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.

Tate Member

Limestone, medium-dark- to light-gray and brownish-gray; weathers light to very light gray; fine to medium grained; very irregular texture; bedding obscure, beds 1 to 10 inches thick, wavy and uneven; weathers to rubbly appearance.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.  Base not exposed.


Moberly Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, shale, and limestone: Dolomite, greenish-gray, brownish-gray, and light-olive-gray, commonly streaked and mottled; weathers light olive gray to yellowish gray, silty and argillaceous; in part fine to medium grained; beds uneven, ½ to 8 inches thick, many contain vugs with petroleum; weathers to irregular blocks, relatively resistant, common in upper half of formation, rare in lower half; in part, fine-grained, greenish-gray, mottled or finely banded, in beds 4 to 8 inches thick; weathers to irregular fragments bounded by curved fractures; in part, micrograined to fine grained, light-olive-gray to greenish-gray; in even beds 1/16 to ½ inch thick, resembling shale; weathers to plates and chips with planar surfaces.  Shale, dolomitic, light-olive- to greenish-gray, in even beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick; occurs in rare intervals near top, grades into silty dolomite.  Limestone, medium-dark- to medium-light-gray, fine-grained, rare, beds 1 to 4 inches thick.  Fossils sparse, a few bryozoans and brachiopods in limestone and fine- to medium-grained dolomite.


Moberly Quadrangle: Pliocene or Pleistocene Irvine Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand and gravel: Sand, commonly with matrix of clay and silt, yellowish-brown to yellowish-orange; weathers grayish orange; very fine to fine, rarely medium-grained; locally weakly cemented with limonite.  Gravel present locally at base, consists of rare pebbles of quartz, chert, and sandstone 1/4 to 3 inches in diameter in sand matrix.


Moberly Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt and clay, dark-brown, with rare gravel.  Gravel topographically lower than the top of the Reba Member primarily consists of limestone pebbles; above the Reba Member it consists of dolomite pebbles.  Fine gravel composed of limonite nodules 1/8 to 1/4 inch in diameter is locally present; gravel composed of subangular chert fragments up to 3 inches in maximum dimension is present along Muddy Creek and tributaries east of the fault in northeast part of quadrangle.


Moberly Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard/Brassfield Dolomite
Moberly Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard Formation

Shale and dolomite: Shale, dusky-yellowish-green and grayish- to pale-olive; weathers yellowish brown and dusky yellow; thin bedded and platy weathering, non-resistant, generally weathered to plastic clay at rare natural exposures.  Dolomite, medium-light- to light-gray and light-olive- to greenish-gray; weathers in bulk grayish orange to light brown, surface weathers moderate brown to dusky yellowish brown; fine grained; present in beds a few inches thick interbedded with shale, and in units 1 to 5 feet thick containing dolomite beds 1 to 18 inches thick with shale partings.  Fossils, mostly brachiopods, common in some dolomite beds.

Formation thinnest near Brassfield, where it contains the most dolomite; thicker near Elliston and in south-central part of quadrangle.  Thickens to 88 feet 3 miles east of Brassfield in the Panola quadrangle.

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite, medium- to light-gray and light-olive-gray; locally with petroleum staining and vugs containing tar; weathers in bulk grayish orange to light brown, surface weathers light brown to dusky yellowish brown; fine grained; wavy to very irregular beds 2 to 12 inches thick separated by shaly partings.  Fossils common, mostly brachiopods, corals, and crinoid stems.  Marker bed containing crinoid stem fragments 1/4 to 1 inch in diameter, some with serrated outline, generally present within 2 feet of top of unit.

Dolomite, light-olive- to greenish- to light-gray, locally speckled and stained with petroleum; weathers in bulk light brown, surface weathers moderate to dusky yellowish brown; fine grained; bedding obscure, even beds 1 to 10 inches thick seen only on etched surfaces or where otherwise very weathered; generally monolithic in appearance with beds 2 to 5 feet thick, weathering to large rectangular blocks.  Fossils rare or absent.

Thickness of entire Brassfield 8 to 10 feet along western belt of outcrop and at Elliston, 18 to 24 feet along Drowning Creek and near Brassfield.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale, interbedded.  Limestone (50 percent), medium- to dark-gray, micrograined, some medium-grained, locally siliceous or cherty; tabular bedded, beds less than 1/2 foot thick.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, locally brownish-gray, limy, thin-bedded.  Convolute "flow-roll" (ball-and-pillow) structure common in upper portion as seen at type locality of Brannon Member at former Brannon Station on Southern Railroad in east-central part of quadrangle.  Flat bedding in lower part where interbedded with tabular limestone.  Unit sparingly fossiliferous except for locally abundant trilobite carapace fragments or brachiopods.  Unit weathers light gray (gray reddish brown locally); limestone weathers to rounded, flat slabs; siliceous residuum including porcelaneous chert present in light-yellowish-brown residual soils.  Unit thins to northeast.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, silty shale, and limestone; interbedded.  Shale (50 percent), greenish-gray to dark-gray, weathers brownish-gray to yellowish gray; calcareous in part; contains thin silty shale laminae (5 percent); fissile in surface exposures.  Limestone (45 percent).  Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, clastic, with whole or fragmental fossils and silty sub-angular shale inclusions, contains pyrite; some weathered portions partly mottled with grayish-green, light-brown, and grayish-brown specks.  Limestone, dark gray, weathers light grayish brown; in thin tabular beds; micrograined, argillaceous and slightly silty; some interbeds of sublithographic to very fine crystalline gastropodal and ostracodal limestone weathering light gray.  Base of zone containing abundant small brachiopods, commonly referred to as Sowerbyella sp., occurs in lower 10 feet; trilobite fragments, and brachiopod coquina in some beds.  Underlies topography with rounded hills and steep slopes dissected with gulleys.  Unit grades into overlying beds mapped with Garrard Siltstone (Weir and Greene, 1965).

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, gray, medium- to coarse-crystalline, medium-bedded; bioclastic, with several beds containing numerous crinoid columnals; interbedded with beds similar to those of overlying unit.  Shale, gray, weathering buff, in basal part locally.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor interbedded silty shale: Limestone, dolomitic, greenish-buff to reddish-brown, medium-grained; thin to medium tabular beds; small crinoid columnals, brachiopods abundant locally; forms minor ledges.  Shale, greenish-buff, slightly limy and dolomitic, poorly exposed; weathers to yellow clay.  Unit occurs in elongated, narrow grabens within southeastern portion of West Hickman Creek fault zone.  Unit lithologically similar to Preachersville Member of Drakes Formation (Weir and others, 1965) which crops out in grabens in Coletown quadrangle to east.  The Rowland Member of the Drakes Formation, the Ashlock Formation, and the Calloway Creek Limestone may underlie the Preachersville Member in the grabens.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone and minor limestone: Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers buff; limy; poorly exposed except for leached blocky float with "flow roll" (ball-and-pillow) structures locally.  Siltstone from subsurface cores is very limy, gray.  Siltstone in thin to thick tabular beds with minor cross-lamination in some layers; contains some brachiopods locally but fossils generally sparse.  Limestone, gray, shaly; thin discontinuous beds; contains fossil fragments.  Residual soils are grayish yellow.

Shale, limestone, and siltstone; interbedded.  Shale (50 percent), dark-greenish-gray; contains silty shale laminae.  Limestone (30 percent), olive-gray to medium-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, poorly sorted, with some pyrite; disseminated grains of silt and fossil fragments; some dark gray, micrograined, tabular bedded.  Siltstone (20 percent), dark-greenish-gray in subsurface cores; weathers buff, limy, transitional with overlying unit but beds thinner, interbedded with limestone and shale.  Fossils sparse generally, present chiefly in limestone; some fragments, some whole brachiopods, gastropods, and bryozoans; fragments of pelecypods and trilobites.  Weathers readily to buff or tan soil; erosion develops steep slopes locally.  Unit similar to and mapped with overlying Garrard Siltstone but lower beds transitional with less silty upper part of underlying Clays Ferry Formation.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone consists of two lithologic types.  Tongues of Tanglewood Limestone Member described above occur in upper part of Grier Limestone Member described below.  Nodular chert and silicified fossils including Rhynchotrema sp., Hebertella sp., and Stromatocerium sp. (Nosow and McFarlan, 1960) are common in upper 10 or 15 feet.  Minor dark-gray shale partings.  Sinkholes and caverns develop where overlying Brannon unit is thin or eroded away.  Residual soil grayish-red.

Cane Run Bed

Limestone and interbedded shale.  Limestone (50 percent), medium- to dark-gray, micrograined, shaly, cherty; in thin tabular beds, weathering to porous chert rubble.  Shale, dark-gray, siliceous.  Unit resembles Brannon Member.  Locally base of unit is mapped as marker bed.

Limestone and shale, irregularly bedded.  Limestone (80 percent), bluish-gray in fresh outcrop to brownish-gray where weathered; fine to coarse grained; thin to thick bedded; nodular, slightly phosphatic, with argillaceous or sublithographic matrix in part; ledge forming, weathering to flaggy, gray "field stone" slabs; sublithographic slabs weather to light-gray float; some limestone dark gray, micrograined, tabular bedded, with thin interbedded laminae of dark-gray shale.  Shale, medium-gray, limy, in thin irregular beds between thicker limestone beds.  Fossils common, whole or broken, in most beds.  Sublithographic limestone 10 to 20 feet below Cane Run Bed contains abundant gastropods referred to as Loxoplocus sp. in USGS collections in adjacent quadrangles.  Top of this marker zone is useful in mapping locally.

Limestone and shale: Limestone (70 percent), similar to above unit but with larger percentage of dark-gray, micrograined, tabular beds and interbedded dark-gray shale.  Bryozoans, including Prasopora sp. and brachiopods, including Dalmanella sp. locally abundant in some beds (Nosow and McFarlan, 1960).

Logana Member

Shale and limestone interbedded: Shale (50 percent), dark-gray to gray-black, weathering brownish gray; thin bedded; calcareous in part; dominant in lower part.  Limestone (50 percent), dark-gray, finely crystalline, argillaceous, thin-bedded, weathering to blocky slabs; some irregularly bedded, rubbly in weathering; dominant in upper part.  Brachiopod coquina (mostly Dalmanella sp., McFarlan and White, 1948) prominent on bedding surfaces particularly in upper part.  Pelecypod internal molds common in lower part in dominant shale sequence.  Heterorthis clytie (Hall), Protozyga sp., Rafinesquina sp., and Rhynchotrema sp. near base.  Fossil collection USGS 4212-CO from 5 feet above base (fossil locality A).  Identification by R. B. Neuman.  Upper and lower contacts gradational.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone with interbedded shale; minor bentonite.  Limestone (80 percent), light- to medium-gray, medium- to coarse-crystalline, thin- to thick-bedded, slightly phosphatic, bioclastic and crossbedded in part; fossiliferous in some layers; some thin, nodular, gray chert beds; some dark-gray argillaceous limestone.  Shale, dark-gray, weathering light brownish gray.  Bentonite, light-greenish-white weathering to light grayish brown, occurs in several discontinuous, thin layers; some greenish bentonitic shale.  Prominent jointing and flat bedding provides conditions for characteristic blocky float.  Characteristic Curdsville species found in upper 7 feet include Onniella fertilis (Ulrich), Sowerbyella curdsvillensis (Foerste) and Hesperorthis tricenaria (Conrad).  Common are Rafinesquina sp., Rhynchotrema sp., Skenidioides sp., pelecypods, sponge spicules, trilobite fragments (near top).  Fossil collections USGS 4213-CO from 3 feet below top (fossil locality B) and USGS 4212-CO from 7 feet below top (fossil collection C).  Identification by R. B. Neuman.  Distinctive fossil assemblage includes some tetracorals as well as brachiopods, bryozoans, and pelecypods.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (70-85 percent), light-gray to greenish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, hioclastic, nodular and irregularly bedded to tabular bedded, crossbedded and phosphatic in part.  Shale (15-30 percent), medium- to dark-gray, limy, thin-bedded, fissile in part; commonly interlaminated with shaly limestone in thin partings between limestone beds.  Fossils abundant; "fossil hash" of closely packed whole brachiopods common; fossils include Rafinesquina winchesterensis, Cyclonema varicosum, Constellaria emaciata (Foerste, 1914).  Fossils generally fragmental in coarser-grained limestone.  Unit very poorly exposed, weathers to a thick yellowish clay soil with fossiliferous limestone rubble and a moderate- to light-reddish-orange soil with porous cherty residuum.  Unit includes Millersburg Member and several tongues of limestone similar to and probably laterally continuous with the upper part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member in the Lexington West and Coletown quadrangles.  Uppermost tongue is probably equivalent to Nicholas Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965).  Other tongues occur near base and locally within unit.  Tabular micrograined limestone and shale similar to overlying Clays Ferry Formation intertongue with unit along southeast edge of map.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Limestone, greenish-gray, weathering light yellowish gray, sublithographic to fine-crystalline, argillaceous, thin-bedded, with gastropods and ostracods.  Locally limestone coquina, light-gray, coarse-grained, medium-bedded, somewhat siliceous, with gastropod or brachiopod shells, lies above or is interbedded with fine limestone; where present, east of the Lexington-Nicholasville road, commonly occurs as rounded, blocky, somewhat porous (leached) float, with silicified shells or blue-white chert.  Unit locally absent or difficult to identify because of thinness, lack of outcrop, or intertonguing with adjacent units.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, thin- to thick-bedded; tabular beds dominant, crossbedded in part; phosphatic, siliceous in part, bioclastic.  Shale, medium-gray, limy, thin-bedded; mostly interlaminated with shaly limestone in thin partings between limestone beds.  Fossils generally fragmental, include some whole fossil genera such as the gastropod Cyclora, the bryozoan Constellaria, the brachiopod Rhynochotrema, and the coral Columnaria (Nosow and McFarlan, 1960).  Chert nodules and silicified limestone in some beds yield a porous cherty residuum in moderate- to light-reddish-orange soil.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, thin- to thick-bedded; tabular beds dominant, crossbedded in part; phosphatic, siliceous in part, bioclastic.  Shale, medium-gray, limy, thin-bedded; mostly interlaminated with shaly limestone in thin partings between limestone beds.  Fossils generally fragmental, include some whole fossil genera such as the gastropod Cyclora, the bryozoan Constellaria, the brachiopod Rhynochotrema, and the coral Columnaria (Nosow and McFarlan, 1960).  Chert nodules and silicified limestone in some beds yield a porous cherty residuum in moderate- to light-reddish-orange soil. Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, thin- to thick-bedded; tabular beds dominant, crossbedded in part; phosphatic, siliceous in part, bioclastic.  Shale, medium-gray, limy, thin-bedded; mostly interlaminated with shaly limestone in thin partings between limestone beds.  Fossils generally fragmental, include some whole fossil genera such as the gastropod Cyclora, the bryozoan Constellaria, the brachiopod Rhynochotrema, and the coral Columnaria (Nosow and McFarlan, 1960).  Chert nodules and silicified limestone in some beds yield a porous cherty residuum in moderate- to light-reddish-orange soil.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation
Nicholasville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone with minor bentonite and shale.  Limestone, light-brownish-gray, weathering to gray or chalky white; lithographic; medium to thick bedded; contains thin veins and small pods of clear sparry calcite ("birdseye limestone"); some interbeds of yellowish-white aphanitic and light-grayish-green argillaceous limestone in thin alternating laminae.  Fossils sparse; well jointed beds break with slight conchoidal fracture into blocky float.  Upper contact sharp, locally marked by thin greenish-white bentonite.  Other bentonites locally found at or about 7 feet and 14 feet below top of unit in beds 0.4 to 1 foot thick.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Paleozoic

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, dolomitic, siliceous in part, medium-gray, thick-bedded; resistant to weathering; sparingly fossiliferous.  Contains silicified crinoid columnals, tabulate corals, and horn corals (latter tentatively identified as Silurian or Devonian by Dr. L. C. Campbell, University of Kentucky).  Three isolated blocks found in one small area in complex graben in southern part of West Hickman Creek fault zone.  Lithology is characteristic of Brassfield and Bisher Limestones of Silurian age in central and eastern Kentucky.


Nicholasville Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Fine sand, silt, and clay in thin discontinuous beds; coarse sand and gravel lenses; unit generally less than 10 feet thick.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite and dolomitic limestone, light- to dark-gray and pale-yellowish-brown, mostly weathering yellowish brown and grayish orange, surfaces commonly stained dark yellowish brown by limonite; mostly very fine grained, commonly silty and sandy at base and top; shadowy breccia texture of light-gray fragments in dark-gray matrix in upper part of unit.  Contains finely crystalline pyrite; light-gray chert is locally abundant as replacements of fossils and as small angular to irregularly discoidal masses as much as 3 inches thick and 7 inches long.  In irregular beds commonly a few inches to about 1 foot thick; forms ledge on slopes, caps hilltops.  Fossils generally scarce, chiefly horn corals and crinoid columnals and molds of brachiopods.  Thins irregularly to the northwest; may pinch out locally on flats between Graveyard Hill and Oakdale School in central western part of quadrangle.  Base is a regional unconformity, generally poorly exposed.  The following fossil corals were identified by W. A. Oliver, Jr.: Alveolites sp. cf. A. dispansus (Davis), Favosites [Emmonsia] eximius Davis, Pleurodictyum insigne (Rominger), P. planum (Davis), Blothrophyllum zaphrentiforme Davis, Cystiphylloides americanum (E. & H.), Eridophyllum seriale (E. & H.), Pytchophyllum sp., and Stereolasma sp.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Wildie Member

Shale, silty, pale-olive to yellowish-gray, laminated, relatively nonresistant.  Poorly exposed on Button Lick Knob and on hilltops in southeastern part of quadrangle.

Halls Gap Member

Siltstone and minor silty shale: Siltstone, generally clayey but at top composed of more firmly cemented very fine sand and coarse silt; mostly yellowish-gray; in obscure, uneven, very thin beds grading to more even and thicker beds in top 10 feet; Taonurus ("rooster-tail" marking) and curly "worm" marks abundant.  Shale is clayey to very silty, greenish gray; irregularly interstratified in lower two-thirds of unit.  Unit moderately resistant, forms steep slope with bench at top.  Upper contact, poorly exposed in this quadrangle, is sharp in adjacent quadrangles (Gualtieri, 1967; Weir, 1967).  Siltstone grades into underlying shale; basal contact mapped at lowest outcrop of resistant siltstone.  Unit thins eastward and feathers out in Nada Member of Borden Formation (Weir and others, 1966); see diagram in lower right showing stratigraphic relations of members of the Borden Formation.

Nancy Member

Shale, in part calcitic, silty near top and base, greenish-gray.  Contains sporadic lenses of olive-gray fossiliferous muddy limestone; crinoid columnals are abundant, brachiopods, bryozoans and corals are common; lenses conspicuous on southwest slope of Button Lick Knob.  Relatively nonresistant, forms low-angle slope.  Grades into overlying and underlying siltstone units; contacts placed so as to exclude resistant siltstone.  Unit thins easterly and forms part of Nada Member of Borden Formation in adjacent Berea quadrangle (Weir, 1967).

Gum Sulphur Bed of Nancy Member:  Siltstone, light-gray and yellowish-gray; mostly in uneven beds less than 1 inch thick.  Locally contains minor lenses of silty shale.  Moderately resistant; forms ledge or steep slope; outcrop yields large platy fragments.  Scarce Taonurus and curly "worm" marks.  Grades into overlying and underlying units; contact mapped at top and base of resistant siltstone.  Unit is a lens that rises in section toward the northeast (Weir and others, 1966).

Shale, silty, greenish-, bluish-, and light, olive-gray, weathers same or yellowish gray; crudely laminated; relatively nonresistant, forms moderate slopes; outcrop yields small chips; generally poorly exposed.  Locally contains limonite-coated siliceous and calcareous concretions a few inches in diameter.  Fossils scarce; crinoid columnals and bryozoans occur in a few lenses of calcitic shale.  Grades into overlying and underlying siltstone units; contacts placed so as to exclude resistant siltstone.

Conway Cut Bed of Cowbell Member:  Siltstone, light-bluish- and yellowish-gray; in thin uneven beds.  Locally contains curly "worm" marks and Taonurus.  Moderately resistant, forms minor ledge.  Grades into silty shale of Nancy Member near North Fork of Copper Creek in southeast corner of quadrangle; unit is tongue of thick siltstone body in Berea quadrangle (Weir, 1967).

Shale, in large part silty, chiefly greenish-gray and light-olive-gray, weathers same or yellowish gray; generally very clayey in basal few inches to few feet but grades upward to very silty shale.  Crudely laminated, outcrop yields small chips; nonresistant, forms moderate slope, poorly exposed.  Locally contains dark-reddish-brown iron-rich siliceous and calcareous concretions a few inches to a few feet in diameter.  Light-gray to yellowish-brown silty phosphatic ovoid nodules, commonly about 1 inch in diameter, are common to abundant in basal 1 foot of unit.  Fossils scarce; crinoid columnals and bryozoans occur in a few lenses of calcitic shale.  Grades into overlying siltstone units.  Basal contact sharp.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Mississippian Slade Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Renfro Member

Limestone, silty, dolomitic; weathers dark yellowish orange, very fine grained.  Discoidal concretions, mostly 6 to 24 inches in diameter, of yellowish- and pinkish-gray chert near base.  Poorly exposed on hilltop about 0.7 mile west of Fall Lick in southern part of quadrangle.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, black, carbonaceous; weathers brownish black to yellowish brown; well-rounded frosted fine grains of quartz common at base; laminated, fissile; forms slope; outcrop yields abundant thin chips and plates.  Locally contains sparse finely crystalline pyrite; locally contains small ellipsoidal concretions of fine-grained calcitic and iron-rich or phosphatic material.  Megafossils scarce, chiefly small linguloid and orbiculoid brachiopods; fish plates, plant spores and conodonts common to abundant.  The following conodonts from the top few inches of the formation were identified by J. W. Huddle: collection A, Hindeodella sp. and Spathognathodus sp. and collection B, Spathognathodus stabilis (Branson and Mehl) and S. subrectus (Holmes).  Base is generally sharp and somewhat wavy, separated from underlying formation by a minor diastem; locally black shale intergrades through a few inches with dark-gray impure dolomite below.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone closely interstratified with an equal amount of very silty limestone.  Limestone, greenish-gray to light-olive-gray; evenly grained, mostly medium grained, slightly silty; in obscure wavy beds 0.5 to 2 inches thick.  Limestone, very silty, light-greenish-gray; weathers same and grayish yellow orange; in obscure wavy beds less than 2 inches thick; poor fissility.  Unit forms steep, fossil-strewn, rubbly slope.  Fossiliferous, mostly in top two-thirds - chiefly Hebertella, Platystrophia and other brachiopods and branching bryozoans; top 1 to 2 feet is clayey to silty and contains abundant small bryozoans.  Basal contact fairly sharp and conformable.

Limestone, medium-light-gray to light-olive-gray; chiefly micrograined; sparse pyrite; in even beds generally less than 3 inches thick, in part obscurely laminated; cylindrical burrows, perpendicular to bedding, about 0.1 inch in diameter and 1 to 2 inches long, are conspicuous in some beds.  Resistant, forms ledge.  Megafossils scarce, chiefly fragments of gastropods and brachiopods; ostracodes locally common.  Basal contact fairly sharp and conformable.

Terrill Member

Mudstone, dolomitic, greenish-gray and moderate-olive, weathering about same and yellowish gray; generally more silty and clayey near base; more clayey and dolomitic, in part calcitic near top; sparse greenish-gray clay mineral.  Mostly in even laminae and very thin beds less than 1.5 inches thick; ripple marks and mud cracks common.  Forms moderate slope; outcrop yields platy fragments.  Fossils very scarce, chiefly scattered bryozoans in basal 1 to 2 feet.  Basal contact fairly sharp and conformable.

Stingy Creek Member

Limestone and siltstone, mixed and intergrading, chiefly medium-light-gray, weathering about dusky yellow; silty to coarse grained but chiefly silty, fine grained; poor to fair sorted.  In obscure wavy thin beds made up of lenticles of limestone about an inch thick and a few inches long in a matrix of siltstone; forms rubbly, fossil-strewn slope.  Very fossiliferous; Hebertella, Platystrophia and other brachiopods, in part silicified, are abundant; pelecypods, gastropods and scolecodonts are scarce to common.  Base gradational through a few inches.

Gilbert Member

Limestone, bluish-gray and light-olive-gray, weathering same and grayish orange brown; micrograined to fine grained; sparse to common patches of coarsely crystalline white calcite; in wavy beds, a few inches thick, separated by partings of calcitic shale; forms rough ledge or steep slope.  Fossils scarce to common, chiefly Hebertella, Platystrophia and bryozoans, in part silicified.  Base gradational through a few inches.

Tate Member

Mudstone, muddy limestone and limestone: Mudstone, dolomitic and calcitic, grades locally to muddy limestone (95 percent), greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; even grained, silty and micrograined, generally more calcitic in upper part; common to abundant patches and grains of dark-grayish-green clay mineral.  Muddy limestone is at top of unit, makes up about 10 percent of unit on west edge of quadrangle, about 30 percent of unit on east edge of quadrangle.  In even laminae and thin beds as much as 2 inches thick, grouped in sets as much as 2 feet thick.  Forms irregular slopes, steeper where more limy; outcrop yields abundant platy fragments; fragments from near base are commonly silicified.  Fossils scarce, chiefly bryozoans.  Limestone (5 percent), chiefly medium-light-gray, mostly very fine grained; common vuggy patches, 1 to 2 inches across, of coarsely crystalline calcite; in wavy beds, about 1 inch thick, separated by partings of calcitic shale, grouped in sets 2 to 3 feet thick; forms ledge about 10 to 11 feet below top of member; fossils scarce, chiefly brachiopods.  Base of unit gradational through a few inches.

Back Bed

Limestone, light-gray and light-olive-gray, weathers yellowish gray; unevenly grained, chiefly fine grained and silty; a single set of obscure wavy beds a few inches thick; forms minor ledge.  Bryozoans and large Platystrophia and Hebertella common, locally silicified.  Base fairly sharp and conformable.

Mudstone, calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers same or yellowish gray; in even laminae and thin beds as much as 1.5 inches thick.  Forms moderate slope; outcrop yields platy fragments; weathered fragments from base are commonly silicified; unfossiliferous.  Base is gradational through several inches.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale and siltstone: Limestone (70 to 80 percent), chiefly medium-gray, weathers same or light gray; chiefly fine to medium grained; contains streaks of silty material, in part made up of coarse fossil fragments; very muddy in top few inches.  In slightly wavy beds, commonly 1 to 6 inches thick.  Whole and fragmented fossils common to abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.  Shale (10 to 15 percent), calcitic, light-olive-gray; mostly in partings and seams, less than 1 inch thick, between beds of limestone.  Siltstone (10 to 15 percent), calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; in thin beds, commonly about an inch thick; mostly in basal one-third of unit.  Fairly resistant, forms moderate to steep, ledgy slopes.  Lithology is transitional and intertonguing with underlying Garrard Siltstone; contact placed at base of lowest relatively persistent bed of limestone, thus generally excluding beds of siltstone more than 6 inches thick.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone.  Limestone (60 percent), dark- to light-gray, weathers yellowish brown; fine grained, in part silty, and medium to coarse grained; in fairly even beds 1 to 12 inches thick; fragmental and whole fossils common in medium- and coarse-grained layers, mostly brachiopods, but also bryozoans and trilobites and crinoid columnals; the lowest occurrence of the brachiopod Sowerbyella in abundance (shown by S? on column) is near the base-of the exposed section.  Shale, (20 to 30 percent), greenish-gray, in part silty and calcitic; laminated in sets 1 to 12 inches thick interstratified with limestone and siltstone; locally contains a few brachiopods and bryozoans.  Siltstone, calcitic (10 to 20 percent), greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; mostly in even beds 1 to 8 inches thick in top 50 feet of formation; unfossiliferous.  Forms ledgy, moderate slope.  Crops out only in northwest part of quadrangle, base not exposed.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Mudstone and dolomite: Mudstone (85 percent), calcitic and dolomitic, light-greenish-gray and grayish-yellow-green; sparse grains of dark-greenish-gray clay mineral; in laminae and thin even beds less than 3 inches thick.  Dolomite (15 percent), silty and calcitic, yellowish-gray and grayish-yellow, weathering same and dark yellowish orange; very fine grained; sparse grains of dark-greenish-gray clay mineral; in fairly even beds a few inches to a few feet thick; thickest bed, 2 to 5 feet thick, generally at or near base of unit; fossils scarce to abundant, chiefly recrystallized small branching bryozoans and molds of small brachiopods.  Unit forms irregular slope; thicker beds of dolomite form ledges; outcrop yields platy fragments.  Lithology is transitional with underlying Rowland Member; basal contact, locally marked by a relatively thick and persistent bed of dolomite, is generally exposed only in roadcuts.

Rowland Member

Mudstone, calcitic and dolomitic, light-greenish-gray and grayish-yellow-green; sparse grains of dark-greenish-gray clay mineral; in laminae and very thin even beds less than 1 inch thick; sparse ripple marks and mud cracks.  Forms moderate slope; outcrop yields abundant platy fragments; weathered fragments from near base are commonly silicified.  Megafossils absent.  Base conformable, gradational through few inches.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale and limestone: Siltstone (80 to 90 percent), calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray and grayish orange; mostly in even beds a few inches thick, in part in lensing, contorted beds, flow rolls, as much as 5 feet thick; weathered rock is porous and friable; unfossiliferous.  Shale (10 to 20 percent), calcitic, silty to clayey, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; laminated in discontinuous seams and thin sets irregularly interlayered with siltstone; unfossiliferous.  Limestone (as much as 5 percent), light-gray, weathering about same; fine to coarse grained, silty, in streaks and thin discontinuous lenses, commonly less than 2 inches thick and less than 10 feet long, irregularly interlayered with siltstone; commonly contains flat brachiopods.  Unit fairly resistant, forms ledgy to smooth rounded steep slopes.  Lithology is transitional and intertonguing with underlying Clays Ferry Formation; basal contact placed above highest relatively continuous limestone bed.  Crops out only along northern edge of quadrangle and on north side of northern fault in White Lick Creek.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, and gravel.  Mostly yellowish-gray silt containing lenses of yellowish-gray sand mixed with common to abundant pebbles, cobbles and blocks of firmly cemented siltstone and dolomite.  Whole and fragmented discoidal masses of yellowish-gray chert, mostly 1 to 3 inches in diameter, are common in southern one-third of quadrangle.  Angular to rounded fragments of limestone are abundant in northern one-half of quadrangle.  Includes low-lying terrace deposits near town of Paint Lick.

Gravel, consists mostly of pebbles and cobbles of resistant siltstone and chert; occurs in patches, a few tens of feet across and 20 to 50 feet above present flood plains of Paint Lick Creek and its tributaries.  Less than 5 feet thick; not mapped.


Paint Lick Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard Formation

Mudstone and dolomite: Mudstone (80 percent), grayish-yellow and grayish-green, mostly weathered to fluffy light-yellowish-gray soil; slightly silty; in part laminated and fissile along laminae; no megafossils; poorly exposed.  Dolomite (20 percent), chiefly medium-light-gray, yellowish-gray, and light-olive-gray, mostly weathering grayish orange and light olive brown; very fine to fine grained, in part calcitic and silty; sparse grains of dark-green clay mineral; in even beds a few inches to about 2 feet thick; irregularly interstratified with mudstone.  Megafossils generally very sparse, small crinoid columnals common in dolomite near base of unit.  Unit forms slope; poorly exposed.  Base conformable.

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite and mudstone: Dolomite (90 percent), in part calcitic and silty, chiefly light-gray, in places irregularly stained dark gray by black petroliferous material that fills interstices and small cavities; surface commonly limonite stained; evenly grained, very fine to fine grained and fine to medium grained, silty near base; in irregular beds 1 to 12 inches thick.  Fossils scarce to common, chiefly crinoid columnals, mostly small unornamented forms but including a few large (0.5 inch diameter) cog-wheel forms near top of unit; horn corals and molds of brachiopods locally common.  Mudstone (10 percent), calcitic, pale-greenish-yellow; in partings and seams less than 2 inches thick.  Unit forms ledge or ledgy slope.  Basal contact is sharp, probably a disconformity.


Palmer Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, limestone, and sandstone: Dolomite, light-gray; commonly weathered grayish orange to dark yellowish orange; very fine to medium grained; most beds indistinct, 1/4 to 2 inches thick, grouped in bedding sets as much as 4 feet thick; abundant irregular light-gray chert nodules in upper 8 feet, mostly concentrated in discontinuous layers, some nodules more than 1 foot long.  Gently crossbedded dolomite containing abundant well-rounded fine to medium grains of quartz and small pebbles of white and dark-green claystone occurs near base of section where unit is more than 15 feet thick.  Limestone, light-gray to pale-orangish-gray, very fine grained with few calcite augen; in wavy indistinct beds about 2 inches thick; commonly occurs below chert-bearing dolomite in an interval as much as 3 feet thick.  Sandstone, light-brown, grayish-orange, and pale-yellowish-brown, fine-grained, dolomitic, calcareous, silty, and argillaceous; composed of well-rounded fine to medium grains of quartz and sparse pebbles of white and dark-green claystone; thin uneven beds 1/8 to 2 inches thick in bedding sets as much as 1 foot thick; occurs at base of section where unit is more than 25 feet thick; maximum thickness about 6 feet.  Formation crops out as a conspicuous ledge.  Locally fossiliferous, including sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, gastropods, and trilobites.  Corals most abundant in calcareous layers and in upper part of formation; brachiopods more abundant in lower part of formation.  The following specimens were identified (W. A. Oliver, Jr., written communication, 1964, 1966): sponge, Microspongia sphaeroidalis (Duncan); tabulate corals-massive favositids, Favosites clausus Rominger, F. [Emmonsia] eximius Davis, Pleurodictyum insigne (Rominger), P. planum (Davis); branching favositids, Thamnopora sp. cf. T. limitaris (Rominger), Trachypora vermiculosa (Lesueur); auloporids, Syringopora?; rugose corals-acanthophyllids, Acanthophyllum?, Helio-phyllum sp. cf. H. halli (E. and H.) H. sp.; other rugose corals, Blothrophyllum zaphrentiforme Davis, Eridophyllum seriale E. and H.; crinoid columnals, Dolatocrinus sp.  Contact with underlying Crab Orchard Formation is a regional unconformity of low angular aspect (see diagrammatic section); the contact appears sharp and conformable at most exposures.  Not in contact with Bisher Limestone.


Palmer Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Nada Member

Shale and siltstone: Shale, greenish-gray to dusky-yellowish-brown, silty; weakly laminated; thinly and irregularly bedded.  Siltstone, gray; in even discontinuous beds 1 to 10 inches thick.  Occurs only on crest of Iron Mountain, poorly exposed.  Contact with underlying unit not exposed; units probably transitional and conformable.

Cowbell Member

Siltstone and shale: Siltstone, greenish-gray to yellowish-gray; obscurely bedded; few thin irregular shale partings.  Shale, light-olive-gray to medium-gray, locally stained yellowish orange by limonite; silty; indistinctly bedded; intergrades with siltstone.  Occurs only on Iron Mountain; poorly exposed.  Lithologic transition into underlying unit is gradational; contact between units is mapped at base of lowest relatively resistant siltstone.

Nancy Member

Shale, light-olive-gray to medium-gray, slightly silty; in even laminae 0.04 to 0.2 inch thick; limonitic siliceous nodules as much as 6 inches long and 2 inches thick locally abundant, particularly near top and middle of member.  Complete section occurs only on Iron Mountain; poorly exposed.  Contact with underlying unit sharp and conformable.


Palmer Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and dolomite: Shale, grayish-black; weathers to shades of gray and to dark yellowish brown where stained by limonite; carbonaceous; abundant disseminated grains of iron sulfides and few nodular concretions as much as 1 inch thick; fissile; locally contains sparse well-rounded medium grains of quartz in lower 15 feet; locally crossbedded and interbedded with dolomite in lower 30 feet.  Dolomite, medium-dark-gray to grayish-brown, very fine to fine-grained, carbonaceous; contains sparse disseminated grains of iron sulfides and well-rounded medium grains of quartz; in layers from less than 1 inch to more than 2 feet thick; common in lower 15 feet, limited to lower 30 feet.  Contact with underlying Boyle Dolomite sharp and conformable; contact with underlying Bisher Limestone and Crab Orchard Formation unconformable.

Dolomite, dark-gray, mottled with variegated shades of brown, very fine to fine-grained; at many places contains fragments of dolomite, chert, and fossils which impart a breccia-like appearance; carbonaceous; contains sparse well-rounded medium grains of quartz and chert, and very fine grains of iron sulfides.  Contact with underlying unit sharp and conformable.


Palmer Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone, Iight- to medium-gray; weathers medium to dark gray, grayish brown, and grayish green, fine grained, poorly and unevenly bedded, argillaceous; abundant gray and grayish-green shaly partings.  Fossiliferous, identified forms include: bryozoans: Amplexopora sp., Constellaria sp., Hallopora sp., heterotrypid -probably a Heterotrypa; brachiopods: Hebertella sinuata (Hall), Leptaena richmondensis Foerste, Platystrophia cypha (James), P. ponderosa Foerste.

Limestone, light- to medium-gray, very fine grained, thin- and even-bedded with a few wavy beds.  Beds occur in ledge-forming sets from 0.1 to 2 feet thick, separated by thin shaly partings and thin beds of shale.  Sparsely fossiliferous; locally contains abundant cephalopods and ostracods.  Contact with Terrill Member commonly sharp and conformable, although the two units locally intergrade and interfinger through a thickness of 2 feet.

Terrill Member

Dolomite, argillaceous and silty, moderate-grayish-green, light-olive-gray, and light-greenish gray, fine-grained, thin-bedded; breaks into plates as much as 0.1 foot thick.  Ripple marks and mud cracks common.  Upper 2 feet contains few thin beds of gray very fine grained limestone as much as 0.2 foot thick; lower 1 foot calcareous and transitional with Grant Lake Member.

Grant Lake Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-light- to medium-gray, fine to medium-grained; mostly in uneven, rubbly weathering beds 0.2 to 0.3 foot thick; makes up 80 percent of unit.  Shale, gray, thinly and unevenly bedded; occurs as partings and beds as much as 0.2 foot thick; most abundant in upper 5 feet.  Moderately fossiliferous; bryozoans and brachiopods, including Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste, most abundant.

Limestone, greenish-gray, fine-grained, argillaceous, thin-bedded; numerous shaly partings.  Fossils sparse.  Lower 5 to 10 feet transitional with Tate Member.

Tate Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-greenish-gray and grayish-green, fine-grained, argillaceous, silty, dolomitic; interbedded with medium-greenish-gray and grayish-green calcareous shale; thin bedded; fossils sparse.

Back Bed

Limestone, grayish-green; weathers grayish yellow green, fine grained, argillaceous, thin bedded.  At some places occurs as a 10-foot-thick ledge; at others occurs as a group of ledges less than 0.3 foot thick separated by partings and thin beds of grayish-green shale.  Very fossiliferous, fauna silicified and consists of bryozoans, gastropods, pelecypods, and brachiopods including Hebertella and Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste.  Base of bed not exposed.

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-greenish-gray to pale-greenish-gray and grayish-green, fine-grained, thin-bedded, silty, argillaceous, and dolomitic; intergrades and is interbedded with dolomitic shale of the same colors.  Fossils sparse.  Lower 3 feet transitional with underlying unit.  Unit not exposed; data from adjacent Union City quadrangle.


Palmer Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

(in subsurface only)Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, medium-light- to medium-dark-gray, very fine to medium-grained, unevenly bedded.  Shale, light-gray to greenish-gray; in beds less than 0.1 toas much as 0.5 foot thick; fossiliferous.  Siltstone, greenish-gray; weathers dark yellowish brown.  Unit not exposed; data from adjacent Union City quadrangle.


Palmer Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Dolomite, two varieties: (1) grayish-green, pale-green, greenish-gray, fine-grained; very silty and argillaceous; grades into and is interbedded with dolomitic mudstone; commonly laminated to thin bedded; weathered outcrops yield thin plates from .04 inch thick to blocky fragments 2 inches thick; (2) light-gray; weathers dark yellowish orange; fine to coarse grained; calcareous; contains grayish-green clay inclusions and minute cavities containing petroleum residues; most beds .1 to .5 foot thick, some as much as 2 feet thick; abundant near base and scarce near top of member.  Poorly preserved crinoid columnals, bryozoans, brachiopods, and gastropods locally abundant in dark-yellowish-orange dolomite; fossils sparse in grayish-green dolomite.  Conformably overlies and interfingers with Otter Creek coral bed through a thickness of a few inches; conformably overlies and interfingers with Rowland Member through a thickness of a few feet where Otter Creek coral bed missing.

Otter Creek Coral Bed

Limestone, medium-light-gray; weathers light olive gray to medium gray; fine to coarse grained, commonly medium grained; colonial corals, other fossils, and fossil fragments are major lithologic constituents; abundant inclusions of yellow-green clay as much as 0.1 inch long; sparse specks of iron sulfides.  Bedding variable from thin laminations to layers more than 1 foot thick; where more than 3 feet thick commonly crops out as small ledge; where less than 3 feet thick position of bed commonly marked by line of colonial corals in residuum.  Unit has an irregular distribution.  Identified fossils include: stromatoporoid: Aulacera cylindrica (Foerste), Labechia huronensis (Billings); corals: Calapoecia huronensis Billings, Foerstephyllum vacuum (Foerste), Grewingkia rustica (Billings), "Streptelasma" sp., Tetradium approximatum Bassler; bryozoans: Amplexopora sp., Constellaria sp., Gortanipora?, Hallopora sp., cf. H. subnodosa, Heterotrypa sp., Stigmatella, homotrypid--new genus; brachiopods: Hebertella cf. H. sinuata (Hall), Platystrophia annieana Foerste, P. foerstei var. ampla McEwan, P. cf. P. clarkvillensis Foerste, P. cf. P. cypha var. arcta McEwan, P. sp., Rafinesquina?, Strophomena sp., Zygospira kentuckiensis James, rhynchonellid cf. Lepidocyclus capax (Conrad); gastropods: Liospira aff. L. micula, Murchisonia?, bellerophontacean cf. Phragmolites; pelecypods: Ctenodonta sp., Pterinea sp., cyrtodont - Ortonella or Ischyrodonta.  Conformably overlies and interfingers and intergrades with Rowland Member through a thickness from a few inches to 3 feet.

Rowland member

Dolomite, grayish-green, pale-green, and greenish-gray, fine-grained, muddy; grades into and is interbedded with dolomitic mudstone; locally contains moderate-grayish-green clay streaks; massive appearance on fresh surfaces; shaly partings develop where weathered.  Few thin beds of greenish-gray fine-grained argillaceous limestone in beds ¼ to 3 inches thick in lower 20 feet.  Locally contains few thin beds of dark-yellowish-orange fine- to coarse-grained dolomite in beds a few inches thick in upper 15 feet.  Fossils very scarce.  Contact with Reba Member of Ashlock Formation sharp and conformable at some places, at others the two units intertongue through a thickness of several feet.


Palmer Quadrangle: Pliocene or Pleistocene High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, gravel, sandstone, and conglomerate: Silt, light-gray to light-brown, clayey and sandy; contains fine to medium grains of quartz and chert.  Clay, light-brown to very light gray; mostly silty and sandy.  Sand, reddish-brown to very light gray; mostly silty and clayey; composed of rounded grains of quartz and accessory chert, mica, and opaque heavy minerals.  Gravel, light-gray to tan, sandy; contains rounded pebbles of quartz and sparse pebbles of chert and quartzite; cobbles of chert and quartzite, quartz and chert geodes, and silicified lithostrotionoid corals locally present, particularly in deposits at higher elevations.  Sandstone and conglomerate, yellowish-brown to dark-reddish-brown; locally present in basal few inches where gravel and sand overlie the New Albany Shale; limonite cement derived from weathering of pyrite in the New Albany.  Crossbedding and scour-and-fill structures apparent in fresh exposures.  Deposits cover 4.2 square miles and occur as remnants of terraces.


Palmer Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, and sand: Silt, mostly light-brown, clayey; contains fine to medium grains of quartz and accessory chert.  Clay, light-brown, tan, and gray; mostly silty and sandy; in part carbonaceous.  Sand, light- to yellowish-brown and gray, very fine to coarse, mostly fine; mostly silty and clayey; composed of rounded quartz grains and accessory chert, mica, and dark opaque heavy minerals.  Sand limited to deposits along the Kentucky and Red Rivers and Lulbegrud and Snow Creeks.  Deposits along smaller streams contain pebbles, cobbles, and irregular fragments of dolomite, shale, and limestone.


Palmer Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel: Silt, light-brown to light-gray, clayey and sandy; contains fine to medium grains of quartz and chert.  Clay, light-brown to very light gray; mostly silty and sandy.  Sand, brownish-red to tan, very fine to coarse, mostly very fine to fine; silty and clayey; composed of rounded grains of quartz and accessory chert, mica, and dark opaque heavy minerals.  Gravel, light-gray to tan, sandy and silty; contains rounded pebbles of quartz and sparse pebbles of chert and geodes of quartz and chert.  Deposits occur in terraces and an abandoned stream channel at elevations between 618 and 710 feet.


Palmer Quadrangle: Silurian Bisher Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, two varieties: (1) grayish-orange-pink; weathers dark yellowish orange and moderate yellowish brown; fine to very coarse grained, bioclastic; very abundant fragments of crinoid columnals and bryozoans; porous; poorly bedded; (2) weathers dark yellowish orange; fresh rock not exposed; fine grained; thinly laminated.  Fine-grained dolomite occurs in lower few feet and as sparse thin beds in upper part of formation.  Unit caps a few buried hills that stood above generaI level of the Silurian-Devonian unconformity (see diagrammatic section).  Contact with underlying Crab Orchard Formation conformable.


Palmer Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Estill Shale Member

Crab Orchard Formation: Shale, dusky-yellow-green to grayish-olive, thin- and even-bedded; very plastic and swells when wet.  Contains light-gray fine-grained dolomite; weathers dark yellowish brown; in few discontinuous beds less than 1 inch thick.  Locally contains few beds of brownish-red shale, 2 to 6 inches thick, in lower 15 feet.  Locally a bed of slightly resistant gray shale, 1 to 3 inches thick, occurs 0 to 3 feet above base.  Contains "worm tracks" and a few poorly preserved brachiopods.  Conformably overlies and interfingers with underlying unit through a thickness of a few inches to a few feet.  Unit poorly exposed.

Waco Member

Shale, dusky-yellow-green, thin- and even-bedded; very plastic and swells when wet.  Dolomite, light-gray; weathers dark yellowish bornw, fine grained; in thin discontinuous beds about 2 inches thick.  Dolomite contains abundant small horn corals, colonial corals, crinoid stems, bryozoans, and brachiopods.  Unit poorly exposed.

Lulbegrud Shale Member

Dolomite, light-gray; weathers dark yellowish orange to dusky yellowish brown, fine grained; crops out as resistant ledge, 6 inches to 2 feet thick.  Contact with underlying unit conformable.

Shale, grayish-olive to Iight-olive-brown, thin-bedded; very plastic and swells when wet.  Locally, includes a few thin discontinuous beds of dolomite less than 1 inch thick.  Unit poorly exposed.  Contact with underlying unit conformable.

Oldham Limestone Member

Dolomite and shale: Dolomite, light-gray, light-olive, and greenish-gray; weathers moderate yellowish brown to grayish orange and dusky yellowish brown, fine to medium grained, mostly medium grained; bioclastic; beds 2 to 6 inches thick; upper surface of some beds wavy and scalloped; dolomite 80 to 90 percent at base of unit decreasing upward to 50 to 70 percent at top.  Shale, dusky-yellow-green to grayish-olive; in thin partings and beds as much as 3 inches thick.  Some dolomite contains poorly preserved corals, crinoid columnals, bryozoans, and brachiopods.  Contact with underlying unit conformable.

Plum Creek Member

Shale and dolomite: Shale, dusky-yellow-green to grayish-olive, thin-bedded; very plastic and swells when wet.  Dolomite, light-gray; weathers yellowish brown; fine to medium grained; in discontinuous beds ¼ to several inches thick; dolomite commonly less than 20 percent of unit, locally as much as 50 percent.  Unit poorly exposed.  Contact with underlying unit conformable.

Brassfield Dolomite

Brassfield Dolomite: Dolomite, medium-light-gray with greenish-gray argillaceous streaks; weathers yellowish brown; fine grained at base grading upward to medium grained at top; beds 2 to 8 inches thick with wavy to rough surfaces.  Numerous partings and thin beds of greenish-gray shale.  The brachiopod Cryptothyrella, crinoid columnals including cogwheel forms, small horn corals, and bryozoans common in upper 5 feet.

Dolomite, light-olive-gray; weathers moderate brown to dark yellowish brown; fine grained; commonly silty in lower 3 inches; obscurely bedded in layers 2 to 8 inches thick to massively bedded.  Few partings and thin beds of grayish-green shale.  Sparse, poorly preserved horn corals in lower 3 inches.  Unit crops out as a conspicuous ledge.  Contact with underlying unit sharp and conformable.


Panola Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, chert, and limestone: Dolomite, light-olive-gray to Iight-brownish-gray; weathers in bulk pale to moderate yellowish brown, surface weathers olive gray to olive black; fine grained; in part in resistant beds 1 to 3 feet thick, in part in wavy and uneven beds 1/2 to 8 inches thick.  Chert, pale-brown to medium-gray and where layered with white margins; weathers light gray to white; texture irregular, contains oolites and fossil fragments; present in nodules 2 to 6 inches in maximum dimension and in irregular layers as much as 4 inches thick, locally brecciated near top of formation.  Chert sparse or absent in southern one-third of quadrangle; common in northern two-thirds.  Limestone, light-brownish-gray; weathers light olive gray; fine to medium grained; single beds about 12 inches thick present at scattered localities in northern half of quadrangle.  Fossils scarce in dolomite, mostly silicified corals and brachiopods, but abundant in limestone, mostly small brachiopods.  Well exposed, commonly forms low cliff.  Shown by heavy line where less than 10 feet thick.  Attains maximum thickness of 33 feet 1 mile northwest of Winston, generally 20 to 25 feet thick, reduced to 12 feet near northeastern corner of quadrangle, and to 3 feet west of Panola.  Top and base of unit unconformable.


Panola Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Nada Member

Siltstone, silty shale, and shale: Siltstone and silty shale, greenish-gray, dusky-yellow-green, and grayish-olive-green; weather to same colors and pale to grayish orange; bedding in part thin but obscure, splits along irregular planes about 1/4 inch apart; in part beds even and resistant, 2 to 10 inches thick.  Shale, dusky-yellow-green and moderate-olive-brown; weathers to same colors, locally mottled with grayish red purple; thin bedded and platy weathering; dominant in lower few feet of unit.  One or more thin layers of glauconitic siltstone present near top of unit.  Fossils scarce; a few brachiopod, bryozoan, and crinoid impressions in lower part of unit.  Unit underlies steep slope, very poorly exposed, largely covered with debris from overlying formations.

Cowbell Member

Siltstone and silty shale, pale-olive and yellowish-gray to light-olive-gray to greenish-gray; weathers to same colors with dark-brown limonite stain on bedding and fracture surfaces; mostly in slightly uneven beds 1/8 to 2 inches thick, some resistant beds are as much as 18 inches thick; bedding obscure in some intervals.  Weathered outcrop splits along bedding planes and irregular curving fracture surfaces transecting bedding, yielding plates and irregular blocks.  Contains sparse dark-brown ellipsoidal limonite concretions, as much as 12 inches long.  Fossils common in upper one-third, rare in lower two-thirds, mostly brachiopods, crinoid stem fragments, and bryozoans.  Unit underlies steep slope, poorly exposed in upper half; locally well exposed in lower half.

Nancy Member

Shale and silty shale, light-olive-, greenish-, and brownish-gray, and pale- to grayish-olive; weathers yellowish gray to dark yellowish orange, in even beds where argillaceous, uneven beds where silty, beds 1/16 to 1 inch thick.  Weathers to soft clay where argillaceous, yields chips with flat surfaces; where silty weathers to irregular fragments.  Ellipsoidal limonite-siderite concretions as much as 12 inches long common in lower part of formation.  Fossils sparse or absent.  Forms moderate slopes, generally covered with debris from overlying formations; exposed only in stream cuts near base.


Panola Quadrangle: Mississippian Slade Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Upper Member

Limestone, light-olive-gray to greenish-gray and medium- to light-gray; weathers olive to greenish gray and grayish and yellowish orange.  Fine to medium grained and micrograined to aphanitic, oolitic in part, oolites most prominent in medium-grained beds, commonly accompanied by fossil and single-crystal fragments in an even, granular texture.  Chert in irregular wavy beds 1/2 to 3 inches thick present in a few units; chert is mottled light gray to brownish gray.  Units of aphanitic to micrograined beds commonly separated from units of fine- to medium-grained beds by greenish shaly partings with local channels filled with limestone breccia.  Aphanitic to micrograined units characterized by prominent, slightly uneven bedding; beds 1/8 to 8 inches thick with shaly partings between.  Fine- to medium-grained units have obscure bedding showing only as faint, even ribs on weathered surfaces, 2 to 8 inches apart.  Base commonly marked by 1/2 to 3 inches of shale, dusky-yellow-green with local breccia of angular limestone fragments, 1/4 to 2 inches in maximum dimension.  Common fossils are mostly fragmental brachiopods, crinoids, and blastoids.  Well exposed, generally at top of a prominent cliff line and on steep slopes above.

Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-light- to light-gray and light-olive to light-brownish-gray; weathers light olive to yellowish gray, micrograined to medium grained, generally oolitic.  Lower part medium grained, oolitic, even, granular texture; bedding faint, but shows where weathered as even, planar beds 1/16 to 2 inches thick; upper part micrograined to fine grained; oolitic in part; bedding obscure, locally has breccia texture with irregularly rounded Iight-brownish-gray fragments in medium-gray matrix; contains beds and lenses of chert, medium-light-gray to pale-reddish-brown; as much as 2 inches thick and several tens of feet long, commonly bent and contorted.  Top marked by a few feet of oolitic limestone.  Basal contact is erosional unconformity.  Fossils scarce, present in a few beds in upper part, mostly brachiopods.  Well exposed in vertical cliffs and very steep slopes.

St. Louis Limestone Member

Limestone, light-olive-gray to very light brownish gray; weathers light gray, micrograined to fine grained; texture commonly irregular with abundant calcite blebs; in even beds mostly 3 to 8 inches thick with greenish shaly partings.  Commonly contains nodules, fragments, and irregular masses of chert, orangish-, brownish-, and reddish-gray, 1/2 to 12 inches in maximum dimension; chert commonly replaces colonial lithostrotionoid corals.  Other fossils scarce or absent.  Commonly well exposed at base of cliff; locally concealed.

Renfro Member

Dolomite, limestone, and shale: Dolomite, silty and argillaceous, pale- to dark-yellowish-orange, pale-orange, and brownish-gray; weathers grayish orange to grayish yellow; soft and porous where severely weathered; micrograined to fine grained, in uneven beds 1 to 4 inches, rarely as much as 18 inches thick.  Some beds crisscrossed with veinlets and masses of sparry dolomite, other beds contain nodules and masses of light-gray chert as much as 1 inch thick by 12 inches long.  Limestone, cherty, medium- to light-gray, micrograined; uneven beds 1 to 18 inches thick scattered throughout the unit.  Shale, grayish-green to dusky-yellow-green; sets of thin beds 1/4 to 6 inches thick; occurs as partings between dolomite beds.  Quartz-filled geodes common near base of unit.  Fossils scarce; a few brachiopods, corals, and crinoid fragments present.  Forms steep slope below cliff line; very poorly exposed, covered with debris from higher formations.


Panola Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, black, with surface coatings of grayish orange, grayish red, and dusky yellow; even laminae commonly 1/64 to 1/8 inch thick, fissile; weathers to thin chips with planar surfaces; commonly jointed, joint surfaces show alternating sets of more and less resistant beds, commonly 1 to 2 inches thick.  Phosphatic nodules, dusky-yellowish-brown, as much as 4 inches in maximum dimension, sparsely present in top 20 feet.

Shale, black, brownish-black, and grayish-olive: Black shale, in even laminae 1/64 to 1/8 inch thick; grades into brownish-black dolomitic shale in irregular beds 1/8 to 1 inch thick; interbedded with grayish-olive shale in even beds 1/16 to 1/8 inch thick, in sets 1/2 to 8 inches thick; sharp contacts with and less resistant than black and brownish-black shale.

Shale and dolomite: Shale, dolomitic, brownish-black; weathers light olive gray; even laminae 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick; commonly in coherent sets as much as 12 inches thick; weathers to plates and chips with planar surfaces or to pieces whose surfaces are curved fractures; contains scarce beds of black shale, 1/2 to 2 inches thick, thinly laminated and fissile.  Dolomite, in part argillaceous, olive- to light-olive-gray; weathers yellowish brown, fine grained; bedding obscure, exposed surfaces are curved fractures; beds 1/2 inch to 2 feet thick, in part even, in part lenticular.  New Albany Shale generally well exposed; underlies finely dissected knobby country where present in nearly full thickness, flat plateaus where only lower part present.


Panola Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone, argillaceous and silty, medium- to light-olive-gray, mottled with grayish-green, fine-grained; argillaceous streaks and calcite blebs common; in faint irregular beds 2 to 3 inches thick; weathers to blocks with curved surfaces.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.

Limestone, brownish- to olive-gray, commonly mottled grayish-blue-green and dark-olive-gray; weathers light gray, micrograined to fine grained; beds even, 1/2 to 8 inches thick, shaly partings between.  Fossils sparse.

Terrill Member

Dolomite, silty, greenish- to light-olive-gray; weathers light olive gray to pale olive, micrograined; commonly in even laminae 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick that resemble shale; weathers to slabs and chips with planar surfaces; basal bed as much as 8 inches thick, weathers to irregular, curved pieces.  Fossils absent.

Grant Lake Member

Limestone, silty and argillaceous, brownish- to olive-gray; commonly fine-grained, in part medium-grained; slightly uneven beds 3 to 24 inches thick, separated by sets 2 to 4 inches thick of thin beds of nonresistant very silty limestone.  Weathers to irregular blocks and small fragments.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.

Limestone, medium-dark- to medium-gray, micrograined to fine-grained; prominent beds 1 to 6 inches thick, with wavy, irregular surfaces and shaly partings between beds.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.  Ashlock Formation exposed in cut-banks only in valley of Drowning Creek, base not exposed.  Underlies steep slopes and flat valley bottoms.


Panola Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, shale, and limestone: Dolomite, silty and argillaceous, of three types: (1) fine to medium grained; greenish, brownish, and light olive gray, commonly streaked and mottled; weathers light olive to yellowish gray; beds uneven, 1/2 to 8 inches thick, many contain vugs with petroleum; weathers to irregular blocks, relatively resistant; common in upper half, rare in lower half of formation; (2) fine grained; greenish gray, mottled or finely banded; in beds 2 to 8 inches thick; weathers to irregular fragments bounded by curved fractures; (3) micrograined to fine grained; light olive to greenish gray; in even beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick that resemble shale; weathers to plates and chips with planar surfaces.  Shale, dolomitic, light-olive- to greenish-gray; in even laminae 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick; in several thin sets near top of formation.  Limestone, medium-dark- to medium-light-gray, fine-grained; thin beds.  Fossils sparse but include a few bryozoans and brachiopods in limestone and fine- to medium-grained dolomite beds.  Underlies steep slopes, well exposed in stream cuts.


Panola Quadrangle: Pennsylvanian Grundy Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, siltstone, and sandstone: Shale, light-gray to light-brown, silty, thinly to obscurely bedded; weathers to irregular pencil-like fragments.  Siltstone is similar to shale, but present in 2- to 6-inch beds; weathers to slabs.  Sandstone, light gray to white, very fine to fine-grained; in irregular beds 1 to 12 inches thick; separately mapped where 10 feet or more thick.  Contains very sparse plant fossils.  Poorly exposed, forms rounded mountaintops with sparse sandstone float.  Basal contact, generally covered, is erosional unconformity.

Sandstone, grayish-orange to light-gray to white, very fine to medium-grained, well sorted and well rounded; consists of quartz, minor muscovite, and rare accessory minerals, matrix absent, poorly cemented with silica.  Weathers yellowish orange, yellowish brown, pale brown, and grayish red purple; crumbles to loose sand.  Bedding locally even and horizontal with beds 1/4 to 6 inches thick, locally obscure with beds several feet thick.  Locally crossbedded, crossbeds 1/8 to 1 inch thick in sets 6 to 12 inches thick, dip as much as 30 degrees.  Rare conglomeratic layers contain well rounded quartz pebbles 1/8 to 1/2 inch in diameter.  Ribbed surfaces on weathered outcrop emphasize bedding, limonitic layers also appear in positive relief.  Contains very sparse plant fossils.  Lenses of sandstone and minor conglomeratic sandstone pinch out laterally into undifferentiated shale, siltstone and sandstone described above.  Well exposed, forms low cliffs and caprocks on mountaintops.  Basal contact, generally covered, is erosional unconformity.


Panola Quadrangle: Pliocene or Pleistocene Irvine Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, clay, and gravel: Sand, moderate- to light-brown, moderate yellowish-brown, yellowish-orange, and moderate-reddish-brown; weathers grayish orange, commonly fine, locally very fine or medium to coarse; generally well sorted with clay matrix; locally poorly sorted with intermixed silt, locally devoid of matrix; blocky texture, weakly consolidated.  Bedding obscure, where observed is generally low-angle crossbedding in sets of indeterminate extent.  Clay, in part silty, light-brown, yellowish-brown, and light-olive-gray to light-gray; in a few beds 1 to 12 inches thick near base of formation.  Gravel consists of well rounded quartz pebbles 1/8 to 1/2 inch in diameter and subangular to well rounded chert and sandstone fragments and pebbles 1/4 to 3 inches in diameter; locally sandstone slabs as much as 8 inches and boulders as much as 4 feet in maximum dimension are present.  Matrix is sand, light-brown to moderate yellowish-brown, in part medium and well sorted, in part fine and poorly sorted with admixed silt and clay.  Gravel locally present in basal 5 feet of formation.


Panola Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, sand, silt, and clay: Terrace deposits south of Crooked Creek are primarily gravel consisting of subrounded pebbles, cobbles, and slabs of sandstone and siltstone, commonly 1 to 4 inches, but as much as 18 inches across, and well rounded pebbles of quartz, limonite, and sandstone 1/2 to 1 inch in diameter in yellowish-brown or reddish-brown silty and clayey matrix.  Terrace deposits north and west of Witt and in the northeastern corner of the quadrangle consist of silt and very fine to fine sand, reddish-brown where clay matrix present, yellowish-gray where free of clay; with lenses of gravel consisting of well rounded quartz pebbles, 1/4 to 1 inch in diameter.


Panola Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard
Panola Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard

Shale and dolomite: Shale, dusky-yellow-green and grayish- to pale-olive; weathers yellowish brown and dusky yellow, thin bedded and platy weathering, nonresistant; few outcrops, natural exposures generally weathered to plastic clay.  Dolomite, medium-light- to light-gray and light-olive-gray to greenish-gray; weathers grayish orange to light brown in bulk, surface weathers moderate brown to dusky yellowish brown, fine grained; present in individual beds a few inches thick interbedded with shale, and in sets 1 to 5 feet thick containing dolomite beds 1 to 18 inches thick with shale partings.  Fossils common in some dolomite beds, mostly brachiopods.  Poorly exposed, underlies gentle slopes.  Formation thickest on hills 1 mile south of Witt, thinnest directly west of Rock Lick.

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite, medium- to light-gray and light-olive-gray; locally with petroleum staining and vugs containing tar; weathers grayish orange to light brown in bulk, surface weathers light brown to dusky yellowish brown, fine grained; wavy to very irregular beds 2 to 12 inches thick separated by shaly partings.  Fossils common, mostly brachiopods, corals, and crinoid stems.  Marker bed consisting of crinoid columnals with serrated outline 1/4 to 1 inch in diameter is generally present 0 to 2 feet below top of unit.  Unit poorly exposed, underlies slope continuous with overlying formation.

Dolomite, light-olive- to greenish- to light-gray; locally speckled and stained with petroleum; weathers light brown, surface weathers moderate to dusky yellowish brown, fine grained; bedding obscure, even beds 1 to 10 inches thick seen only as etched surfaces or where very weathered; generally monolithic in appearance with beds 2 to 5 feet thick that weather to large rectangular blocks.  Fossils scarce or absent.  Well exposed, forms low cliff.


Parksville Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite conglomerate, dolomitic limestone, and limestone: Dolomite conglomerate consisting of pebbles and cobbles of dolomite, angular chert fragments, and silicified horn coral fragments in a matrix of light-reddish-brown, fine-grained dolomite granules; locally upper 5 to 10 feet contains interbeds, lenses, and fragments of black shale.  Dolomite conglomerate is the “Duffin” of McFarlan and White (1952).  Limestone, dolomitic, light- to medium-olive-gray, finely crystalline, contains light-gray chert lenses, blocky chert, silicified horn coral fragments.  Limestone, medium-gray, fine- to medium-grained, contains interbeds of light-yellowish-gray to light-gray and crinoidal calcarenite.  Basal contact is sharp, unconformable, rests on erosional surface cut into the underlying Brassfield Dolomite and Drakes Formation.  Boyle Formation missing within most of a downdropped fault block exposed along North Rolling Fork and Hungry Neck Fork drainages.


Parksville Quadrangle: Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, dark-gray, carbonaceous; contains a few scattered veinlets, blebs, laminae, and nodules of pyrite; upper 1 to 3 feet contains a few scattered phosphatic nodules.  Fresh exposures show conchoidal fracture and weathered outcrops are fissile and iron stained.  Basal contact locally unconformable, commonly well exposed where unit overlies Boyle Formation.


Parksville Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Muldraugh Member

Siltstone and minor limestone: Siltstone, dolomitic, light- to medium-gray, partly silicified, laminated, cherty; weathers to light-yellowish-orange soil containing quartz geodes and platy and nodular chert.  Limestone, dolomitic, crinoidal, light-gray to light-yellowish-gray, silty, cherty; weathers to yellowish-orange soil containing crinoid columnals and nodular chert.  Unit well exposed in roadcuts, streams, and on hill slopes.  At base is a 5- to 10-foot-thick zone in which glauconite is concentrated as dark-grayish-green seams and as disseminated granules and pellets in siltstone above and below seams.  Basal contact is mapped at lowest continuous glauconite seam.  Glauconite zone is well exposed in streams and roadcuts, but is mostly concealed by colluvium on hill slopes.

Halls Gap Member

Siltstone and minor limestone: Siltstone, dolomitic, medium-light-gray, faintly to strongly laminated, locally extensively silicified; contains scattered quartz geodes.  Upper 15 feet contains thin beds and lenses of clastic dolomitic limestone lithologically similar to those in overlying unit.  Basal beds grade downward through 5 to 10 feet from siltstone to silty shale of underlying unit; gradational zone weathered and poorly exposed except in roadcuts.

Nancy Member

Shale, silty, medium-greenish-gray, contains scattered quartz geodes and oxidized pyrite nodules; unit characteristically slumps over New Providence Shale Member of Borden Formation and forms a prominent widespread slump bench along hill slopes.  Basal beds grade downward through 10 to 15 feet from silty shale to clay shale of the New Providence; basal contact is mapped about 5 to 10 feet below slump bench.

New Providence Shale Member

Shale, clayey, light- to medium-greenish-gray.  Lower 5 to 10 feet contains nodules, thin beds, and lenses of sideritic limestone, and scattered phosphatic nodules.  Basal contact is sharp, well exposed in roadcuts and streams.


Parksville Quadrangle: Mississippian Salem and Harrodsburg Limestones

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and sandstone: Limestone, calcarenite, crinoidal, medium-light-gray and light-yellowish-gray to light-olive-gray, partly silicified coarse- to very coarse-grained, medium- to thick-bedded, in part crossbedded; contains chert lenses and nodules.  Sandstone, calcareous, light-brown, fine-grained, thin-bedded; occurs 5 to 10 feet above base.  Basal contact well exposed, sharp.


Parksville Quadrangle: Mississippian St. Louis Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, olive- to dark-gray, fine- to medium-grained, argillaceous, thin- to medium-bedded; contains ball chert, flattened quartz geodes, and lithostrotionoid corals.  Basal contact well exposed, sharp; upper beds removed by erosion.


Parksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grant Lake Limestone

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, silty, argillaceous; in medium-gray irregular thin beds; contains abundant brachiopods of the genus Platystrophia, branching bryozoans, pelecypods, gastropods, and a few crinoid columnals.  Shale, calcareous, medium-gray; in partings and interbeds 2 to 8 inches thick.  Unit well exposed in streams and roadcuts but obscured by colluvium on hill slopes.  Grant Lake Limestone of this quadrangle is correlated with Stingy Creek Member of Ashlock Formation as identified in Junction City quadrangle (Harris, 1972) to east.

Gilbert Member

Limestone, light-olive-gray, micrograined, medium-bedded; contains a few interbeds of medium-gray to light-olive-gray, argillaceous, fossiliferous limestone; nodular chert occurs in upper 4 feet of unit.  Unit well exposed throughout quadrangle except along Brumfield fault.

Tate Member

Siltstone, dolomitic, light-greenish-gray, laminated and thin-bedded; glauconite granules sparsely disseminated throughout.  Well exposed in streams and roadcuts; along hill slopes weathers to soil littered with prismatic chips.


Parksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of the Lexington Limestone
Parksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of the Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone, argillaceous, medium-gray, fine-grained, and thin-bedded.  Shale, medium-gray, locally contains limestone nodules.  Basal contact sharp and well exposed in streams.


Parksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, calcarenite, fossiliferous (brachiopods and branching bryozoans), medium-olive-gray; in uneven beds 2 to 4 inches thick; contains interbeds of dark-gray silty and argillaceous limestone and partings of greenish-gray shale.  Well exposed in streams and roadcuts; weathers to red clay soil containing scattered blocks and lenses of fossiliferous limestone.


Parksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded shale minor limestone and siltstone: Shale, silty, olive-gray to yellowish-gray.  A few thin beds of medium-gray, micrograined limestone contain abundant whole and broken brachiopods, bryozoans, and crinoid columnals.  Sparse interbeds of calcareous siltstone, greenish-gray to medium-gray.  Unit generally poorly exposed.

Shale, limestone, and minor siltstone: Shale, medium-olive-gray, interbedded with limestone, calcarenite, medium-gray; in beds a few inches to about 2 feet thick which contain numerous whole and broken Sowerbyella brachiopods between about 90 and 160 feet above base of formation.  A few greenish-gray, calcareous siltstone partings occur throughout unit.

Shale and minor limestone: Shale, light- to medium-olive-gray and yellowish-gray; contains a few interbeds of medium-dark-gray, argillaceous, micrograined limestone.  Middle part of formation, from about 90 to about 120 feet above base, is well exposed in streams, roadcuts, and on hill slopes; other parts of formation are poorly exposed except locally in larger streams.  Basal contact sharp, exposed at places in streams and on hill slopes.


Parksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Saluda Dolomite Member

Siltstone, dolomitic, yellowish-gray, thin-bedded and laminated, contains calcite stringers.  Well exposed and forms steep slopes, cliffs, and ledges within a downdropped fault block along North Rolling Fork and Hungry Neck Fork drainages.  Upper part of member locally truncated by erosion; unit overlain by Boyle Formation or New Albany Shale.  Lower contact is sharp, mapped at top of upper limestone bed of underlying member.

Bardstown Member

Limestone, light- to medium-gray and light-olive-gray, micrograined; contains gastropods, horn corals, brachiopods, cylindrical bryozoans, and colonial corals as much as 2 feet in diameter; exposed only within downdropped fault block along North Rolling Fork.

Rowland Member

Siltstone and limestone: Siltstone, dolomitic, light-greenish-gray, weathers light yellowish gray; lower 5 feet of unit is shaly and silty laminated light-gray limestone.  Unit well exposed in streams and roadcuts; poorly exposed along hill slopes.  The lower part of the Rowland Member of the Drakes Formation of this quadrangle is correlated with the Terrill Member of the Ashlock Formation as mapped in the Junction City quadrangle to the east (Harris, 1972).  It is mapped with the underlying Grant Lake Limestone and Ashlock Formation where poorly exposed along the Brumfield fault.


Parksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale, and minor limestone: Siltstone, calcareous, olive-gray to yellowish-brown, in thin beds internally laminated; local flow rolls exposed in stream beds; weathers to light-reddish-brown soil containing numerous tabular chips of siltstone; interbedded with shale and limestone.  Shale, silty, calcareous, light-reddish-gray and light-gray; occurs throughout unit as interbeds in western part of quadrangle.  A few 2- to 6-inch-thick beds of medium-gray, fine-grained limestone occur in upper and middle parts of unit.  Basal contact grades over 5 to 10 feet from calcareous siltstone downward into calcareous silty shale.  Unit locally exposed in streams; poorly exposed in roadcuts and on hill tops and slopes.


Parksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone Upper
Parksville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray, fine- to very fine grained, irregular thin wavy bedding, contains abundant bryozoans; intercalated with 1- to 3-inch-thick lenses of light-gray shale.  Basal contact poorly exposed.

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to yeIlowish-brown, irregular beds 3 to 6 inches thick; locally contains brachiopods and stromatoporoids.  Basal contact gradational over about 1 foot.

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Limestone, light-yellowish-brown and light-yellowish-gray, laminated and thin-bedded; contains abundant ostracodes.  Lower beds are mostly brownish-gray, laminated, unfossiliferous limestone.  Base of unit not exposed.


Parksville Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, sand, silt, and clay in overlapping lenses: Gravel and sand, light-yellowish-gray; gravel is cobbles, pebbles, and granules of chert, quartz geodes, limestone, and includes a few quartz pebbles.  Silt and clay lenses are moderate gray.  Unit mapped only in valleys of larger streams.


Parksville Quadrangle: Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel and sand, in part crossbedded; unit consists of about 30 to 40 percent quartz pebbles and granules in a quartz sand and silt matrix; contains widely scattered boulders and cobbles of ferruginous quartz-pebble conglomerate and a few orthoquartzite pebbles.  Basal 1 to 3 feet is locally cemented by irregular layers and lenses of hydrous iron-oxide.  Found only on Tennessee Ridge near east quadrangle border.


Parksville Quadrangle: Silurian Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, light-olive-gray, finely crystalline, contains scattered silicified crinoid columnals and olive-gray dolomite pebbles.  Unit identified as Brassfield by Foerste (1906, 1935) and Rexroad (1967) and exposed only in a small downthrown fault block in western part of quadrangle near junction of Scrubgrass and Day Branches.  Thickness given for this unit and for members of underlying Drakes Formation apply where not cut out by pre-Boyle erosion.


Perryville Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member
Perryville Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of member) is medium dark gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined, argillaceous; mostly in even beds 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick but as lenses and nodules where member is less than about 1 foot thick.  Shale is dark gray, fissile.  Unit present near northeast corner and throughout most of south half of quadrangle, but pinches out about 1 1/2 miles west of Perryville and approximately at the Boyle County-Mercer County line.  Mostly poorly exposed, but can commonly be located by distinctive smooth-surfaced, yellowish-gray, micrograined limestone float.  Basal contact sharp and generally well exposed except near feather edge of member.


Perryville Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone (about 40 percent of unit) principally of following types: (1) dark to medium light gray, weathers light to yellowish gray, micrograined, argillaceous, in even beds mostly 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick; present throughout formation but most abundant in basal 80 feet; (2) medium gray to light olive gray, micrograined, containing abundant brachiopods and bryozoans; in even to lumpy-surfaced beds 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick, present throughout formation; (3) medium gray, containing whole and broken brachiopods, bryozoans, and crinoid columnals; both micrograined calcite matrix and sparry calcite cement in interstices; in beds as much as 1.5 feet thick; present mostly in upper half of formation; (4) medium gray, coarse and very coarse grained, crinoidal, in beds as much as 1.5 feet thick; some crossbedded and para-rippled in northern part of quadrangle; most common from 80 to 100 feet above base but present throughout most of upper two-thirds of formation.  Shale (about 50 percent of unit) is medium to olive gray, weathers yellowish gray, fissile.  Siltstone (about 10 percent of unit) is greenish gray to medium light gray, weathers grayish orange; calcareous, in beds mostly 0.05 to 0.2 foot thick; interbedded with limestone and shale in uppermost 20 feet of formation.  Rafinesquina and dalmanellid brachiopods common throughout; brachiopod Sowerbyella commonly abundant from 95 feet above base of formation to within 20 to 30 feet of the top.  Generally poorly exposed; yields abundant limestone float on steep slopes.  Thickness approximate.  Basal contact sharp and generally well exposed.


Perryville Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, calcareous, grayish-orange, in beds mostly 0.2 to 0 8 foot thick.  Too poorly exposed to be described in detail.  Basal contact mapped at top of highest underlying limestone bed.  Attains maximum thickness of 25 feet on divide north of Fallis Creek; unit may be as much as 40 feet thick in graben near Oakland Church.


Perryville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone Lower
Perryville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium- and light-gray to pale-yellowish-orange, fossiliferous, poorly sorted; in irregular to nodular beds 0.05 to 0.4 foot thick; contains some interbeds of poorly sorted, fossiliferous, bioclastic limestone.  Abundant fossils are mostly brachiopods, bryozoans, and trilobite fragments.  Locally, uppermost 1 to 3 feet is medium-gray micrograined limestone in even beds 0.3 foot thick.


Perryville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone Upper
Perryville Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray, in irregular and lenticular beds separated by shale partings.  Characterized by very abundant large bryozoans.  Contains tongue of interbedded, micrograined limestone and shale similar to basal part of Clays Ferry Formation.  Tongue thickens from a feather edge near the east border of the quadrangle to at least 8 feet in the westernmost exposures of the member.  Bryozoan limestone generally well exposed; basal contact sharp and probably disconformable but rarely exposed.

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to pale-yellowish-brown, micrograined to fine-grained; in nodular beds mostly about 0.2 foot thick.  Common brachiopods and common stromatoporoids locally.  Grades downward through about 1 foot into Salvisa Bed.

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Limestone, light- and yellowish- to brownish-gray, cryptograined; in even beds mostly 0.8 to 1 foot thick.  Upper half mostly light- to yellowish-gray, laminated and mud-cracked in part; some beds contain small calcite-filled vertical tubes; ostracodes common, other fossils scarce.  Lower half mostly brownish-gray; locally contains the coral Tetradium and some silicified brachiopods and mollusks; basal 1 to 2 feet yellowish-gray, laminated, unfossiliferous.  Basal contact sharp to gradational; well exposed only locally.

Perryville Limestone Member: Faulconer Bed

Limestone, brownish-gray, cryptograined to micrograined; mostly in irregular, lumpy-surfaced beds 0.2 to 3 feet thick, but contains some even, smooth-surfaced beds 0.2 to 1 foot thick.  Coral Tetradium abundant near top and locally near base; stromatoporoids present locally; ostracodes abundant; pelecypods and brachiopods common in some beds.  Thins northward due to gradation of lower part into calcarenite of Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Basal contact generally fairly sharp and well exposed.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Perryville Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light-brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, mostly well-sorted; in even to irregular beds and crossbedded sets mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot but locally as much as 0.8 foot thick; locally contains nodular interbeds; fossils mostly sparse, but bryozoans and brachiopods common in a few beds.  Basal contact sharp to gradational through a few feet; generally poorly exposed.  Upper part passes southward into Faulconer Bed of Perryville Limestone Member, and lower part passes northward into Grier Limestone Member; as a result, Tanglewood Limestone Member descends in section from north to south.


Perryville Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

SiIt, sand, and gravel: Silt is clayey, dark brownish gray when wet, pale yellowish brown when dry.  Sand, present locally in stream channels, consists mostly of limonite grains reworked from residual soils.  Gravel, present in places near base of alluvium, consists mostly of subangular pebbles of brown chert but includes some rounded pebbles of quartz and quartzite and a few quartz geodes.


Perryville Quadrangle: Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt and gravel: Silt is clayey, yellowish orange.  Gravel consists of subangular pebbles of brown chert, rounded pebbles of quartz and quartzite, and sparse quartz geodes.  Mapped only in area 0.5 to 1 mile south-southwest of Dixville; unmapped thin patches locally veneer bedrock to elevations as high as 870 feet along valley of Chaplin River.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone, in two units.  Upper unit: limestone, light- to medium-gray, fine-grained; weathers medium to dark gray, grayish brown, and grayish green; poorly and unevenly bedded; contains numerous bryozoans and brachiopods, including Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste.  Lower unit: limestone, light- to medium-gray, very fine grained, thin- and even-bedded with a few wavy beds.  Bed sets, separated by thin shale partings, form ledges 0.1 to 2.0 feet thick.  Sparsely fossiliferous, but locally contains abundant cephalopods and at a few places ostracodes.  Contact with underlying unit sharp at most places, although gradational zones as much as 2 feet thick occur.

Terrill Member

Dolomite and shale, moderate-grayish-green, light-olive-gray, and light-greenish-gray, thin-bedded; breaks into plates as much as 0.1 foot thick.  Dolomite very argillaceous and silty and shale very dolomitic; the two rocks commonly indistinguishable in the field.  Ripple marks and mud cracks common.  Upper 2 feet contain few thin beds of very fine grained limestone as much as 0.2 foot thick; lower 1 foot calcareous and transitional with underlying unit.  Scarce brachiopods and bryozoans.

Grant Lake Member

Limestone and shale, in two units.  Upper unit: limestone and shale.  Limestone, medium-light- to medium-gray, fine- to medium-grained; mostly in uneven beds 0.2 to 0.3 foot thick, comprises 80 percent of unit, interbedded with thin beds of gray shale.  Fossiliferous, contains abundant Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste.  Lower unit: limestone, greenish-gray, fine-grained, argillaceous, thin-bedded, numerous shaly partings.  Fossils scarce.  Transitional within 5 to 10 feet with underlying unit, contact placed so as to separate argillaceous limestone above from very argillaceous and silty limestone below.

Tate Member

Limestone, in three units.  Upper unit: limestone, medium-greenish-gray to pale-greenish-gray and grayish-green, thin-bedded, siltv and argillaceous; contains numerous thin argillaceous partings.  Fossils scarce.  Middle unit, the Back Bed: limestone, grayish-green; weathers grayish yellow green, very fine grained, slightly argillaceous, thin bedded.  At some places occurs in one relatively thick ledge; at others in resistant layers less than 0.3 foot thick separated by shaly partings.  Abundant brachiopods, including Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste, Hebertella sinuata (Hall), and Zygospira sp., bryozoans, gastropods, and pelecypods; brachiopods silicified at many places.  Lower unit: limestone, medium-greenish-gray to pale-greenish-gray and grayish-green, thin-bedded, very silty and argillaceous; contains numerous thin argillaceous partings.  Fossils scarce.  Transitional with underlying unit within 3 feet.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member
Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, light- to medium-greenish-gray; weathers light and medium gray, very fine to fine grained; occurs in thin lenticles and beds as thick as 0.5 foot.  Shale, medium-dark-greenish-gray, calcareous; breaks into plates as much as 0.3 foot in diameter.  Siltstone, medium-gray to light-brownish-gray; in beds as much as 0.4 foot thick; contains some "flow rolls."  Limestone comprises about 70 percent of member, shale 20 percent, and siltstone 10 percent.  Contains abundant brachiopods and bryozoans.  Transitional with underlying unit within 0.5 foot.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, medium-light- to medium-dark-gray, very fine to medium-grained, unevenly bedded.  Shale, light-gray to greenish-gray; bed sets rarely as much as 0.5 foot thick.  Siltstone, greenish-gray; weathers dark yellowish brown.  Upper 15 feet: 90 percent limestone and 10 percent shale; most limestone beds 0.2 to 0.3 foot thick, maximum thickness 1 foot; limestone in upper 5 feet very argillaceous; numerous partings and thin beds of shale.  Intermediate 45 feet: 80 percent limestone and 20 percent shale; most beds 0.1 to 0.2 foot thick, rarely as much as 0.5 foot thick.  Lower 60 feet: 65 percent limestone, 25 percent shale, and 10 percent siltstone; limestone and shale similar to intermediate division, interbedded with siltstone beds from 0.1 to 0.5 foot thick; siltstone beds thicker and more abundant toward base.  Gradational with underlying unit; contact placed at base of lowest relatively continuous limestone bed.  Very fossiliferous; bryozoans include at least 26 forms in the following genera: Amplexopora, Batostoma, Batostomella, Ceramoporella, Constellaria, Crepipora Dekayia, Escharopora, Hallopora, Heterotrypa, Homotrypa, Monticulipora, Peronopora, and Phylloporina; brachiopods: Hebertella sinuata (Hall), Orthorhynchula linneyi (James), Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste, P. cf. P. profundosulcata hopensis Foerste, P. cf. P. laticosta (Meek), P. cf. P. precursor var. latifrons McEwan, Rafinesquina cf. R. fracta (Meek), R. cf. R. alternata, Strophomena planoconvexa Hall, S. maysvillensis Foerste, Zygospira cincinnatiensis Meek, Z. modesta (Hall), Z. cf. Z. recurvirostris (Hall); gastropods, including Cyclonema, Loxoplocus(?); pelecypods, including "Ctenodonta" cf. "C." pectunculoides (Hall), Ambonychia?; cephalopods, including Orthonybryoceras; and echinoderm and trilobite (Flexicalymene?) fragments.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone: Shale, dark-greenish-gray, grayish-yellow, and yellowish-gray; in even to uneven beds in sets as thick as 0.7 foot; breaks into plates 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick.  Limestone, light- to medium-gray and olive-gray, very fine to very coarse grained, mostly medium- to coarse-grained; occurs as uneven beds and lenses most of which are 0.1 to 0.7 foot thick, few beds exceed 1 foot in thickness.  Siltstone, light-greenish-gray, calcareous; weathers dark yellowish brown.  Upper 80 feet: 50 percent shale, 25 percent limestone at top increasing downward to 45 percent at base, and 25 percent siltstone at top decreasing downward to 5 percent at base.  Lower 110 feet: 60 percent shale and 40 percent limestone, with limestone predominating over shale in some intervals.  Most common fossils are bryozoans, including Hallopora, and brachiopods.  Sowerbyella sp. present in middle part of unit.  Contact with underlying unit sharp or gradational within 0.3 foot.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Dolomite and mudstone: Member contains two dolomite varieties, one of which is difficult to distinguish from mudstone.  First dolomite, grayish-green, pale-green, and greenish-gray, fine-grained, muddy; grades into and is interbedded with dolomitic mudstone having same colors.  Dolomite and mudstone range from 40 to 75 percent dolomite, and from 25 to 60 percent clay and silt.  Laminated to thin bedded; weathered outcrops yield plates from .04 inch thick to blocky fragments 2 inches thick.  Second variety of dolomite is medium gray; weathers readily to dark yellowish orange, fine to coarse grained, calcitic; abundant grayish-green clay inclusions; comprises 20 percent of member.  Most beds of second dolomite are 0.1 to 0.5 foot thick, but some are as much as 2.0 feet thick; beds commonly thicker and more numerous near top and base of member.  Poorly preserved crinoid columnals, brachiopods, and gastropods locally abundant in dark-yellowish-orange dolomite; fossils scarce in grayish-green dolomite and mudstone.  A bed of medium-light-gray limestone, the Otter Creek coral bed, commonly occurs at base of member.  Limestone weathers light olive to medium gray, generally is medium grained; contains yellowish-green clay inclusions as much as 0.1 inch long and traces of pyrite; bedding variable from thin laminations to beds 1 foot thick; distribution sporadic, thickness 0 to 8 feet, commonly 1 to 3 feet. Coral bed characterized by: colonial corals Calapoecia huronensis Billings, Foerstephyllum vacuum (Foerste), and Tetradium approximatum Bassler; stromatoporoid Aulacera plummeri Galloway and St. Jean; and horn corals Grewingkia rustica Billings and Streptelasma?.  Bed also contains: bryozoans Constellaria, Gortanipora? and Hallopora; brachiopods Hebertella sp., Platystrophia annieana Foerste, P. cf. P. cypha var. arcta McEwan, P. foerstei var. ampla McEwan, P. sp.; gastropod Liospira; pelecypod Pterinea.

Rowland Member

Dolomite and mudstone: Dolomite, grayish-green, pale-green, and greenish-gray, fine-grained, muddy; grades into and is interbedded with dolomitic mudstone having same colors.  Rocks range from 45 to 75 percent dolomite, and from 25 to 55 percent clay and silt.  Laminated to thin bedded; weathered outcrops yield plates from .04 inch thick to blocky fragments 2 inches thick.  Few thin discontinuous beds of limestone, greenish-gray,fine-grained, argillaceous, ¼ to 3 inches thick, in lower 20 feet.  Fossils scarce.  Basal contact sharp.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, light-greenish-gray, calcareous; progressively weathers pale yellowish brown, dark yellowish brown, and dusky yellowish brown; the most weathered rock is non-calcareous and punky.  Occurs in beds 0.3 to 3 feet thick near top to 0.3 to 8 feet thick at base; siltstone beds separated by shaly partings and shale beds as much as 0.2 foot thick.  Few thin limestone lenses as much as 0.2 foot thick and 10 to 15 feet long in upper 10 to 15 feet and lower 10 feet.  Siltstone beds characterized by slump structures called "flow rolls", masses of siltstone whose bedding has been disturbed, probably by slumping prior to consolidation of the silt.  At many places "flow rolls" are closely spaced and concentric, and where siltstone fractures along these surfaces curved plates are formed.  Siltstone nonfossiliferous; limestone lenses contain the brachiopods Hebertella sp., Rafinesquina sp., and Strophomena sp.  Thickness about 35 feet except along west boundary of quadrangle where thicknesses are as much as 80 feet.  Unit gradational with underlying unit; contact placed at the base of lowest relatively thick siltstone bed.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier and Curdsville Limestone Members

Limestone, mottled light- to medium-gray and light-brownish- to brownish-gray, finely to coarsely crystalline, unevenly bedded; most beds ½ to 4 inches thick, some beds as much as 0.5 to 1.0 foot thick; numerous shale partings.  Contact with underlying unit sharp, and as determined elsewhere, disconformable (McFarlan, 1943, p. 12-13).  Only exposed near northwest corner of quadrangle along Kentucky River.  Fossils, especially brachiopods, abundant in some beds.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Description from Ford Quadrangle

Limestone and shale.  In northern exposures nodular to irregularly bedded, very fossiliferous limestone and shale of the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone are dominant, interbedded with some thin tongues of even-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained fossil-fragmental calcarenite of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington.  In southeast quarter, mostly very fossiliferous limestone, conspicuously brachiopodal, containing somewhat less shale than is common to north; complexly intertongues to north and west with nodular fossiliferous limestone and shale more typical of Millersburg Member, with calcarenite similar to that of Tanglewood Limestone Member described below, and with intercalated tabular limestone and shale of Clays Ferry Formation.  Basal 3 to 8 feet of Millersburg Member commonly cobbly to rubbly limestone with shale partings.  Valves of the large pelecypod Allonychia flanaganensis are generally found in and appear to be restricted to this zone.  Stromatoporoids are common in the upper Millersburg in the northern part of the area.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-brownish-gray; weathers medium light brownish gray, medium to very coarse grained, fossil fragmental, thin and wavy bedded; in part crossbedded in bed sets 0.1 to 0.5 foot thick, bed sets separated by shaly partings in upper 10 to 15 feet.  Reddish-brown phosphate stain common on weathered limestone, most abundant in upper 2 feet.  Internal molds of large pelecypod, some 5 inches long, are present in upper 1 to 2 feet.  Transitional with underlying unit within 3 feet or less.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation
Richmond North Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, pale-yellowish-brown, pale-orange, yellowish-gray, and pale-olive-yellow, aphanitic; contains small calcite augen; beds 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick; irregular pale-yellowish-orange dolomite patches in some beds.  Only upper 30 feet of formation exposed; present on west bank of Kentucky River at northwest corner of quadrangle.  Sparse fossils, mostly brachiopods.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt and clay, light-brown; locally contains limestone and shale pebbles and cobbles; occurs in all stream valley bottoms.  Thickest deposits along Kentucky River contain lenses of crossbedded sand and gravel.  Sparse quartz geodes, quartzite, and chert pebbles, not indicated on map, locally occur at an elevation of 850 feet along Otter Creek and its tributaries in the eastern part of the quadrangle.  These are considered remnants of older alluvial deposits.


Richmond North Quadrangle: Silurian Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, weathered dark yellowish orange; contains yellowish-green clay inclusions.  Poorly exposed on a few hill tops in eastern part of quadrangle, north of Richmond fault.  Residual soil is distinctive moderate-brown characteristic of Brassfield Dolomite in quadrangles to the east and south.


Richmond South Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone, dolomitic and silty, medium- to light-olive-gray, mottled with grayish-green, fine-grained; argillaceous streaks and calcite augen common; faint irregular bedding, beds 2 to 3 inches thick; weathers to blocks with curved surfaces.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.

Limestone, brownish- to olive-gray, commonly mottled with grayish-blue-green and dark-olive-gray; weathers light gray, micrograined to fine-grained; beds even, 1/2 to 8 inches thick, with shaly partings.  Fossils rare.

Terrill Member

Dolomite, silty, greenish-gray to light-olive-gray; weathers light olive gray to pale olive, micrograined; commonly in even beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick that resemble shale; weathers to slabs and chips with planar surfaces; basal bed as much as 8 inches thick, weathers to irregular, curved pieces.  Fossils absent.

Stingy Creek Member

Limestone, silty and argillaceous, brownish- to olive-gray, commonly fine-grained, in part medium-grained; slightly uneven beds 3 to 24 inches thick, separated by sets of thin beds of very silty limestone; sets are 2 to 4 inches thick and nonresistant.  Weathers to irregular pieces, silty beds weather to small fragments.  Fossils abundant, mostly bryozoans and brachiopods, including Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste.

Gilbert Member

Limestone, medium-dark- to medium-gray, micrograined to fine-grained; prominent bedding, beds 1 to 6 inches thick, with wavy, irregular surfaces and shaly partings between beds.  Unit is relatively resistant.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.

Tate Member

Limestone, medium-dark- to light-gray and brownish-gray; weathers light to very light gray, fine- to medium-grained, very irregular texture; bedding obscure, beds 1 to 10 inches thick, wavy and uneven; weathers to rubbly appearance.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.

Dolomite, silty, light-olive- to greenish-gray; weathers greenish gray and grayish orange, micrograined; bedding even, beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick, resembles shale; weathers to slabs and chips with planar surfaces.  Grades into limestone above.  Fossils absent.

Back Bed

Limestone, medium-light- to brownish-gray, micrograined to fine-grained; beds slightly uneven, 2 to 12 inches thick.  Fossils abundant, mostly bryozoans and brachiopods, commonly silicified, including Hebertella sinuata (Hall) and Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste.

Dolomite, silty, light-olive- to greenish-gray; weathers greenish gray and grayish orange, micrograined; bedding even, beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick, resembles shale; weathers to slabs and chips with planar surfaces.  Fossils absent.


Richmond South Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-dark- to medium-light-gray; weathers light to moderate olive gray and brown, generally fine- to medium-grained, in part coarse-grained.  Beds commonly 1 to 4 inches thick, rarely as much as 12 inches thick.  Shale, calcareous, light-gray to light-olive-gray; present as partings between limestone beds; quantity decreases downwards from 30 percent near top to 10 percent near base of formation.  Fossils abundant, mostly bryozoans and brachiopods, including the following: Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste, Plectorthis plicatella (Hall), Strophomena planoconvexa Hall, Rafinesquina sp., and Zygospira sp.  Basal contact gradational, mapped at top of highest prominent siltstone bed.


Richmond South Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-dark- to light-gray and light-olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained.  Most fine-grained limestone is medium dark gray and uniform in texture; medium- to coarse-grained limestone is mottled light gray to olive gray, irregular in texture; contains abundant fossil debris.  Weathered surfaces stained light brownish gray to light greenish gray.  Beds 1 to 12 inches thick, commonly interbedded with shale.  Thinner beds lenticular, thicker beds continuous.  Shale, medium-gray and olive- to greenish-gray; weathers to plates, blocks, and irregular bits, commonly with light-gray chalky surfaces.  Bedding generally thin and regular, in part irregular and obscure.  Fossils abundant in limestone and in some shale beds.  Exposed part of formation contains 60 to 80 percent limestone; base not exposed.


Richmond South Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, shale, and limestone: Dolomite, silty and argillaceous, greenish-, brownish-, and light-olive-gray commonly streaked and mottled; weathers light olive to yellowish gray, in part fine- to medium-grained; beds uneven, 1/2 to 8 inches thick, many contain vugs with petroleum; dolomite weathers to irregular blocks, relatively resistant, common in upper half of formation, rare in lower half; in part, greenish-gray, mottled or finely banded, in beds 4 to 8 inches thick; weathers to irregular fragments bounded by curved fractures; in part micrograined to fine-grained, light-olive- to greenish-gray, in even beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick, resembling shale; weathers to plates and chips with planar surfaces.  Shale, dolomitic, light-olive- to greenish-gray, in even beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick; few beds near top.  Shale grades into silty dolomite.  Limestone, medium-dark- to medium-light-gray, fine-grained, rare thin beds.  Fossils sparse, a few bryozoans and brachiopods in limestone and fine- to medium-grained dolomite.


Richmond South Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale, and limestone: Siltstone, medium- to light-gray and light-olive- to greenish-gray, calcareous; weathers to dark- to light-brown and orange, porous friable siltstone.  Characterized by lenticular beds, 6 to 18 inches thick, with bedding surfaces steeply dipping, curving, and discontinuous.  Lenticular beds generally show fine internal laminae 1/16 to 1/4 inch thick that curve parallel to bedding surfaces.  Other siltstone beds continuous, 2 to 6 inches thick.  Shale, medium-light-gray to light-olive-gray; weathers to platy to blocky fragments the same colors as weathered siltstone.  Shale envelops siltstone lenses and fills interstices; constitutes 10 to 30 percent of section.  Limestone, medium-light-gray, coarse-grained, present as thin lenticular beds near top and base of formation.  Fossils sparse in siltstone and shale, abundant in limestone, chiefly brachiopods.  Lower contact gradational; mapped at base of rock that is more than 50 percent siltstone.


Richmond South Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt and clay, dark-brown, interbedded with gravel.  Gravel consists of rounded pebbles and cobbles as much as 4 inches in diameter with matrix of clay and silt: Pebbles and cobbles are dominantly limestone and dolomite.


Richmond South Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, silt, and clay: Gravel consists of well-rounded quartz pebbles 1/8 to 1 inch in diameter, limonite concretions as much as 2 inches in diameter, subangular chert and granular quartz fragments 1/4 to 2 inches in maximum dimension; with light- to moderate-brown silty-clay matrix; gravel commonly concentrated at surface.


Richmond South Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard
Richmond South Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard Formation

Dolomite and shale: Dolomite, light-olive-, greenish-, and light-gray; weathers moderate yellowish brown with dusky-yellowish-brown surface, fine- to medium-grained; beds 2 to 6 inches thick with flat to undulatory surfaces.  Shale, interbedded with dolomite, greenish-gray to grayish-green; weathers light olive brown to light yellowish brown, thin-bedded and fissile; weathers to soft, plastic clay.  Fossils rare.

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite and shale: Dolomite, light-olive- to greenish-gray; weathers grayish orange to moderate yellowish brown with dark-yellowish-brown surface, fine- to medium-grained, in part composed of crinoidal debris; black petroliferous streaks and vugs containing petroleum common; beds 1 to 12 inches thick, bedding very irregular.  Shale, greenish-gray, platy, occurs as partings between dolomite beds.  Fossils, mostly crinoid stem fragments, common in upper 3 feet, rare elsewhere.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone
Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit) is argillaceous, medium to dark gray, micrograined; in even to broadly lenticular beds mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick.  Shale is dark gray, fissile.  Ball-and-pillow structure common in uppermost beds in northern part of quadrangle.  Abrupt thinning from nearly 30 feet in northeast to as little as 2 feet in west-central part of quadrangle with no compensatory thickening of the Sulphur Well Member suggests disconformable contact with overlying Sulphur Well.  Fossils sparse, but include Heterotrypa sp. and Peronopora cf. P. milleri Nickles.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and dolomite: Limestone, light-gray to Iight-brownish-gray, cryptograined; containing pods and irregular interlaced tubes of yellowish-gray micrograined dolomite that make up 20 to 50 percent of rock; tubes commonly lie parallel to bedding.  Bed 1 to 2 feet thick of cryptograined limestone generally present at contact with overlying Oregon Formation; persistent unit of interbedded limestone and shale less than 5 feet thick present a few feet below top.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit) is 1) argillaceous, medium to dark gray, micrograined, in beds 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick; 2) medium gray, brachiopodal with micrograined calcite matrix, in beds mostly 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick; and 3) medium gray, crinoidal.  Shale is medium gray, weathers dusky yellow; fissile.  Basal 30 feet overlying Sulphur Well Member of McFarlan and White (1948) of Lexington Limestone is mostly unfossiliferous micrograined limestone and shale; beds from about 30 to 80 feet above the top of Sulphur Well Member are mostly Rafinesquina-bearing limestone and shale.  Brachiopods commonly identified as Sowerbyella are abundant in upper part of formation; base of zone of abundant Sowerbyella is about 120 to 130 feet above the base of the Brannon Member of the Lexington Limestone.  Crinoidal limestone is most abundant in a 10- to 20-foot interval below base of zone of abundant Sowerbyella.  Bryozoans in fossil collection A are Eridotrypa sp. and Constellaria cf. C. teres Ulrich and Bassler.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded mudstone and dolomite: Mudstone is dolomitic, greenish gray.  Dolomite of two types: greenish gray, micrograined, in beds less than 0.4 foot thick, and brownish gray, medium crystalline, in resistant beds 0.6 to 1.5 feet thick.  May include parts of both Preachersville and Rowland Members.  Occurs as tilted and folded beds of unknown thickness in several small grabens in northwest part of quadrangle.

The Garrard Siltstone, the Calloway Creek Limestone, and the Ashlock Formation which overlie the Clays Ferry Formation in areas to the south may underlie the Drakes Formation in the grabens.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-gray to pale-yelIowish-brown, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, poorly sorted, fossiliferous in part; in irregular beds about 0.5 foot thick, alternating with sets of nodularly bedded fossiliferous limestone containing much micrograined calcite matrix.  Basal 15 feet generally contains more interbeds of bioclastic limestone than upper part, which locally consists almost entirely of nodularly bedded limestone.  Common fossils are: Eridotrypa sp. (collections K and M), Heterotrypa sp. (collection K), Prasopora cf. P. falesi (James) (collections K, L, and M), Ambonychia sp. (collections J and K), Colpomya faba (Emmons) (collection J), Ctenodonta aff. C. logani Salter (collection K), Cyrtodonta grandis (Ulrich) (collection K), Cyrtodonta aff. C. subovata Ulrich (collection K), Vanuxemia gibbosa Ulrich (collection K), Bucania sp. (collections J and K), Bucanopsis carinifera (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collection K), Carinaropsis cymbula Hall (collection K), Loxoplocus (Lophospira) burginensis (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collection K), Murchisonia (Hormotoma) salteri nitida (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collection K); Sphenosphaera clausus (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collection K), Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste (collections J, K, L, M, N, and O), Heterorthina macfarlani Neuman (collections M, N, and O), Rafinesquina trentonensis Conrad (collections J, K, N, and O), Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall) (collections K, L, and M), Sowerbyella sp. (collection M), and Zygospira sp. (collections J, K, L, M, N, and O).  In general, the most conspicuous brachiopod in the upper 40 feet is Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall) and in the lower 20 feet Heterorthina macfarlani Neuman.

Macedonia Bed

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (80 percent of unit) is argillaceous, medium to light gray, micrograined; in even beds mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick.  Shale is fissile, dark gray.  Thins from 9 feet in eastern part of quadrangle to about 2 feet in western part.

Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, fossiliferous, poorly sorted; in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick, alternating with sets 0.1 to 2 feet thick of nodularly bedded fossiliferous limestone containing much micrograined calcite matrix; nodular layers are mostly 0.05 to 0.2 foot thick and are separated by shaly partings.  Uppermost few feet are locally medium- to coarse-grained, well-sorted bioclastic limestone.  Several beds of limestone containing large crinoid columnals and small branching bryozoans are present 10 to 15 feet below top; these beds are overlain by several feet of micrograined limestone containing abundant dalmanellid brachiopods.  Fossils identified are Eridotrypa sp. (collections P, T, V, W, and Y), Graptodictya sp. (collections X and Y), Hallopora multitabulata (Ulrich) (collections R, U, V, W, X, and Y), Heterotrypa sp. (collections P?, R?, V, and W), Prasopora falesi (James) (collections P, V, W, X, and Y), Peronopora cf. P. granulifera (Ulrich) (collections P, U, V, and X), Stictopora neglecta (Ulrich) (collections R and S), Murchisonia (Hormotoma) sp. (collection Q), Hebertella frankfortensis (Foerste) (collection Q), Rafinesquina sp. (collection Q), and an indeterminate dalmanellid (collection Q).

Logana Member

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (50 percent of unit) is argillaceous, light olive gray, micrograined; in smooth-surfaced, even to broadly lenticular beds mostly 0.2 to 0.3 foot thick.  Shale is fissile, olive gray to medium gray.

Limestone, light-olive-gray, weathers pinkish gray; in indistinct wavy beds 0.1 to 0.6 foot thick; consists of closely-packed dalmanellid brachiopod valves oriented nearly parallel to bedding.  Contains thin unit of micrograined limestone and shale in lower part that locally has ball-and-pillow structure.

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (50 percent of unit) is argillaceous, light olive gray, micrograined; in smooth-surfaced, even to broadly lenticular beds mostly 0.2 to 0.3 foot thick.  Shale is fissile, olive gray to medium gray.  Large silicified pelecypods common in some beds.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-light-gray, micrograined to fine-grained; in irregular beds about 0.3 foot thick; contains many randomly oriented brachiopod fragments set in an irregularly distributed matrix of micrograined and fine-grained calcite.  Uppermost few feet commonly brownish-gray, very fine grained limestone with slight fetid odor on fresh surfaces.

Limestone, medium- to light-gray, mostly medium- to coarse-grained but fine-grained in part, bioclastic; in even to slightly irregular beds 0.2 to 0.8 foot thick; crossbedded in part.  Some beds contain abundant large randomly oriented brachiopod fragments, some of which are silicified.  Layers of chert nodules present in some beds.  Zone of micrograined limestone and shale, several feet thick and commonly with ball-and-pillow structure, occurs 16 feet above base of unit.  Fossils identified are Murchisonia (Hormotoma) sp., Platystrophia colbiensis Foerste, Rafinesquina trentonensis Conrad, and Sowerbyella curdsvillensis Foerste.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent of unit) is light gray, fossiliferous, with much micrograined calcite matrix; in nodular to irregular beds.  Shale is poorly exposed.  Brachiopods and bryozoans are most common fossils.  Present only in north-central part of quadrangle east of Kentucky River.  In Tyrone quadrangle (Cressman, 1964) to north, unit is shown as Greendale Limestone Member of Foerste (1906) as used by Miller (1924).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray, fossiliferous; in irregular to lenticular beds separated by shale partings.  Characterized by very abundant bryozoans.  Bryozoans identified are Eridotrypa sp. (collections C, D, E, and G); Escharopora (collections D and G); Hallopora sp. (collections B, D, E, and G); Heterotrypa sp. (collections B, C, E, and F); Prasopora cf. P. falesi (James) (collections B and G), Peronopora cf. P. milleri Nickles (collections C, D, E, F, and G); and a ceramoporoid (collections E and G).  Grades northward into Tanglewood Limestone Member in northern part of quadrangle.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, weathers brownish gray; medium to coarse grained, bioclastic, well sorted; crossbedded in part; some beds contain scattered brachiopods and bryozoans.  Upper two-thirds intertongues southward with lower Clays Ferry Formation; lower third grades southward into Sulphur Well Member of Lexington Limestone.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, weathers brownish gray; medium to coarse grained, bioclastic, well sorted; crossbedded in part; some beds contain scattered brachiopods and bryozoans.  Upper two-thirds intertongues southward with lower Clays Ferry Formation; lower third grades southward into Sulphur Well Member of Lexington Limestone.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, weathers brownish gray; fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, generally well sorted; crossbedded in part.  Uppermost 2 to 3 feet commonly irregularly bedded, poorly sorted, fossiliferous.  Intertongues with upper part of Grier Limestone Member.  In southwestern part of quadrangle, contains 2 feet, but locally as much as 9 feet, of medium-gray, weathering light gray, cryptograined limestone, the top of which is about 5 to 7 feet below base of Brannon Member; this is probably the SaIvisa Limestone Member of Miller (1913).  Fossils generally sparse in bioclastic limestone, but the following have been reported: Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Rafinesquina trentonensis Conrad, and Zygospira sp. Locally contains stromatoporoids, which are particularly abundant in irregular beds at top of unit in southwest corner of quadrangle.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, weathers brownish gray; fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, generally well sorted; crossbedded in part.  Uppermost 2 to 3 feet commonly irregularly bedded, poorly sorted, fossiliferous.  Intertongues with upper part of Grier Limestone Member.  In southwestern part of quadrangle, contains 2 feet, but locally as much as 9 feet, of medium-gray, weathering light gray, cryptograined limestone, the top of which is about 5 to 7 feet below base of Brannon Member; this is probably the SaIvisa Limestone Member of Miller (1913).  Fossils generally sparse in bioclastic limestone, but the following have been reported: Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Rafinesquina trentonensis Conrad, and Zygospira sp. Locally contains stromatoporoids, which are particularly abundant in irregular beds at top of unit in southwest corner of quadrangle.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Tyrone Limestone: Limestone, light-olive-gray to yellowish-gray, weathers light gray; cryptograined, containing specks and small tubes of clear calcite.  Zone about 4 feet thick of yellowish-gray argillaceous limestone and calcareous shale approximately 10 feet below top.  Some beds in lower part contain irregular layers and pods of yellowish-gray microcrystalline dolomite.  Bentonite bed as much as 1.5 feet thick present throughout quadrangle 15 to 25 feet below top of unit; bentonite layer less than 0.1 foot thick present at least locally in top 2 feet.  Some beds contain chert nodules.

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent of unit) is argillaceous, yellowish gray to light olive gray, cryptograined to micrograined; in even beds 0.05 to 0.6 foot thick.  Shale is calcareous, yellowish gray, fissile to platy; in beds 0.05 to 0.1 foot thick.  Grades from units above and below.

Limestone, very light gray to light-brownish-gray, cryptograined, with specks and tubes of clear calcite; some beds contain irregular pods and layers of yellowish-gray microcrystalline dolomite; contains some interbeds of medium-gray, fine- to medium-grained, pelletal limestone.

Interbedded limestone and dolomite: limestone is very light gray, cryptograined; in laminae and beds from less than 0.01 to 0.2 foot thick.  Dolomite is yellowish gray, microcrystalline; in laminae and beds from less than 0.01 to 0.2 foot thick.  Bentonite approximately 0.2 foot thick at base.

Limestone, very light gray to pale-yellowish-brown, cryptograined; containing irregular pods and layers of yellowish-gray microcrystalline dolomite; in irregular beds 0.01 to 0.4 foot thick; contains a few thin interbeds of fine- to medium-grained pelletal limestone.

Oregon Formation

Oregon Formation: Dolomite, calcareous, yellowish-gray to yellowish-white, very finely crystalline, thick-bedded.  In southern part of quadrangle, middle of unit passes into cryptograined limestone containing pods of dolomite.  Dolomite beds commonly crop out as thick ledges and cliffs.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Pliocene or Pleistocene High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel in abandoned channels and high terrace remnants.  Mostly yellowish-orange clayey silt and silty clay interbedded with very fine and fine quartz sand.  Gravel consists of rounded quartz, quartzite, and chert pebbles and water-worn quartz geodes.  Sandstone pebbles and cobbles present locally.  Pebbles commonly form lag deposits and are much more abundant on the surface than in fresh exposures.  Gravel has been widely distributed down slope from the deposits and thinly mantles slip-off slopes along Kentucky River.  Sparse gravel present to an elevation of 910 feet 1.4 miles north of Nonesuch, indicates former fluvial deposits higher than any mapped at present.  Mostly less than 20 feet thick.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Along Kentucky River, sand, silt, and clay: Sand is light brown, fine to very fine; silt and clay are medium to dark brownish gray.  In entrenched parts of tributary streams, mostly gravel and sand; gravel consists of unsorted, angular fragments of locally derived limestone and dolomite as much as several feet in diameter and commonly imbricated in an upstream direction; sand consists mostly of limonite grains reworked from upland soils; locally cemented by calcareous tufa.  On uplands, mostly silt and clay with minor sand and gravel; less than 10 feet thick.


Salvisa Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, sand, and gravel on small terrace remnants along Kentucky River.  Mostly clay, silt, and very fine sand, but water-worn quartz, quartzite, and chert pebbles and quartz geodes commonly form a lag deposit on the surface.  Terrace remnants at two levels; the lower is about 60 feet above and the upper about 160 to 180 feet above the river.


Stanford Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite with minor carbonaceous shale: Dolomite, locally calcareous, medium-light-gray and light-brownish-gray to medium-dark-gray and brownish-gray, weathers moderate reddish brown to dark reddish brown.  Two types of dolomite are present; the first is found mostly in upper part but occurs throughout formation and consists of light- to medium-gray angular fragments of dolomite about 1/8 to about 1 inch long in a fine-grained, medium-light-gray dolomite matrix; this facies is the "Duffin" as used by McFarlan and White (1952).  Remainder of unit is generally very cherty dolomite with numerous irregular chert masses as much as a few feet thick.  Carbonaceous shale is black, weathers various shades of gray; occurs locally as interlaminations in upper 2 feet of formation.  Fossils common, include silicified horn corals, a few brachiopods, and crinoid columnals.  Unit not everywhere present.  Base unconformable on rocks ranging from the Tate Member of the Ashlock Formation to the Preachersville Member of the Drakes Formation.


Stanford Quadrangle: Mississippian Borden Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Halls Gap Member

Siltstone, shale, and limestone: Siltstone, irregularly silicified in upper part, dark-greenish-gray grading upward to light-gray and yellowish gray where silicified; weathers olive gray to light gray and light olive gray, very light gray to almost white where silicified; calcareous; laminated to thin bedded, bedding generally obscure; weathers platy to slabby; where silicified weathers to irregular ledge; Zoophycos ("rooster-tail" marking) and curly worm(?) markings fairly common, other fossils rare.  Light-yellowish-gray silica concretions and geodes, about 1 to 4 inches in diameter, are scattered throughout but are more common in upper silicified zone.  Siderite concretions as much as 8 inches in diameter occur sporadically beneath the upper silicified zone.  Shale, generally silty, some clayey, light- to dark-greenish-gray, weathers olive gray and greenish gray; in beds a few inches to a few feet thick irregularly intergraded and interstratified with siltstone; more common in lower part of unit.  Limestone, light-olive- to medium-gray, weathers slightly darker; fine to coarse grained, generally silty; locally contains numerous crinoid columnals; occurs as lenses.  Basal contact poorly exposed, probably gradational through a few feet.  Top not present.  Unit occurs only on two hills near south quadrangle boundary.

Nancy Member

Shale, siltstone, and limestone: Shale, generally silty, some clayey, locally calcitic, greenish- to dark-greenish-gray, weathers slightly lighter; bedding obscure, in part crudely laminated, weathers to small chips as much as 1/8 inch thick and 1 inch across.  Rare crinoid columnals, bryozoans, and small brachiopods.  Siderite concretions as much as 1 foot thick and several feet across are common.  Siltstone, generally shaly, olive- to light-brownish-gray, weathers brownish gray; laminated to thin bedded; weathers platy; occurs as thin interbeds in silty shale.  Locally contains curly worm(?) markings.  Limestone, light-olive- to medium-gray, weathers slightly darker; fine to coarse grained, locally silty; locally contains crinoid columnals and brachiopod fragments.  Basal contact poorly exposed, occurs in gradational zone a few tens of feet thick.

New Providence Shale Member

Clay shale and silty shale, minor siltstone: Clay shale, generally calcitic, dark-greenish- to greenish-gray, weathers to a moderate-yellow-green to pale-green plastic clay.  Silty shale, same as in above unit, as thin interbeds.  Siltstone, same as in above unit, occurs as rare thin interbeds.  Siderite concretions, same as in above unit, scattered throughout.  Lowermost few inches to few feet contains numerous gray phosphatic nodules as much as 1 inch in diameter.  Base sharp and conformable.


Stanford Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, dark-gray to dark-brownish-black, weathers medium gray to grayish olive; thickly to thinly laminated; weathers platy to papery.  Carbonaceous, sparsely pyritic; a few widely scattered phosphate nodules as much as 3 inches in diameter occur in upper few feet.  Rests on rocks ranging from upper Ashlock Formation to Boyle Dolomite.  Base generally not exposed; apparently conformable where it overlies Boyle Dolomite, elsewhere unconformable.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone, siltstone, dolomite, and siIty shale: Limestone, locally silty, medium-light-gray to light-greenish-gray, weathers yellowish to brownish gray; in very thin wavy to rubbly beds; weathers flaggy to rubbly; generally very fossiliferous with numerous brachiopods and bryozoans.  Siltstone, caIcitic, light-greenish-gray, weathers light brownish gray to medium gray; very thin to thick bedded; weathers rubbly; brachiopods abundant and bryozoans common.  Limestone and siltstone commonly interbedded and intergraded.  Dolomite, calcitic and silty, medium-dark- to brownish-gray, weathers moderate yellowish brown to moderate brown; very thin to thin bedded; weathers massive; moderately fossiliferous, contains mainly brachiopods; forms ledge at base of unit in southwestern part of quadrangle; grades toward northeast and east into limestone and siltstone.  Silty shale, light-greenish-gray, weathers slightly darker; occurs as thin interbeds in limestone, siltstone, and dolomite.  Unit thins toward southwest; base generally sharp.

Terrill Member

Mudstone, dolomitic and locally calcitic, light-greenish-gray to light-grayish-green, weathers grayish yellow; scattered blebs of dark-greenish-gray cIay common; laminated to very thin bedded; weathers papery to platy.  Polygonal mud cracks and ripple marks common on tops of beds.  Basal contact generally sharp; placed at base of unfossiliferous mudstone overlying fossil-rich limestone or siltstone of underlying member.

Stingy Creek Member

Siltstone and limestone, interbedded and intergraded, in approximately equal amounts: Siltstone, calcitic, locally dolomitic, medium-light-gray, weathers yellowish gray to dusky yellow; in obscurely nodular thin beds; weathers to rubble; fossils abundant, chiefly brachiopods and fewer bryozoans.  Limestone, silty, medium-light-gray, weathers dusky yellow, in obscurely nodular thin beds; weathers rubbly; fossils abundant, chiefly brachiopods and fewer bryozoans.  Unit thins southwestward to about 2 feet; the upper part either pinches out or grades into the Terrill Member.  Basal contact fairly sharp.

Gilbert Member

Limestone, siltstone, and shale: Limestone, locally dolomitic, rarely silty and clayey, light-bluish-gray to light-olive-gray, weathers slightly darker; dolomitic parts weather grayish orange brown; very fine to coarse grained, generally fine grained; in wavy, somewhat nodular thin beds; weathers flaggy.  Generally fossiliferous, brachiopods common and bryozoans sparse.  Siltstone and shale, grayish-green, as thin interbeds in limestone.  Base gradational in a zone a few inches thick; contact placed at base of lowest fossiliferous limestone.

Tate Member

Mudstone and limestone: Mudstone, dolomitic and calcitic, light-greenish-gray to light-grayish-green, weathers grayish yellow; scattered blebs of dark-greenish-gray clay common; laminated to very thin bedded; weathers platy.  Polygonal mudcracks and ripple marks common on tops of beds.  Limestone, very silty, light-greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray; very thin bedded; weathers flaggy; occurs near top.  No fossils noted in unit.  Basal contact in gradational zone a few inches thick.

Limestone and mudstone, interbedded and intergraded: Limestone, locally silty, medium-light-gray to light-greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray to brownish gray; in very thin wavy and rubbly beds; weathers flaggy to rubbly; very fossiliferous, abundant brachiopods and sparse to common bryozoans.  Mudstone, calcitic, light-greenish-gray, weathers light brownish gray to medium gray; thin bedded; weathers rubbly; fossiliferous with numerous brachiopods.  Grades into underlying rocks.

Mudstone, dolomitic and locally calcitic, light-greenish-gray to light-grayish-green, weathers grayish yellow; scattered blebs of dark-greenish-gray clay common; laminated to very thin bedded; weathers platy.  Fossils, mainly brachiopods, very rare.  Polygonal mud cracks and ripple marks common on top of beds.  Grades into underlying Back Bed.

Back Bed

Limestone and mudstone, interbedded and intergraded: Limestone, locally silty, light- to light-olive-gray, weathers light gray; in very thin wavy and rubbly beds; weathers flaggy to rubbly; generally very fossiliferous with numerous brachiopods and less numerous bryozoans.  Mudstone, calcitic, medium-light- to light-greenish-gray, weathers yellowish gray to brownish gray; thin bedded; generally weathers rubbly; fossiliferous with abundant brachiopods and few bryozoans.  Grades into underlying rock in zone a few inches thick.  Back Bed at type locality of AshIock Formation exposed along the Dix River near east edge of quadrangle (Weir and others, 1965); marked by outcrop symbol.

Mudstone and limestone: Mudstone, dolomitic and calcitic, light-greenish-gray to light-grayish-green, weathers grayish yellow; scattered blebs of dark-greenish-gray clay common; laminated to very thin bedded; weathers platy.  Limestone, light-gray to light-olive-gray, weathers light gray; very fine to very coarse grained, generally fine grained; in very thin to thin wavy beds; weathers platy to flaggy; very fossiliferous with abundant brachiopods and less abundant bryozoans.  Unit is well defined along east margin of quadrangle where it forms basal unit of Ashlock Formation (Weir and others, 1965) and consists entirely of mudstone.  Westward, because of an increase in limestone content, the unit loses its identity; along western margin of quadrangle top of underlying Calloway Creek Limestone is placed at top of beds of limestone probably equivalent to the Back Bed of the Tate Member of the Ashlock Formation in eastern part of quadrangle.  The base of the type section of the Ashlock Formation, exposed along the Dix River near the eastern edge of the quadrangle (Weir and others, 1965), is marked on map by triangle.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale in approximately equal amounts: Limestone, greenish- to medium-gray, weathers grayish orange to moderate yellowish brown; very fine grained; thin bedded; weathers flaggy.  Shale, medium-dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray; locally interbedded with limestone.  Locally not present.  Basal contact sharp, placed at base of flaggy-weathering limestone overlying conchoidally or subconchoidally fracturing limestone of underlying Perryville Limestone Member.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, medium-gray, weathers medium and light gray; very fine to very coarse grained, generally fine to medium grained; in very thin to thin wavy beds; weathers platy to flaggy.  Fossils, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans, common to abundant.  Shale and siltstone, calcitic, greenish-gray, weather yellowish gray; form thin interbeds in limestone.  Basal contact in gradational zone a few inches to a few feet thick; placed at base of dominantly limestone sequence overlying highest persistent siltstone bed of underlying Garrard Siltstone.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone; probably composed of about equal amounts of shale and limestone interbedded with a slightly lesser amount of siltstone.  Shale, generally calcitic, locally silty, pale- to grayish-green, weathers grayish yellow.  Limestone, locally dolomitic, locally silty, light- to greenish-gray, weathers medium gray to yellowish brown; very fine to coarse grained, generally fine to medium grained; thin bedded; weathers flaggy; fossils locally common to abundant, mainly brachiopods and bryozoans, and fewer crinoid columnals; the brachiopod Sowerbyella is conspicuously abundant in middle of unit.  Siltstone, generally calcitic, greenish-gray; weathers platy to flaggy.  Unit is poorly exposed.  Basal contact in gradational zone a few feet thick; placed at base of lowest siltstone or shale set overlying dominantly limestone sequence of Lexington Limestone.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Mudstone, dolomite, and limestone: Mudstone, calcitic and dolomitic, light-greenish-gray to light-grayish-green with scattered blebs of dark-greenish-gray clay, weathers grayish yellow; laminated to very thin bedded and locally thin to thick bedded.  Thinner beds weather papery to platy and thick beds weather to small pieces of rubble.  Fossils, mainly brachiopods, very rare.  Dolomite, silty, medium-dark-gray and light-brownish-gray, weathers moderate reddish brown to dark reddish brown; very thin to thick bedded, generally thin bedded; weathers slabby to massive.  Fossils, mainly brachiopods, are generally scarce except locally near base.  Dolomite makes up only a small part of unit except in the fault block southwest of Stanford where it makes up about 65 percent of the unit and is thick bedded and fossiliferous.  Limestone, medium-light-gray, weathers light olive gray to medium gray; thin bedded; weathers blocky; very fossiliferous, contains numerous single and colonial corals, stromatoporoids, and some brachiopods.  Limestone occurs sporadically, at or near base of unit.  This limestone and fossiliferous dolomite are shown by fossil locality symbol at or near the base, and may be equivalent to the Otter Creek coral bed (Simmons and Oliver, 1967).  The Preachersville Member differs from the underlying Rowland Member only in that it contains dolomite and limestone; contact is placed at base of lowest limestone or dolomite bed.  The base is generally poorly exposed, and unit may interfinger with underlying Rowland Member.

Rowland Member

Mudstone, dolomitic, locally calcitic light-greenish-gray to light-grayish-green, weathers grayish yellow; scattered blebs of dark-greenish-gray clay; laminated to very thin bedded, locally thin to thick bedded.  Thin beds weather papery to platy and thicker beds to small pieces of rubble.  Fossils, mainly brachiopods, very rare.  Locally silicified near base in bands as much as 1/4 inch thick that are concordant with bedding.  Basal contact conformable, occurs in gradational zone a few inches thick; placed at base of lowest unfossiliferous mudstone overlying limestone or very fossiliferous siltstone.  The top and bottom exposed at the type section of the Rowland Member of the Drakes Formation in a roadcut along U.S. Highway 27 about 1/2 mile east of Stanford (Weir and others, 1965) are marked on map by small triangles.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, limestone, and shale: Siltstone, calcitic, greenish-gray, weathers light brown to moderate brown; mostly thin bedded but locally in upper and lower parts is thick bedded and contains well-developed flow-rolls; thinner beds weather flaggy, thicker beds weather massive; generally not fossiliferous, but locally fossils, generally brachiopods, are abundant.  Limestone, silty; locally similar to limestone of Calloway Creek Limestone, generally in middle of unit but locally occurs near top and bottom.  Shale, light-greenish-gray, weathers greenish gray; forms thin interbeds in siltstone and limestone.  Basal contact in gradational zone a few inches to a few feet thick; placed at base of lowest persistent siltstone ledge.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light- to medium- and yellowish-gray, weathers light brownish gray to brownish gray; composed of coarse fragments of brachiopods, bryozoans, trilobites, mollusks, and crinoid columnals in a micrograined matrix; in very thin to thin irregular beds; weathers flaggy to slabby.  Thin interbeds of micrograined limestone are present locally.  A limestone bed occurring locally about 105 feet above base of Lexington Limestone, and containing bryozoans, straight-shelled cephalopods, high-spired gastropods, and large crinoid columnals, was mapped in the adjacent Bryantsville quadrangle by Wolcott and Cressman (1971), but was not mapped in this quadrangle.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish- to olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, thin- to thick-bedded, thicker bedded near base; cherty and locally crossbedded in lower part, locally irregularly bedded in middle part; weathers blocky to massive.  Generally fossiliferous in upper part.  Basal contact sharp and disconformable.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, light-olive- to light-gray, weathers light gray to light brownish gray; thin and irregularly bedded with very thin medium-dark-gray shale interbeds; weathers flaggy; abundant large branching bryozoans.  Basal contact sharp and may be disconformable (Wolcott and Cressman, 1971).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Limestone, medium- to medium-dark-gray, color changes little on weathering; micrograined; in wavy, thin, somewhat nodular beds; weathers generally massive, breaks with conchoidal or subconchoidal fracture; contains few brachiopods.  Base in gradational zone a few feet thick.

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Limestone, light- to light-olive-gray and brownish- to olive-gray, weathers light gray; micrograined; thin bedded; weathers massive; breaks with conchoidal to subconchoidal fracture; contains numerous small tubes and specks of clear calcite; ostracodes common and brachiopods and mollusks occur locally near base.  Darker limestone locally stained with petroleum residue.  Basal contact sharp.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone No. 1


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, locally silty, medium- to brownish-gray, weathers about same; fine to medium grained; thin to thick bedded, locaIly crossbedded; weathers flaggy to massive.  Lower part locally very fine grained and silty and contains flow rolls.  Contact with underlying Brannon Member gradational, generally poorly exposed; contact with underlying Perryville Limestone Member sharp and probably disconformable.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, phosphatic, medium- to pinkish-gray, weathers light to brownish gray; fine to coarse grained, well-sorted calcarenite cemented with sparry calcite; thin to thick bedded, generally crossbedded; weathers blocky to massive, locally forms cliffs.  Base in gradational zone a few feet thick, placed at base of lowest well-sorted calcarenite.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)
Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

About 80 to 90 feet above base of Lexington Limestone near north edge of quadrangle is a tongue of fine- to coarse-grained, crossbedded limestone of the Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Base of unit is in gradational zone several feet thick.


Stanford Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Limestone and shale: Limestone, light- to light-olive-gray, weathers light gray; cryptograined to micrograined with blebs and stringers of clear calcite; laminated to thin bedded; breaks with conchoidal to subconchoidal fracture; weathers platy to flaggy and locally massive.  Fossils, mostly ostracodes, rare to common.  Shale, light-greenish-gray, as interbeds in limestone.  Unit forms cliffs or very steep hillsides.

Bentonite, greenish-gray with scattered black flakes of mica, weathers grayish green.  At base is 1/16- to 1/4-inch-thick chert layer.  Forms minor recess in hillsides.

Limestone and dolomite: Limestone, light- to light-olive-gray and light-brownish-gray, weathers somewhat lighter; cryptograined to micrograined with blebs and stringers of clear calcite scattered throughout; thin to thick bedded; breaks with conchoidal to subconchoidal fracture; weathers massive.  Locally contains nodular chert; fossils, mostly ostracodes, rare to common.  Dolomite, calcareous, very pale orange, weathers somewhat darker; occurs as irregular bodies in light-brownish-gray limestone, notably in a zone between about 45 to 65 feet above the base and locally at other stratigraphic levels.  Unit forms cliffs.  Basal contact sharp, placed at base of gray-weathering limestone overlying brown-weathering dolomite.

Oregon Dolomite

Dolomite, calcitic, brownish-gray, weathers dark yellowish brown; thick bedded; weathers massive.  Exposed only in small area along Hanging Fork Creek in northeastern part of quadrangle; mapped as a single line at edge of creek.  Base not exposed.


Stanford Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, sand, and gravel, poorly sorted; mapped only in larger stream valleys.  Clay, silt, and sand as flood plain deposits; form brownish-black humic soil.  Gravel as channel deposits composed essentially of angular to rounded clasts of limestone, dolomite, and, locally, shale in sand and silt matrix.  Unit merges with unmapped colluvium.  Contact inferred.

Clay and silt with minor sand and gravel, poorly to moderately well sorted.  Clay and silt form soils of orange-brown to reddish-brown hues.  Sand and gravel as fluvial and lag deposits generally occurring at base of unit.  Gravel contains numerous geodes derived from the Borden Formation and some reddish-brown chert and silicified fossils.  Unit caps hills mainly in western part of quadrangle, generally above elevations of about 1,020 feet above sea level.  Merges with unmapped colluvium.  Contact inferred.


Stanford Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, sand, and gravel, poorly sorted.  Clay, silt, and sand form soils of yellowish-brown hues.  Gravel contains numerous geodes derived from the Borden Formation and some reddish-brown chert.  Deposits occur along Dix River, Logan Creek, and Hanging Fork Creek at elevations ranging from about present flood plain level to about 120 feet above the flood plain.  Unit merges with unmapped colluvium.  Contact inferred.


Stanford Quadrangle: Silurian Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

DoIomite, medium- to brownish-gray, weathers dark yellowish orange to dark yellowish brown; fine to medium grained; lower few feet sandy; thin bedded; weathers slabby to massive; upper part contains many crinoid columnals; the "cogwheel" crinoid columnals locally distinctive of the upper Brassfield (Gualtieri, 1967) are not present.  Abundant very small vugs contain petroleum residue.  Present only in small downthrown wedge about 1.5 miles southeast of Stanford.  Base poorly exposed, unconformable in the Crab Orchard quadrangle adjacent to the southeast (Gualtieri, 1967).


Union City Quadrangle: Devonian Boyle Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, limestone, and sandstone: Dolomite, light-gray; generally weathered grayish orange to dark yellowish orange; very fine to medium grained; argillaceous; most beds indistinct, 1/4 to 2 inches thick, grouped in sets as much as 4 feet thick; abundant irregular chert nodules in upper 8 feet, mostly concentrated in discontinuous layers, some nodules as much as 1 foot long.  Gently crossbedded dolomite containing abundant well rounded fine to medium grains of quartz and small pebbles of white and dark-green claystone near base of sections which are more than 15 feet thick.  Limestone, light-gray, to pale-orangish-gray, very fine grained with few calcite augen; wavy indistinct beds about 2 inches thick; commonly occurs below chert-bearing dolomite in an interval as much as 3 feet thick.  Sandstone, light-brown, grayish-orange, and pale-yellowish-brown, fine-grained, dolomitic, calcareous, silty, argillaceous, abundant well rounded fine to medium grains of quartz, few small pebbles of white and dark-green claystone; thin uneven beds 1/8 to 2 inches thick in bedding sets as much as 1 foot thick; occurs at base of sections which are more than 25 feet thick; maximum thickness about 6 feet.  Locally fossiliferous, corals most abundant in calcareous layers and in upper part of formation; brachiopods more abundant in lower part of formation; fauna includes sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, gastropods, and trilobites.  The following species were identified by W. A. Oliver, Jr. (written communication, 1964): sponge, Microspongia sphaeroidalis (Duncan); tabulate corals-massive favositoids, Alveolites sp. cf. A. dispansus Davis, Favosites goodwini Davis, F. sp. B, F. eximus Davis, F. sp. cf. F. globosus Greene, F. sp. A, F. sp. C, Pleurodictyum insigne (Rominger), P. Planum (Davis); branching favositoids, Thamnopora sp. cf. T. limitaris (Rominger); auloporids, Syringopora sp.; rugose corals-acanthophyllids, Acanthophyllum sp.,"Billingsastraea” yandelli (Rominger) Heliophyllum sp. cf. H. halli (E. and H.), H. sp.; cystimorphs, Cystiphylloides plicatum (Davis); other rugose corals, Amplexiphyllum sp. cf. A. Hamiltoniae (Hall), Blothrophyllum zaphrentiforme Davis, Siphonophrentis? sp., Eridophyllum seriale (E. and H.), Stereolasma sp.; crinoid columnals, Dolatocrinus sp.; gastropods, Platyceras sp.  Contact with underlying unit is an unconformity which is exposed at only a few places and appears to be sharp and conformable.


Union City Quadrangle: Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and dolomite: Shale, grayish-black; weathers light gray, fissile; in bedding sets less than 1 to 6 inches thick near base to 10 feet thick near top; carbonaceous.  Dolomite, medium-dark-gray to grayish-brown and moderate yellowish-brown, very fine to fine-grained; contains sparse rounded quartz grains and trace of carbonaceous material; occurs as layers less than 1 inch to 2 feet thick; thicker and more numerous near base of formation.  Base has sharp, apparently conformable contact with underlying unit.


Union City Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone, in two units: Upper unit, light- to medium-gray; weathers medium to dark gray, grayish brown and grayish green, fine grained, poorly and unevenly bedded; contains sparse to abundant gray and grayish-green clay and shaly partings.  Contains numerous bryozoans and brachiopods, including Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste.  Lower unit, light- to medium-gray, very fine grained, thin- and even-bedded with a few wavy beds.  Bedding sets separated by thin shaly partings, form ledges 0.1 to 2.0 feet thick.  Sparsely fossiliferous, but locally contains abundant cephalopods and ostracodes.  Contact with underlying unit sharp at most places, although locally gradational through a thickness of as much as 2 feet.

Terrill Member

Dolomite, argillaceous and silty intergrading with dolomitic shale, moderate-grayish-green, light-olive-gray, and Iight-greenish-gray, thin-bedded; breaks into plates as much as 0.1 foot thick.  Ripple marks and mud cracks common.  Upper 2 feet contains few thin beds of very fine grained limestone as much as 0.2 foot thick; lower 1 foot calcareous and transitional with underlying unit.  Contains scarce brachiopods and bryozoans.

Grant Lake Member

Limestone and shale, in two units: Upper unit, limestone, medium-light- to medium-gray, fine- to medium-grained; mostly in uneven beds 0.2 to 0.3 foot thick; makes up 80 percent of unit; interbedded with thin beds of gray shale.  Moderately fossiliferous; bryozoans and brachiopods, including Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste, most abundant.  Lower unit: limestone, greenish-gray, fine-grained, argillaceous, thin-bedded; numerous shaly partings.  Fossils scarce.  Lower 5 to 10 feet transitional with underlying unit, contact separates argillaceous limestone above from very argillaceous limestone below.

Tate Member

Limestone and shale, in three units: Upper unit, limestone intergrading and interbedded with calcareous shale, medium-greenish-gray and grayish-green, thin-bedded, silty, dolomitic.  Fossils scarce.  Middle unit, the Back Bed: limestone, grayish-green; weathers grayish yellow green, very fine grained, argillaceous, thin bedded.  At some places occurs in one massive bedding set, at others in beds less than 0.3 foot thick separated by shaly partings.  Fossiliferous, fauna includes: bryozoans, Amplexopora cf. A. robusta Ulrich, Peronopora cf. P. decipiens (Rominger), Hallopora sp.; brachiopods, Hebertella sinuata (Hall), Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste; gastropods, Bellerophontacean, Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp., "Murchisonia" sp.; pelecypods, Pterinea cf. P. demissa (Conrad), Ambonychiids (Ambonychia or Anomalodonta).  (Bryozoans identified by O. L. Karklins, brachiopods by Neuman, gastropods by E. L. Yochelson, and pelecypods by John Pojeta, Jr.).  Lower unit: limestone intergrading and interbedded with calcareous shale, medium-greenish-gray to pale-greenish gray and grayish-green, thin-bedded, silty, and dolomitic.  Fossils scarce.  Lower 3 feet transitional with underlying unit.


Union City Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, medium-light to medium-dark-gray, very fine to medium-grained, unevenly bedded.  Shale, light-gray to greenish-gray; bed sets rarely as much as 0.5 foot thick.  Siltstone, greenish-gray; weathers dark yellowish brown.  Upper 50 feet of formation is 80 percent limestone and 20 percent shale; most limestone beds 0.2 to 0.3 foot thick, maximum thickness 1 foot; limestone in upper 5 feet very argillaceous.  Numerous partings and thin beds of shale.  Intermediate 25 feet, 65 percent limestone and 35 percent shale; most beds 0.1 to 0.2 foot thick, rarely as much as 0.5 foot thick.  Lower 25 feet, 60 percent limestone, 30 percent shale, and 10 percent siltstone; limestone and shale similar to intermediate beds, interbedded with siltstone beds from 0.1 to 0.5 foot thick.  Siltstone beds thicker and more numerous near base.  Lower unit gradational with underlying formation; contact placed at base of lowest relatively continuous limestone bed.  Very fossiliferous, particularly abundant bryozoans and brachiopods, including the genera Hebertella, Platystrophia, Rafinesquina, Strophomena, and Zygospira.


Union City Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone: Shale, dark-greenish-gray, grayish-yellow, and yellowish-gray; in even to uneven beds in sets as thick as 0.7 foot; breaks into plates 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick.  Limestone, light- to medium-gray and olive-gray, very fine to very coarse grained, mostly medium- to coarse-grained; present in uneven beds most of which are 0.1 to 0.7 foot thick, few beds exceed 1 foot in thickness.  Siltstone, light-greenish-gray, calcareous; weathers dark yellowish brown.  Upper one-third of formation: 50 percent shale; limestone, 25 percent at top increasing downward to 45 percent at base; and siltstone, 25 percent at top decreasing downward to 5 percent at base.  Lower two-thirds of formation: 60 percent shale and 40 percent limestone with limestone exceeding shale in some intervals.  Abundant bryozoans and brachiopods.


Union City Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Dolomite, two varieties: (1) grayish-green, pale-green, and greenish-gray, fine-grained; very silty and argillaceous; grades into and is interbedded with dolomitic mudstone; commonly laminated to thin bedded, weathered outcrops yield thin plates from 0.04 inch thick to blocky fragments 2 inches thick; (2) light-gray; weathers dark yellowish orange; fine to coarse grained; calcareous; contains grayish-green clay inclusions; has minute cavities containing petroleum residues; most beds 0.1 to 0.5 foot thick, some as much as 2 feet thick; beds abundant near base, and abundant near top of member in the west.  Poorly preserved crinoid columnals, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, and gastropods locally abundant in dark-yellowish-orange dolomite, include the coral Streptelasma sp., and the brachiopod Hebertella occidentalis (Hall).  Fossils scarce in grayish-green dolomite.  Otter Creek coral bed is present at many places at base of member: limestone, medium-light-gray; weathers light olive gray to medium gray; fine to coarse grained, commonly medium grained, bioclastic; abundant inclusions of yellowish-green clay; scattered specks of pyrite; bedding variable from Iaminations to layers more than 1 foot thick.  Characterized by abundant stromatoporoids, Aulacera plummeri Galloway and St. Jean; corals (identified by W. A. Oliver, Jr., 1965), Calapoecia huronensis Billings, Foerstephyllum vacuum (Foerste), Grewingkia rustica (Billings), Streptelasma sp., Tetradium approximatum Bassler; brachiopods (identified by R. B. Neuman), Hebertella sp. and Platystrophia annieana Foerste.  Contact of Otter Creek coral bed with overlying part of unit commonly sharp but locally the Otter Creek bed intertongues with dark-yellowish-orange dolomite through a thickness of as much as 6 inches.  The Otter Creek bed intergrades and interfingers with the underlying unit through a thickness of from a few inches to 3 feet.  Where the Otter Creek coral bed is absent the contact with the underlying unit commonly is sharp, but the two units intertongue through a thickness of several feet at some places.

Rowland Member

Dolomite, grayish-green, pale-green, and greenish-gray, fine-grained, muddy; grades into and is interbedded with dolomitic mudstone; locally contains moderate-grayish-green clay streaks; massive appearance on fresh surfaces; shaly partings develop where weathered.  Few thin beds of limestone, greenish-gray, fine-grained, argillaceous, 1/4 to 3 inches thick in lower 20 feet.  Locally contains few thin beds of dolomite, dark-yellowish-orange, fine- to coarse-grained, in beds a few inches thick in upper 15 feet.  Fossils very scarce.  At some places the contact with the underlying unit is sharp, at others the two units intertongue through a thickness of several feet.


Union City Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, light-greenish-gray, calcareous; progressively weathers pale yellowish brown, dark yellowish brown, and dusky yellowish brown; the most weathered rock is non-calcareous and punky.  Occurs as beds 0.3 to 3 feet thick near top to 0.3 to 8.0 feet thick at base; siltstone beds separated by shaly partings and shale beds as much as 0.2 foot thick.  Few thin limestone lenses as much as 0.2 foot thick and 10 to 15 feet long in upper 10 to 15 feet and lower 10 feet.  Siltstone characterized by slump structures called flow rolls.  Transitional with underlying formation; contact placed at base of lowest thick siltstone bed (commonly more than 5 feet thick).  Siltstone non-fossiliferous; limestone lenses contain brachiopods, including Rafinesquina, Strophomena, and Hebertella.


Union City Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-brownish-gray; weathers medium light brownish gray; medium to very coarse grained, fossil fragmental, thin and wavy bedded; in part crossbedded in bed sets 0.1 to 0.5 foot thick, bed sets separated by shaly partings.  Reddish-brown phosphate stain common on weathered limestone, most abundant in upper 2 feet.

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, light- to medium-greenish-gray; weathers light to medium gray; very fine to fine-grained; in thin lenticles and beds as thick as 0.5 foot.  Shale, medium-dark-greenish-gray, calcareous; breaks into plates as much as 0.3 foot in diameter.  Siltstone, medium-gray to Iight-brownish-gray; in beds as much as 0.4 foot thick; contains slump structures (flow rolls).  Limestone 70 percent, shale 20 percent, and siltstone 10 percent.  Abundant brachiopods and bryozoans.


Union City Quadrangle: Pliocene or Pleistocene Irvine Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, and gravel, variegated shades of red and brown.  Unit covers more than 4 square miles on flat upland areas and hilltops east of Muddy Creek; occurs at different levels, the bases of which, in order of diminishing areal extent are: 875, 845, 890, 910, and 930 feet.  Gravels contain quartz pebbles and geodes derived from Pennsylvanian rocks and silicified Lithostrotion corals from Mississippian rocks.


Union City Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

SiIt and clay, light-brown.  Deposits along Kentucky River contain lenses of crossbedded sand and gravel; deposits along smaller streams locally contain pebbles, cobbles, and fragments of dolomite, limestone, and shale.


Union City Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard Formation

Shale and dolomite: Shale, dusky-yellow-green to grayish-olive, thin- and even-bedded, very plastic and swells when moist.  Dolomite, light-gray; weathers dark yellowish brown; fine and medium grained.  Fine-grained dolomite in few thin beds, commonly less than 1/4 inch thick, in upper part of unit.  Medium-grained dolomite is bioclastic and occurs in beds as much as 4 inches thick in lower part of unit.  Beds of medium-grained dolomite thin and in part pinch out into shale westward in the south-central part of quadrangle.  Conformable and intertongues with underlying unit through a thickness of 2 feet.  Unconformity at base of Boyle Dolomite locally truncates beds as low as the medium-grained dolomite in lower part of unit.  Where basal part of formation is predominantly dolomite it was mapped with Brassfield Dolomite.

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite and shale: Dolomite, Iight-gray, fine-grained in lower half, grading upward into medium-grained bioclastic dolomite at top; in indistinct uneven beds, 2 to 8 inches thick; beds commonly in sets as much as 6 feet thick near base.  Shale, grayish-green, thin-bedded; occurs as partings in lower half of unit, makes up 10 to 30 percent of upper half of unit.  Cogwheel-shaped crinoid columnals as much as 1 inch in diameter, the brachiopod Cryptothyrella, and a horn coraI Cyathophyllum? are common near top of unit.  Poorly preserved horn corals are common in basal few inches.  Contact with underlying unit sharp and conformable.


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tate Member

Limestone, medium-dark- to light-gray and brownish-gray; weathers light to very light gray, fine- to medium-grained, very irregular texture; bedding obscure, beds 1 to 10 inches thick, wavy and uneven, outcrops weather to "rubbly" appearance.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.  Poorly exposed.

Dolomite, silty, light-olive to greenish-gray; weathers greenish gray and grayish orange, micrograined, bedding thin and even, beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick, resembling shale; weathers to slabs and chips with planar surfaces; grades into limestone at top.  Fossils absent.

Back Bed

Limestone, medium-light- to brownish-gray, micrograined to fine-grained, bedding slightly uneven, 2 to 12 inches thick.  Fossils abundant, mostly brachiopods, commonly silicified.

Dolomite, silty, light-olive to greenish-gray; weathers greenish gray and grayish orange, micrograined, bedding thin and even, beds 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick, resembling shale, weathers to slabs and chips with planar surfaces.  Fossils absent.


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member
Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-dark-gray to light-brownish-gray, commonly fine-grained, in part medium- to coarse-grained; beds 2 to 8 inches thick, thicker beds characteristically lenticular with curving bedding surfaces.  Shale, brownish- to dark-greenish-gray, silty and calcareous.  Shale envelops limestone lenses and fills interstices.  Amount of shale variable, 10 to 30 percent.  Fossils sparse, but unit contains the following genera (identification by R. J. Ross): Hebertella? sp., Opikina? sp., Platystrophia sp., Rafinesquina sp., and Zygospira sp.


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-dark- to medium-light-gray; weathers light to moderate olive gray and brown, generally fine- to medium-grained, in part coarse-grained.  Bedding moderately uneven, beds commonly 1 to 4 inches thick, rarely as much as 12 inches thick.  Shale, calcareous, light-gray to light-olive-gray, present as partings between limestone beds; quantity decreases downwards from 30 percent near top to 10 percent near base of formation.  Entire formation abundantly fossiliferous.


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, pale-yellowish-brown to light-olive-gray to brownish-gray, aphanitic; contains calcite augen; abundant augen in lower part give irregular medium-grained texture to some beds.  From 10 to 70 feet below top formation characterized by presence of patches, blebs, and stringers of dolomite, commonly 1/8 to 1/2 inch across and scattered throughout the limestone.  Dolomite is light yellowish brown to pale orange, fine grained; commonly 10 percent, rarely as much as 50 percent of the rock.  Weathers to a "honey combed" surface.  Base not exposed.  Fossils sparse, but contains the following genera (identifications by R. J. Ross, O. L. Karklins, and E. L. Yochelson): Monotrypa sp., Stictopora sp., Opikina sp., Pionodema? sp., Strophomena sp., Zygospira sp., ?Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp., Bathyurus sp., and Isotelus sp.


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-dark- to light-gray and light-olive-gray; fine- to coarse-grained.  Most fine-grained limestone is medium dark gray and uniform in texture; medium- to coarse-grained limestone is mottled light gray to olive gray, irregular in texture, and contains abundant fossil debris.  Weathered surfaces stained light brownish gray to light greenish gray.  Beds 1 to 12 inches thick, commonly interbedded with shale.  Thinner beds lenticular; thicker beds continuous.  Shale, medium-gray, olive-gray, and greenish-gray, calcareous.  Weathers to plates, blocks, and irregular bits, commonly with light-gray chalky surfaces.  Bedding generally thin and regular, in part irregular and obscure.  Limestone and some shale beds abundantly fossiliferous.  Upper 140 to 155 feet of formation 60 to 80 percent limestone, lower 60 feet 60 to 80 percent shale in southern and east-central parts of quadrangle.  In west-central and northeastern parts of quadrangle, upper part is more shaly and interval from 30 to 60 feet above base contains more limestone.  The lowest occurrence of Sowerbyella in abundance is about 110 to115 feet below top of formation.  The following fossils are present in the basal 15 feet of the formation (identifications by R. B. Neuman and E. L. Yochelson): Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Platystrophia colbiensis Foerste, Rafinesquina sp., Zygospira sp., and Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp.


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale, and limestone: Siltstone, medium- to light-gray and light-olive- to greenish-gray, calcareous; weathers to dark- to light-brown and orange porous friable siltstone.  Characterized by lenticular beds, 6 to 18 inches thick, with bedding surfaces steeply dipping, curving, and discontinuous.  Lenticular beds generally show fine internaI laminae 1/16 to 1/4 inch thick that curve parallel to bedding surfaces.  Other siltstone beds continuous, 2 to 6 inches thick.  Shale, medium-light-gray to light-olive-gray; weathers to platy to blocky fragments the same colors as weathered siltstone.  Shale envelops siltstone lenses and fills interstices; constitutes 10 to 30 percent of section.  Limestone, medium-light-gray, coarse-grained, present as thin beds near top and base of formation.  Siltstone and shale beds sparsely fossiliferous; limestone beds abundantly fossiliferous.  Basal siltstone beds contain Climacograptus typicalis Hall (identification by R. B. Neuman).


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier and Curdsville Limestone Members

Limestone, medium-light- to dark-gray; weathered colors more commonly seen, medium to light brownish gray and grayish to pale brown.  Medium- to coarse-, rarely fine-grained, even granular to irregular clastic texture.  Even beds 4 to 10 inches thick, interlayered with intervals of thin (1/2 to 4 inch) lenticular beds.  Even beds of uniform color and texture, commonly finely laminated, in part phosphatic, rarely crossbedded.  Thin lenticular beds of irregular texture and color, have rough, knobby surfaces and shaly partings.  Fossils sparse in some intervals, common to abundant in others; fossil debris forms a substantial proportion of some of the rock.  Stromatoporoids up to 10 inches in diameter commonly present 0 to 10 feet below top of unit.  Contains the following fossils in the interval 0 to 42 feet below top (identification by R. J. Ross): Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Heterorthina sp., Orthorhyncula? sp., Rafinesquina sp., Zygospira recurvirostris (Hall), and Zygospira aff. Z. modesta Hall.  Contains the following fossils in the interval 37 to 74 feet below top (identifications by R. B. Neuman, E. L. Yochelson, and Jean Berdan): Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Heterorthina sp., Pionondema cf. P. miniscula Willard, Rafinesquina trentonensis (Conrad), Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall), Zygospira sp., ?"Bellerophon" sp., Bucania aff. B. nashvillensis Ulrich, Bucanopsis aff. B. carinatus Ulrich, Carinaropsis cymbula Hall, Loxoplocus (Lophospira) cf. L. (Lophospira) saffordi (Ulrich and Scofield), and Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich.  Contains the following fossils in the interval 165 to 181 feet below top (identifications by R. B. Neuman and E. L. Yochelson): Cyrtonotella sp., Heterorthis clytie (Hall), Onniella fertilis (UIrich), Protozyga sp., Rafinesquina trentonensis (Conrad), Rhynchotrema kentuckiense Fenton and Fenton, Sowerbyella curdsvillensis (Foerste), Zygospira sp., Cyrtolites retrosus Ulrich, Liospira micula Hall, Loxoplocus (Lophospira) obliqua (Ulrich), and Sinuites sp.


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Description from Little Hickman Quadrangle

Limestone, light-olive- to medium-gray, weathers light to light brownish gray; fossiliferous, partly dolomitic, in lenticular beds a few inches thick; characterized by abundant bryozoans, with few brachiopods and crinoid stems; in places stromatoporoids occur near base.  In east-central part of quadrangle contains a few feet of bioclastic (calcarenite) limestone at top.  Contact with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member or Brannon Member is fairly sharp.  Member was not shown on the adjacent Valley View quadrangle where Greene (1966) included the Sulphur Well in the Grier Limestone Member.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, brownish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, even granular to irregular clastic texture; even beds, 1 to 6 inches thick, local low-angle crossbedding; in part phosphatic.  Fossils common in some beds.


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, brownish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, even granular to irregular clastic texture; even beds, 1 to 6 inches thick, local low-angle crossbedding; in part phosphatic.  Fossils common in some beds.


Valley View Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Limestone, pale-yellowish-brown to yellowish-gray, commonly streaked and mottled with olive gray, medium gray or reddish brown; aphanitic, contains minute augen and veinlets of clear calcite; bedding even to mildly irregular, beds 1 to 6 inches thick.  At a few places, thin bedded with shaly partings; in other places, contains dolomite in irregular patches and stringers, similar to part of the Camp Nelson Limestone.  Thin bentonitic shale and rare chert near top.  Fossils sparse, but unit contains the following genera (identifications by R. J. Ross and E. L. Yochelson): Opikina sp., Helicotoma planulatoides Ulrich and Scofield, ?Hyolithes sp., Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp., ?Maclurites sp., Murchisonia (Hormotoma) sp., ?Opiletina sp., P. (Pararaphistoma) cf. P. (P.) vitruvia (Billings), Subulites sp., T. (Trochonema) sp., Bathyurus? sp.

Oregon Formation

Limestone and dolomite: Limestone, pale-yellowish-brown streaked and mottled with grays and browns.  Aphanitic with calcite augen.  Dolomite, pale-yellowish-brown to pale-orange, some mottled with pale brown, medium gray, or grayish red; fine grained; beds even, 4 inches to 3 feet thick.  Most exposed surfaces are curved fractures.  Basal few feet dolomite and limestone, argillaceous, with shaly partings, lenticular beds 1/8 to 1 inch thick.  Fossils sparse.


Valley View Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Along Kentucky River, sand and silt; sand, light brown, fine to very fine grained; silt, light to medium brown.  Along tributary streams, silt and clay, dark brown, interbedded with gravel.  Gravel consists of rounded siltstone and limestone pebbles and cobbles as much as 4 inches in diameter with matrix of clay and silt.  In stream channels, alluvium consists primarily of limestone slabs, many as much as 18 inches long.


Valley View Quadrangle: Quaternary High-Level Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, and gravel: Clay and silt, commonly sandy, orange-brown; gravel consists of well-rounded quartz pebbles 1/4 inch to 1 1/2 inches in diameter, weathered subangular chert fragments as much as 3 inches in maximum dimension, subrounded sandstone pebbles and cobbles 1 to 6 inches in diameter, and quartz geodes 2 to 6 inches in diameter.  Gravel most abundant at surface; may be a lag accumulation.


Valley View Quadrangle: Quaternary Terrace Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silty, yellow-brown; with rounded pebbles of quartz, siltstone, and ferruginous sandstone, 1/8 to 1 inch in diameter.  Pebbles most abundant at surface; may be a lag accumulation.


Wilmore Quadrangle: Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-gray to light-brownish-gray, cryptograined, containing pods and irregular interlaced tubes of yellowish-gray, micrograined, calcareous dolomite that make up 20 to 50 percent of the rock.  Tubes commonly lie in a tangled network parallel to bedding, though some cut across bedding.  Contains several zones of cryptograined limestone with specks and minute tubes of clear calcite.  Calcareous shale, 5 to 10 feet thick, its base 10 to 15 feet below top of the formation, is present throughout the quadrangle.  Fossils identified are: Brachiopods Ancistrorhyncha australis (Foerste) (collections E and F), Glyptorthis sp. and Opikina cf. O. minnesotensis (Winchell) (collection F), Rostricellula sp. (collection E), and Strophomena sp. (collection F); the pelecypod Tancrediopsis sp. (collection F), and the gastropod cf. Maclurites (collection F).


Wilmore Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of deposit) is mostly medium to dark gray, micrograined, in even smooth-surfaced beds 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick.  Shale, poorly exposed, weathers dusky yellow.  Brachiopods and bryozoans common in some limestone beds.  Crops out only in Kentucky River fault zone in southeast corner of quadrangle.


Wilmore Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-gray, bioclastic, poorly sorted, fossiliferous, in irregular beds about 0.5 foot thick alternating with sets of nodularly bedded fossiliferous limestone with much micrograined calcite matrix.  Brachiopods and bryozoans abundant.

Macedonia Bed

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (80 percent of unit) is argillaceous, medium to light gray, micrograined; in even beds mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick.  Shale is poorly exposed.  Unit is poorly exposed and commonly weathers to cherty residuum.  Passes southeastward into irregularly bedded fossiliferous limestone similar to rest of Grier Limestone Member and is not recognizable in easternmost and southernmost parts of quadrangle.  Base of Macedonia Bed mapped locally, but exposures are too sparse to map as continuous unit.

Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, poorly sorted, fossiliferous; in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick, alternating with sets of nodularly bedded fossiliferous limestone containing much micrograined calcite matrix; the top of a zone of several beds of limestone containing large crinoid columnals and stem segments and abundant small branching bryozoans, occurring about 105 feet above the base of the Lexington Limestone, has been mapped as a key bed.  The crinoid-bearing limestone is overlain by as much as 10 feet of irregularly to lenticularly bedded micrograined limestone containing abundant dalmanellid brachiopods.  Fossil collection B, from basal beds of the unit that are laterally equivalent to the lower part of the Logana Member, contains the brachiopods Cyclospira sp., Heterorthis clytie Hall, a sulcate species of Onniella, Rafinesquina trentonensis Conrad, Rhynchotrema sp., and Zygospira sp.; the pelecypods Ambonychia sp. indet., Ctenodonta socialis Ulrich, an auriculate ctenodont, and Modiolodon oriformis Ulrich; and the gastropods Cyrtolites cf C. retrorsus Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield, Liospira aff. L. decipens Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield, Loxoplocus (Lophospira) medialis (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), and Sinuites obesus (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield).

Logana Member

Interbedded limestone and shale: Uppermost 2 to 3 feet interbedded light-olive-gray micrograined limestone and olive-gray to medium-gray shale; underlain by 5 to 8 feet of brachiopod (dalmanellid) coquina that weathers pinkish gray; basal 5 to 7 feet is interbedded limestone and shale similar to uppermost unit.  Pelecypods common in some micrograined limestone beds.  Member grades southeastward into basal part of Grier Limestone Member.  Brachiopod coquina extends beyond edge of member and is shown locally as a key bed in the basal part of the Grier Limestone Member.  Fossil collection A includes the pelecypods Ambonychia radiata Hall, Ctenodonta socialis Ulrich, and Modiolodon oviformis (Ulrich), and the gastropods Carinaropsis sp. indet., Cyrtolites cf. C. retrorsus (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield); Liospira n. sp. aff. L. decipens (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield), and Loxoplocus (Lophospira) medialis (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield).

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone: Medium- to light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic limestone.  Lower part is well sorted, locally crossbedded, grades upward into irregularly bedded poorly sorted fossiliferous limestone.  Thin unit of micrograined limestone and shale present, at least locally, 15 feet above base.  Chert nodules and silicified fossils common in lower part.


Wilmore Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulphur Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray, fossiliferous; in irregular to lenticular beds separated by shale partings.  Characterized by very abundant large branching bryozoans.  Exposed in Kentucky River fault zone in southeast corner of quadrangle and in small graben 1 mile west-northwest of Harmony Church.

Perryville Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers light-gray; cryptograined; conchoidal fracture.  Contains some interbeds of very fine grained bioclastic limestone and irregularly bedded brachiopodal limestone.  Exposed in small fault block 2 miles south of Shakertown.  Stratigraphic position determined in adjacent quadrangles.  Equivalent to part of Tanglewood Limestone Member exposed in southeastern corner of quadrangle.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Wilmore Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone
Wilmore Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, weathers brownish gray; fine to coarse grained, bioclastic; crossbedded in part.  Exposed in Kentucky River fault zone in southeast corner of quadrangle and in small graben 1 mile west-northwest of Harmony Church.


Wilmore Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tyrone Limestone

Limestone, of two types: (1) light-gray to light-olive-gray, cryptograined, containing specks and small tubes of clear calcite (birdseye limestone), and (2) very light gray to light-brownish-gray, cryptograined, containing pods and interlaced tubes of yellowish-gray, micrograined, calcareous dolomite.  Birdseye limestone predominates in northern part of quadrangle and limestone containing dolomite bodies in southern part of quadrangle.  Bentonite, as much as 2 feet thick, is present at top southwest of a line from the northwest corner of the quadrangle to Pollys Bend; a second bentonite bed, as much as 2 feet thick, is present about 25 feet below the top in all but the northwest corner of the quadrangle; a third bentonite bed, 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick and about 80 feet below the top, is present throughout the quadrangle.  The upper two bentonites, and locally the lowermost bentonite, are underlain by thin chert layers.  Chert nodules are present in some beds.  Limestone immediately above the lowermost bentonite contains planar laminae of calcareous dolomite.  Persistent units of argillaceous limestone and shale are present in uppermost 10 feet and in middle of unit.  Fossils identified (collections C and D) are the brachiopod Zygospira sp.; the gastropods ?Eotomaria aff. ?E. larvata (Salter), Helicotoma sp. indet., ?Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp. indet., Murchisonia (Hormotoma) sp. indet., and Trachonema (Trochonema) cf. T. (T.) umbilicata (Hall), and the corals Tetradium sp. cf. T cellulosum (Hall) and Tetradium sp. of T. halysitoides group.

Oregon Formation

Interbedded dolomite and limestone: Dolomite is calcareous, yellowish gray to yellowish white, micrograined to very finely crystalline, thick bedded.  Limestone is light gray to light brownish gray, cryptograined; some limestone beds contain pods and interlaced tubes of calcareous dolomite.  Contacts are placed at top of highest and base of lowest dolomite bed.  Unit thins southward by grading of upper dolomite beds into limestone.


Wilmore Quadrangle: Pleistocene or Pliocene High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel; in abandoned channel near Mundys Landing Road and as terrace remnants along Kentucky and Dix Rivers.  Clayey silt and silty clay are yellowish orange.  Quartz sand is mostly very fine.  Gravel consists of rounded quartz, quartzite, and chert pebbles and water-worn quartz geodes.  Pebbles and geodes commonly form lag deposits on surface of sand, silt, and clay, and are widely distributed as a thin veneer on bedrock down slope from the deposits and on slip-off slopes of Kentucky River.


Wilmore Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, silt, clay, and gravel: Silt and clay are medium to dark brownish gray; sand is light brown, fine to very fine.  Gravel, present in deeper parts of tributaries to the Kentucky River, consists of angular fragments of locally derived limestone and dolomite.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Ashlock Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Reba Member

Limestone in eastern part of outcrop area, grades laterally northeastward into dolomite.  Limestone is of two varieties: 1) light to medium gray, nodular to indistinctly bedded; composed of whole fossils and large fossil fragments, chiefly bryozoans and brachiopods, in a fine bioclastic groundmass, with some gray shale as partings and thin interbeds; and 2) yellow brownish gray to grayish brown, weathering very light gray, micrograined, containing abundant ostracodes and some cephalopods, in thin tabular beds locally thickening to smooth-surfaced bulbous masses.  In most outcrops the nodular variety occurs in upper part but also occurs in lower part where it is interbedded with ostracodal micro-grained variety.  Limestone grades northwestward into ledge-forming, ferruginous dolomite similar to that of Preachersville Member; zone of transition fairly well exposed along sides of ridge between Indian Creek and the Red River Road.  Where basal beds are limestone, contact with underlying dolomitic shale is sharp; where basal beds are dolomite, the member is gradational with underlying unit, and contact placed at base of ledge-forming dolomite beds.

Terrill Member

Dolomitic shale, moderate-grayish-green, olive-gray, and light-greenish-gray; fissile where weathered, some beds blocky with subconchoidal fracture where fresh.  Basal few feet is gray, calcareous shale grading into nodular fossiliferous limestone and shale; contact placed to include nodular limestone in underlying member.

Grant Lake Member

Limestone shale, and minor dolomite: Dominant limestone type is light to medium gray, in lower part of member commonly tinged with yellow or green; fine to very coarse grained with whole fossils, notably the large brachiopod Platystrophia ponderosa Foerste, and large fossil fragments in fine clayey bioclastic limestone matrix; characteristic nodular to indistinct bedding; on weathering, shale partings between nodules are eroded, leaving nodular limestone rubble.  A few thin, even-surfaced beds of brownish-gray calcarenite and calcirudite are widely spaced throughout member.  Least common limestone type is very light gray to light brownish gray, micrograined to cryptograined, commonly ostracode bearing; some beds contain small sparry calcite-filled tubes; occurs in two zones within member: 1) zone within 10 feet of base consists of a few thin beds of micrograined limestone: 2) zone in upper part is as much as 12 feet thick, base mapped locally as a line, similar in lithology and stratigraphic position to and may be correlative with the Gilbert Member of the Ashlock Formation (G. W. Weir, oral communication) as mapped in southern Madison County (Greene, 1966, 1967) but not mapped on intervening quadrangles.  Member commonly grades downward through an interval of several feet from indistinctly bedded, somewhat dolomitic limestone to more evenly bedded dolomitic shale of underlying member; contact placed on top of dominantly dolomitic shale.

Tate Member

Dolomitic shale and limestone: Dolomitic shale, olive-gray to light-grayish-green, silty, calcareous, in even-surfaced beds and laminae, moderately to poorly fissile with blocky subconchoidal fracture.  Limestone is greenish gray, weathers light yellowish brown; fine grained, dolomitic, fossiliferous; in irregular thin beds; occurs chiefly in Back Bed which is as much as 7 feet thick in southern part, present as a few limy, fossiliferous beds or absent in northern exposures, underlain by and apparently grades laterally into dolomitic shale.  Outcrops close to zone of dolomitization south of Boonesborough fault contain beds of resistant dolomite similar to types common to that zone; member may be present, as dolomite, on highest hills in dolomitized zone.  Basal contact generally sharp; base locally gradational through a few feet.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and clay shale: Limestone, medium-gray to light-brownish-gray, micrograined, silty, cherty; in very thin to thin tabular beds, locally has ball-and-pillow structure; poorly fossiliferous; dense chert and porous siltstone blocks common as float.  Clay shale, gray, as even interbeds with limestone, generally makes up less than one-third of unit.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, clay shale, and minor siltstone; Iocally dolomitized: Limestone, mostly medium-light-gray, in very thin nodular to irregularly surfaced beds with very thin interbeds and partings of medium-gray, calcareous clay shale; fossiliferous, with brachiopods and bryozoans dominant.  Bioclastic calcarenite and calcirudite in even beds as much as 10 inches thick are concentrated at places near base but are also widely spaced throughout.  Siltstone, calcareous, in very thin, tabular beds, occurs sparsely throughout but is more abundant in lower part as interbeds with limestone and shale.

Adjacent to the Boonesborough fault in a zone extending from the ridge crest east of Stoner Branch to a hilltop west of Harris Branch, otherwise calcitic rocks of the Calloway Creek Limestone, Garrard Siltstone, and at least the upper part of the Clays Ferry Formation are almost completely altered to dolomite.  The dolomite in the Calloway Creek interval is strikingly similar in mode of outcrop, bedding character, and lithology to dolomite of the Drakes Formation.  Resistant dolomitized beds are thicker (0.3 to 0.1 foot) and are more evenly surfaced than those of unaltered limestone.  Weathered dolomite is generally light orange gray flecked with reddish brown, mottled with patches and swirls of light grayish green, with scattered patches of very light gray sparite.  Covered intervals between resistant beds of doIomite are wider and more prevalent than in comparably weathered outcrops of unaltered Calloway Creek.  In fresh cuts and drill cores these intervals are made up of poorly resistant beds of unctuous, light-grayish-green and reddish-brown, dolomitic mudstone and shale.  Cavity fillings of coarsely crystalline barite, dolomite, calcite, and pyrite occur in dolomite.  Zones of petroliferous vugs in partly dolomitized fossiliferous limestone interbedded with more completely dolomitized rock were noted in outcrops and in drill core thought to be near margin of the dolomitized zones.  At places, lateral transition from limestone to dolomite is very abrupt.  Tongues of dolomite extend well south of main dolomite body.  The entire Calloway Creek interval may be present at U. S. G. S. Allen No. 1 diamond-drill hole (shown in three cross sections); almost all of unit penetrated is dolomitized.  Basal Calloway Creek contact is placed at top of sequence of thick beds of siltstone with a few very thin interbeds of limestone overlain by limestone with some thin siItstone interbeds.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and some siltstone interbedded with clay shale; locally dolomitized: Limestone, about 50 percent of formation, medium- to dark-gray, weathers to lighter shades of gray and brown; commonly micrograined yielding smooth-surfaced tablets on weathering, locally very coarse grained; mostly in thin to very thin, even beds; bioclastic; large fossil fragments and whole fossils abundant in some beds, the brachiopod Sowerbyella abundant in very few beds about 20 feet above base.  Siltstone, olive-gray, weathers light brown; calcareous, in thin to very thin beds mostly in upper part.  Clay shale, 30 to 50 percent of formation, medium-dark-olive-gray, calcareous, moderately fissile; rarely exposed.  The U.S.G.S. Allen No. 1 diamond-drill hole penetrated dolomitized upper 41 feet of Clays Ferry; core is fissile, very finely crystalline dolomitic shale with interbeds of medium-crystalline dolomite and several thin beds of dolomite-cemented quartz siltstone.  Basal contact fairly sharp but rarely well exposed, drawn on top of resistant, irregularly bedded, very fossiliferous limestone underlying shale with abundant even-surfaced, tabular, notably micrograined, limestone interbeds.

Tongue of Clays Ferry Formation: Shale and limestone; even beds of gray shale, ½ to 1 foot thick, interbedded with very thin tabular beds of light- to olive-gray micrograined limestone; sequence is as much as 12 feet thick, pinches out northward; contacts sharp where exposed; top mapped locally by a line.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Preachersville Member

Dolomitic shale and dolomite: Member divisible into two parts-an upper part of dolomitic shale and a lower part consisting of interbedded ledge-forming dolomite and dolomitic shale.  Due to intergradation, boundary between the parts is poorly defined.  Dolomitic shale, light-greenish-gray to moderate-olive- or brownish-gray, weathers very light gray thickly banded with darker shades of gray; silty and argillaceous, includes much very finely crystalline dolomite; moderately to poorly fissile; subconchoidal blocky fracture common in fresh exposures.  Top third of member consists of very thin, mostly even-surfaced interbeds and laminae of resistant dolomite widely separated by shale, forms moderate slope; in lower half dolomite beds become thicker (as much as a foot thick near base) and more closely spaced and form steeper slopes and numerous ledges.  More resistant, more coarsely crystalline dolomite is ferruginous and of various colors, commonly greenish gray tinged with yellow, pink, orange, and brown; weathered surfaces mostly grayish or reddish brown; finely to coarsely crystalline; calcite cemented, porous weathering; sparse petroliferous vugs.  Fossils generally sparse and poorly preserved, but very abundant in some beds; some thin interbeds in shaly upper part are matted with branching bryozoans preserved as small, thin-walled ironstone tubes surrounding inner cores of finely crystalline greenish-gray dolomite.  Weathering of shaly upper part of member commonly produces fairly large areas of badlands in upland areas; steeper slopes of ledgy dolomitic lower part are brushy.  Basal contact placed at fairly sharp transition from closely spaced, ledge-forming dolomite beds in dolomitic shale to dolomitic shale with very few ledges.

Rowland Member

Dolomitic shale and mudstone, lithologically very similar to upper part of overlying Preachersville Member but includes fewer resistant ledge-forming dolomite beds and laminae.  Hilltop areas and steeper slopes poorly vegetated, locally bare, but vegetative cover is generally thicker than on upper Preachersville.  Basal contact sharp where exposed.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, minor limestone and shale; locally dolomitized: Siltstone, olive-gray, weathers yellowish brown; quartzose with calcite cement, in even beds and bedding sets several feet thick, crossbedded in part; exhibits ball-and-pillow structure.  Thin, bioclastic limestone lenses and partings and thin interbeds of shale are intercalated with the siltstone and commonly are incorporated in the ball-and-pillow structures.  Within the zone of dolomitization along the Boonesborough fault, the calcitic cement, calcareous shale, and limestone interbeds in the Garrard are dolomitized.  Unit grades into, and probably intertongues with, underlying formation; contact placed on base of sequence of siltstone beds, most more than a foot thick, overlying limestone and less abundant siltstone interbedded with shale.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-light-gray to medium-gray, very finely to coarsely bioclastic, with abundant whole fossils and large fossil fragments in matrix of very finely comminuted fossil debris with some clay and silt; occurs mostly in indistinct nodular beds several feet thick, with thin to very thin, irregular, resistant interbeds of fossiliferous calcirudite.  Thick bedding sets of calcarenite and calcirudite similar to Curdsville Limestone Member below occur as much as 65 feet above base of Lexington Limestone.  Contact with Curdsville was not mapped but may be defined with difficulty at the base of sequence of nodular limestone beds.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone (calcarenite and caIcirudite), medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, fine to very coarse grained, fossil-fragmental, cemented with sparry calcite, sparsely phosphatic; in thin, even beds, crossbedded; some very thin tabular beds of micrograined limestone; commonly contains lenses of dense, medium- to dark-gray chert widely spaced throughout; abundant whole fossils in some beds.  Basal contact sharp.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Millersburg Member: Limestone and shale; light-gray, nodular, fossiliferous limestone with medium-dark-gray shale as interbeds and as partings surrounding limestone nodules; large stromatoporoids in upper part.  Colonial corals are common near middle of Millersburg interval; characteristic are molds of the large pelecypod Allonychia flanaganensis Foerste in a zone as much as 7 feet thick just above base; basal contact sharp.

Strodes Creek Member

Strodes Creek Member (Black and Cuppels, 1973): Limestone (lime-mudstone), light-grayish-brown to light-greenish-gray, chiefly clay and silt-size particles with scattered coarse shell fragments.  Characteristically in contorted beds ranging in structure from wavy, pinch-and-swell to bulbous and convolute; beds a few inches to as much as 2 feet thick, with partings and local interbeds of moderate-reddish-brown fissile calcisiltite.  Contains numerous stromatoporoids and ostracodes; algae are locally abundant; other fossils include colonial corals, gastropods, and cephalopods and are less abundant; member is as much as 10 feet thick, thickens northeastward, intertongues with and grades laterally into Millersburg Member to southwest where correlative zone of stromatoporoids extends beyond the limits of Strodes Creek lithology; basal contact sharp; upper contact gradational, placed at top of highest lime-mudstone bed.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite and calcirudite), gray, weathers brownish gray; medium to coarse grained, bioclastic, cemented with sparry calcite; in thin, even-surfaced beds, crossbedded in part; occurs as tongues intercalated with other rock types; resistant, ledge-forming bedding sets occurring in upper Lexington are mapped locally, but thin appreciably or pinch out northward; contacts generally sharp but locally lithologies intergrade.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite and calcirudite), gray, weathers brownish gray; medium to coarse grained, bioclastic, cemented with sparry calcite; in thin, even-surfaced beds, crossbedded in part; occurs as tongues intercalated with other rock types; resistant, ledge-forming bedding sets occurring in upper Lexington are mapped locally, but thin appreciably or pinch out northward; contacts generally sharp but locally lithologies intergrade.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental, partly phosphatic, cemented with sparry calcite; in very thin to thin, even to slightly irregular beds, crossbedded in part.  Whole fossils rare.  Basal contact sharp.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue) of Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental, cemented with sparry calcite, in very thin to thin, even to irregular beds; definable with difficulty in western part, grades vertically and laterally into Grier Limestone Member with which it is mapped.


Winchester Quadrangle: Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-yellowish-brown, cryptograined (micritic) with conchoidal fracture, in even-surfaced, thin to very thin beds; some beds contain small tubes of sparry calcite.  Formation is minimum of 55 feet thick on adjacent Ford quadrangle (Black, 1968).  Only upper part exposed at three localities in western part of quadrangle north of Boonesborough fault.


Winchester Quadrangle: Paleozoic Dolomite of Uncertain Age and Origin

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Similar to dolomitized Calloway Creek Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation at Stoner Branch locality (see Calloway Creek Limestone description), to dolomitized part of Reba Member of Ashlock Formation, to dolomite of rocks of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian age above the Reba Member.


Winchester Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, silty clay, silt and gravel: Sand, medium-brownish-gray to yellowish-brown, mostly very fine to fine, some medium grains; forms thick flood plain and slack water deposits along Kentucky River.  Silty clay and silt, yellowish-brown to medium-dark-reddish-brown, occur in bottoms of low-gradient upper reaches of tributary valleys; deposits grade into colluvium on valley slopes, locally contain small limonite pebbles derived from residual concentrations of iron oxide in soils.  Gravel, slightly abraded pebble- to boulder-size tablets and blocks of limestone, siltstone, and dolomite, occurs throughout middle reaches of tributaries; at places deposits of imbricated coarse gravel cover floors of steep-walled drainages.


Winchester Quadrangle: Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Crab Orchard Formation

No exposures of Crab Orchard Formation were found in the Winchester quadrangle; lower part is projected from the Union City quadrangle (Simmons, 1967) where it is described as follows: "Shale and dolomite: Shale, dusky-yellow-green to grayish-olive, thin- and even-bedded, very plastic and swells when moist.  Dolomite, light-gray; weathers dark yellowish brown; fine and medium grained.  Medium-grained dolomite is bioclastic and occurs in beds as much as 4 inches thick in lower part of unit.  Conformable and intertongues with underlying unit through a thickness of 2 feet.

Brassfield Dolomite

Dolomite, generally light-gray with patches of brownish, reddish, or greenish gray, weathers to darker shades of similar hue; a few beds near top, seen locally, are vivid golden yellow; fine to medium crystalline with calcite cement, ferruginous, porous where weathered; in bedding sets as much as 3 feet thick made up of many thinner beds and some crossbeds less than 1 to 6 inches thick.  Some beds fossiliferous, include small, well-preserved horn corals.  Cogwheel-shaped crinoid segments reportedly characteristic of upper few feet (Simmons, 1967) were not seen.  Crops out as a series of resistant ledges which together form a prominent bluff, jointed and differentially weathered to irregular surfaces.  Upper contact not exposed; thickness figure taken from Union City quadrangle (Simmons, 1967).


Winchester Quadrangle: Tertiary(?) and Quaternary Irvine Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel and sand: Gravel, very coarse, includes geodes as much as 1.5 feet across, abraded blocks as much as 2 feet long of dark-reddish-brown ferruginous conglomerate consisting of poorly sorted quartz pebbles in coarse-grained, iron- and silica-cemented sandstone matrix, smaller fist-size geodes, and cobbles and pebbles of quartz, quartzite, chert, and ironstone.  Sand was not seen in outcrop but soil is very sandy.  Deposits lie on the Tate and Grant Lake Members of the Ashlock Formation.  Basal elevations range from a little below 940 feet in western exposures to about 970 feet in eastern exposure.  Many gravel fragments are identifiable as having been derived from formations of Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian age whose closest outcrops are in the knobs and foothills of eastern Kentucky slightly more than 20 miles southeast of this area.  Unit forms oldest surficial deposits in quadrangle.

Gravel and sand: Gravel is similar in composition and derivation to that in older deposits described above, but fragments are generally smaller.  Gravel includes geodes no more than 6 inches across and subrounded tablets of fossiliferous chert derived from formations of Mississippian age; and small cobbles and pebbles of quartz, quartzite, and chert as well as sand derived from rocks of Pennsylvanian age.  On a hillcrest just north of, and centrally located on, the south quadrangle boundary, shallow bulldozer cuts exposed unsorted quartz and chert pebbles and cobbles in sandy gravel with no discernible bedding.  Basal contact ranges from about 840 feet to 925 feet in elevation and deposit lies on the Tate Member of the Ashlock Formation, the Calloway Creek Limestone, and locally, on the uppermost part of the Garrard Siltstone.  Fluvial deposits which lap onto valley walls at elevations within this range appear locally to be continuous with younger deposits and, at places, are mapped with the younger deposits.  At least two terrace deposits occur within this interval; the base of the older ranges between 870 and 925 feet in elevation, and the base of the younger is between 840 and 860 feet.  These deposits are lithologically similar except that the younger is possibly somewhat finer grained.

Gravel, sand, silt, and clay similar to deposits described above except that these deposits, and the younger deposits described below, contain an abundance of blocks and tablets locally derived from the Garrard Siltstone mixed with quartz, chert, and ironstone cobbles, pebbles, and sand; no source of Garrard Siltstone was available to the river south of the Eagle Nest fault.  In the bottom of a small tributary stream half a mile east of Elkin near the northern limit of the fluvial deposits, a 2-foot-thick bed of whitish-gray unctuous clay is exposed beneath fluvial sand and silt.  This material may be of fluvial origin or it may be residual from the underlying Clays Ferry Formation.  Unit lies on the Reba, Terrill, and Grant Lake Members of the Ashlock Formation south of the Eagle Nest fault at an elevation of about 820 feet; to the north and west it lies on Calloway Creek Limestone, Garrard Siltstone, and the upper part of the Clays Ferry Formation, gradually decreasing in elevation to slightly below 805 feet.  No carbonate rocks appear to have been preserved.  Unit forms most extensive high-level surficial deposit in quadrangle.

Sand and quartz and chert pebbles possibly reworked from older fluvial deposits and locally derived blocks and cobbles of Garrard Siltstone are perched in an abandoned meander of Fourmile Creek just north of the bend in the Kentucky River in the south-central part of the quadrangle at an elevation slightly above 750 feet.  These sediments appear to have been deposited fairly late in the downcutting of this tributary after the Kentucky River had abandoned its northerly course and was probably following a course approximately the same as that of today.  Mapped with unit above.


HARRODSBURG: ALCORN QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Colluvium and Landslide Deposits

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Pennsylvanian Grundy Formation

Corbin Sandstone Member

Pennsylvanian Livingston Conglomerate Member of the Alvy Creek Formation

Mississippian Paragon Formation

Pennington Formation

Mississippian Slade Formation

Newman Limestone: Upper Member

Newman Limestone: Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member

Newman Limestone: St. Louis Limestone Member

Renfro Member

Mississippian Borden Formation

Nada Member

Cowbell Member

Nancy Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard Formation

Brassfield Dolomite


HARRODSBURG: BEREA QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Colluvium and Landslide Deposits

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Pennsylvanian Grundy Formation

Pennsylvanian Livingston Conglomerate Member of the Alvy Creek Formation

Mississippian Slade Formation

Newman Limestone: Upper Member

Newman Limestone: Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member

Newman Limestone: St. Louis Limestone Member

Renfro Member

Mississippian Borden Formation

Nada Member

Cowbell Member

Nancy Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Stingy Creek Member

Gilbert Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone


HARRODSBURG: BIGHILL QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Colluvium and Landslide Deposits

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Pennsylvanian Grundy Formation

Corbin Sandstone Member

Pennsylvanian Livingston Conglomerate Member of the Alvy Creek Formation

Mississippian Paragon Formation

Pennington Formation

Mississippian Slade Formation

Newman Limestone: Upper Member

Newman Limestone: Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member

Newman Limestone: St. Louis Limestone Member

Renfro Member

Mississippian Borden Formation

Nada Member

Cowbell Member

Nancy Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member


HARRODSBURG: BRYANTSVILLE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Tertiary or Quaternary High-level Fluvial Deposits

Mississippian Borden Formation

siltstone member

Nancy Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Stingy Creek Member

Gilbert Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Oregon Formation/Camp Nelson Limestone

Oregon Formation

Camp Nelson Limestone

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone


HARRODSBURG: BUCKEYE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Pliocene or Pleistocene High-level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Stingy Creek Member

Gilbert Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Formation

Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone


HARRODSBURG: COLETOWN QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

High-level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone/Oregon

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Formation

Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone


HARRODSBURG: CORNISHVILLE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Faulconer Bed

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


HARRODSBURG: DANVILLE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Fluvial and Eolian Deposits

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Faulconer Bed

Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation


HARRODSBURG: FORD QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Tertiary or Quaternary Irvine Formation

Ordovician Breccia

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Cane Run Bed

Grier Limestone Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone/Oregon

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Formation

Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone


HARRODSBURG: HARRODSBURG QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Pliocene or Pleistocene High-level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Formation

Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone


HARRODSBURG: HEDGES QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Ironstone and Clay

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Tertiary (?) and Quaternary High-level Fluvial Deposits

Dolomite of uncertain age and origin

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Middle Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard Formation

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member: Upper Part

Preachersville Member: Lower Part

Rowland member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Grant Lake Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Kope Formation

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Millersburg Member

Strodes Creek Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


HARRODSBURG: JUNCTION CITY QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Tertiary Gravel and Sand

Mississippian St. Louis Limestone

Mississippian Salem and Harrodsburg Limestones

Mississippian Borden Formation

Muldraugh Member

Halls Gap Member

Nancy Member

New Providence Shale Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Terrill Member

Stingy Creek Member

Gilbert Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Ordovician Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


HARRODSBURG: KEENE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Pliocene or Pleistocene High-level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Limestone


HARRODSBURG: KIRKSVILLE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


HARRODSBURG: LANCASTER QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Mississippian Borden Formation

Nancy Member: Gum Sulphur Bed

Nancy Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard Formation

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Stingy Creek Member

Gilbert Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation


HARRODSBURG: LITTLE HICKMAN QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Pliocene or Pleistocene High-level Fluvial Deposits

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Limestone

Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone


HARRODSBURG: MCBRAYER QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Tertiary or Quaternary High-level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Sulphur Well Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


HARRODSBURG: MOBERLY QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Pliocene or Pleistocene Irvine Formation

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard Formation

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Stingy Creek Member

Gilbert Member

Tate Member


HARRODSBURG: NICHOLASVILLE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Paleozoic

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone


HARRODSBURG: PAINT LICK QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Mississippian Slade Formation

Renfro Member

Mississippian Borden Formation

Wildie Member

Halls Gap Member

Nancy Member

      Gum Sulphur Bed of Nancy Member

      Conway Cut Bed of Cowbell Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard Formation

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Stingy Creek Member

Gilbert Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation


HARRODSBURG: PALMER QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Pliocene or Pleistocene High-level Fluvial Deposits

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Mississippian Borden Formation

Nada Member

Cowbell Member

Nancy Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Bisher Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

Estill Shale Member

Waco Member

Lulbegrud Shale Member

Oldham Limestone Member

Plum Creek Member

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Grant Lake Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone


HARRODSBURG: PANOLA QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Pliocene or Pleistocene Irvine Formation

Pennsylvanian Grundy Formation

Mississippian Slade Formation

Newman Limestone: Upper Member

Newman Limestone: Ste. Genevieve Limestone Member

Newman Limestone: St. Louis Limestone Member

Renfro Member

Mississippian Borden Formation

Nada Member

Cowbell Member

Nancy Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard Formation

Crab Orchard Formation

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Grant Lake Member


HARRODSBURG: PARKSVILLE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Mississippian St. Louis Limestone

Mississippian Salem and Harrodsburg Limestones

Mississippian Borden Formation

Muldraugh Member

Halls Gap Member

Nancy Member

New Providence Shale Member

Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Saluda Dolomite Member

Bardstown Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Grant Lake Limestone

Gilbert Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed


HARRODSBURG: PERRYVILLE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Faulconer Bed

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


HARRODSBURG: RICHMOND NORTH QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Silurian Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Grant Lake Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier and Curdsville Limestone Members

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone


HARRODSBURG: RICHMOND SOUTH QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard Formation

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Stingy Creek Member

Gilbert Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation


HARRODSBURG: SALVISA QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Pliocene or Pleistocene High-level Fluvial Deposits

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Sulphur Well Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Formation

Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone


HARRODSBURG: STANFORD QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Mississippian Borden Formation

Halls Gap Member

Nancy Member

New Providence Shale Member

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Stingy Creek Member

Gilbert Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Brannon Member

Perryville Limestone Member: Cornishville Bed

Perryville Limestone Member: Salvisa Bed

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone No. 1

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Dolomite


HARRODSBURG: UNION CITY QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Pliocene or Pleistocene Irvine Formation

Mississippian/Devonian New Albany Shale

Devonian Boyle Dolomite

Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard Formation

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Grant Lake Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)


HARRODSBURG: VALLEY VIEW QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary Terrace Deposits

Quaternary High-level Terrace Deposits

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier and Curdsville Limestone Members

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Formation

Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone


HARRODSBURG: WILMORE QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulphur Well Member

Perryville Limestone Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Formation

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone/Oregon Formation

Tyrone Limestone

Oregon Formation

Ordovician Camp Nelson Limestone


HARRODSBURG: WINCHESTER QUADRANGLE

References Cited

Economic Geology

Quaternary Alluvium

Tertiary(?) and Quaternary Irvine Formation

Paleozoic Dolomite of Uncertain Age and Origin

Silurian Crab Orchard Formation/Brassfield Dolomite

Crab Orchard Formation

Brassfield Dolomite

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Preachersville Member

Rowland Member

Ordovician Ashlock Formation

Reba Member

Terrill Member

Grant Lake Member

Tate Member

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Strodes Creek Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone


	About the Stratigraphic Description Help File

Quadrangle List

Author Info/Contact Info:

Doug Curl

Geologist II

Geospatial Analysis Section

Kentucky Geological Survey

228 Mining and Mineral Resources Bldg.

University of Kentucky

Lexington, KY 40506-0107

Work: 859.257.5500

Fax: 859.257.1147

email: dcurl@kgs.mm.uky.edu

Please feel free to contact the author if there are any questions, comments, or concerns.

Description of help stratigraphic description file:

This help file contains the stratigraphic descriptions, references, and economic geology descriptions from the original 1:24,000 geologic quadrangle maps.  This text is intended to be a supplement to the digital geologic quadrangle maps.  Note that the lithologic boundaries on the digital geologic maps may be different from the boundaries mapped on the original geologic maps.  In most cases the lithologic boundaries have been generalized to the formation level due to concerns about compiling the quadrangles into 30 x 60-minute quadrangles.  The text that can be queried here has not been altered from the original maps (in that no text has been added or omitted), except that the arrangement of the text may have been altered to accommodate the digitally mapped stratigraphic boundaries.


Lexington West Quadrangle: Engineering Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Many problems presented by the urban and industrial expansion of Lexington are involved in fitting structures such as roads, houses, and factories into the topographic and geologic setting.  The widely varying physical properties, lithology, and thickness of bedrock and surficial materials have a direct bearing on the methods and costs of construction of roads, buildings, and pipe lines.  Bedrock consists of limestone and shale in widely varying proportions.  The surficial materials include stream-deposited alluvium and soil, which in this discussion includes all unconsolidated weathered material other than alluvium.

Most limestone stands in steep to vertical cliffs where excavated.  Shales in the Grier Limestone Member are thin and have no influence on the stability of the slope on that member.  Shaly limestone in the Millersburg Member, however, is unstable in vertical cuts, and falling and slumping rock is common, as in the railroad cut in the southeastern corner of the quadrangle.  These beds stand in slopes of 2:1 (ratio of horizontal to vertical distances) in most cuts.

Excavation of rock generally requires blasting.  The shelly granular limestone in the Grier Limestone Member and the argillaceous fossiliferous rubbly limestone of the Millersburg Member shatter easily during blasting.  The Brannon Limestone Member is dense and tough, and it moves as a discrete unit rather than shattering into easily removed fragments when subjected to shaped charges such as are used in sewer excavation in residential districts.  Stripping by heavy equipment of the thinner-bedded portions of the Grier and Millersburg Members is locally successful.

Unconsolidated surficial deposits vary in their slope stability.  Alluvium locally contains enough silt and clay derived from weathered limestone to enable it to stand in steep to nearly vertical embankments.  On the other hand, soil derived from the Grier and Tanglewood Limestone Members stands best in slopes flatter than 2:1.  Even then, ground water moving at the base of the soil in contact with the rock can saturate the lower part of the soil and cause the soil to slump.  The soil of the Millersburg Member contains a greater amount of clay, tends to be more cohesive, and stands in steeper slopes.  During periods of unusual moisture, the outer 3 to 12 inches of soil in excavations becomes saturated and slumps or flows down 2:1 slopes.

Most rocks exposed in the area provide satisfactory foundations for moderate to heavy loads where unaffected by solution of limestone.  Ground water moving along joints and other fractures dissolves and removes limestone.  Voids thus created are generally filled with soil and fragments of rock.  In many places, continued flow of the ground water washes away the lower part of this fill, leaving a bridge or roof of poorly consolidated material.  Sudden collapses of these bridges when excess weight is placed on them have resulted in loss of livestock and farm equipment.

In places, fissures in bedrock filled with soil and rock fragments are separated by pedestals of firm rock.  Footings placed in part on the poorly consolidated material and in part on the bedrock may fail or settle unevenly because of compaction of the poorly consolidated fill.

Sinks are common in the quadrangle, the larger ones appearing as depressions on the topographic base map.  Caverns extend laterally, some for considerable distances from the sinks, and may be close to but unobserved from the ground surface.

Many of the areas shown as bedrock on hilltops are soil, because the soil cover is not shown on the map.  As the soil is as much as 20 feet thick in some of those areas, excavation for foundations may not reach bedrock.

The contact of bedrock and the surficial materials covering it changes abruptly and ranges greatly in depth across the quadrangle.  Voids occur in limestone and in the debris-filled fissures that have developed along fractures in the limestone.  For these reasons particularly, foundation sites should be carefully investigated prior to planning construction.


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, and gravel: Silt is clayey, dark brownish gray when wet, pale brown when dry; makes up most of deposit.  Sand, present locally in stream channels, consists mostly of limonite grains reworked from residual soils; locally cemented by limonite.  Gravel, present in some stream channels, consists mostly of locally derived angular fragments of limestone but in places contains quartz pebbles and geodes reworked from high-level fluvial deposits.  Alluvium generally less than 10 feet thick but may be as much as 15 feet thick along Salt River.  Includes older alluvium on low rockdefended terraces along Salt River.


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, silt, and gravel: Quartz sand is yellowish orange to yellowish gray, very fine and fine.  Silt is yellowish orange.  Gravel consists of rounded quartz and quartzite and subangular brown chert pebbles and a few water-worn quartz geodes.  Deposit at Alton is light-red fine quartz sand.  Most deposits rest on residual clay that may be 10 or more feet thick.  Sand and silt containing sparse pebbles form a thin veneer on residual soil derived from the Lexington Limestone and the Clays Ferry Formation in much of the area in Franklin County between State Highways 35 and 151, suggesting that high-level fluvial deposits were formerly much more widespread than at present.


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Drakes Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded dolomite and mudstone: Dolomite is grayish orange to yellowish gray, microcrystalline to medium crystalline, in beds from 0.2 to more than 1 foot thick; contains calcite-lined vugs.  Mudstone is dolomitic, greenish gray.  Unit is poorly exposed and present only in small graben 2 miles north-northwest of Lawrenceburg.  Resembles Preachersville Member of Drakes Formation in its type locality in Lincoln County, but may be wholly or in part dolomitized Clays Ferry Formation.  In the type area of the Preachersville in Lincoln County, Kentucky, the Rowland Member of the Drakes Formation, the Ashlock Formation, the Calloway Creek Limestone, and the Garrard Siltstone lie between the Preachersville Member of the Drakes above and the Clays Ferry Formation below, and the interval between the top of the Clays Ferry and the base of the Preachersville Member is about 340 feet thick.


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone (about 45 percent of unit) is of three types: (1) medium to dark gray, micrograined, argillaceous, in beds 0.1 to 1.5 feet thick; (2) medium gray, containing abundant brachiopods and bryozoans in micrograined calcite matrix in beds mostly 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick; and (3) medium gray, crinoidal, in beds as much as 1.5 feet thick.  Shale (about 50 percent of unit) is medium gray to olive gray, weathers yellowish gray, fissile.  Siltstone (about 5 percent of unit) is yellowish brown, calcareous, in beds 0.1 to 0.3 foot thick.  Basal 35 feet overlying Sulphur Well Member of Lexington Limestone is mostly unfossiliferous limestone and shale and commonly has ball-and-pillow structure at top where overlain by tongue of Lexington Limestone.  Beds from about 35 to 65 feet above the Sulphur Well Member are mostly Rafinesquina-bearing limestone and shale and are nodular bedded in part.  Crinoidal limestone, interbedded with brachiopodal limestone, micrograined limestone, and shale, present from about 65 feet above Sulphur Well Member to top of unit.  Lowest prominent siltstone beds are about 160 feet above Sulphur Well Member.  Brachiopod Sowerbyella abundant from about 120 feet above the base of the Brannon Member of the Lexington Limestone to at least as high as the lowest siltstone beds.  Unit generally poorly exposed; forms moderate to steep slopes that are mostly in pasture or woodland; weathers to form clayey impervious soil; small sinkholes common just below zone of abundant Sowerbyella.  Basal contact sharp and fairly well exposed except near Alton Station, in the valley east of Alton Church, and in the area between State Highways 35 and 151 where bedrock is mantled by thick residual soil.  Unit mapped as Million Shale of Nickles on adjacent Tyrone quadrangle (Cressman, 1964).


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, phosphatic, medium-gray to pinkish-gray, weathers brownish gray to pale orange; medium to coarse grained, bioclastic, well sorted; in even to irregular beds and crossbedded sets mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick; mostly unfossiliferous, but some beds contain abundant brachiopods and bryozoans.  Upper two-thirds intertongues southwestward with basal Clays Ferry Formation; distal ends of tongues commonly more irregularly bedded and fossiliferous than main body of member; lower one-third grades southwestward into Sulphur Well Member of Lexington Limestone.  Unit generally poorly exposed; sinkholes and solution-enlarged joints common.  Basal contact sharp but rarely exposed.  Unit mapped as granular phosphatic limestone member of Lexington Limestone on adjacent Tyrone quadrangle (Cressman, 1964).


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sulpher Well Member

Limestone, medium-gray, in irregular to lenticular beds separated by shale partings.  Characterized by very abundant large bryozoans.  Grades laterally from calcarenite tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member through distance of 0.5 mile; contact between Sulphur Well and laterally equivalent part of Tanglewood placed where bryozoan limestone typical of Sulphur Well Member makes up more than half of interval.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit) is medium to dark gray, micrograined, argillaceous; in even beds mostly 0.2 to 0.4 foot thick.  Shale is dark gray, fissile.  Where overlain by Sulphur Well Member, limestone in uppermost few feet is nodular to lenticular; where overlain by Tanglewood Limestone Member, ball-and-pillow structure common near top.  Unit thins from 25 feet near northeast corner of quadrangle and southeast of Lawrenceburg to 7 feet near southwest corner of quadrangle.  Unit poorly exposed, but basal contact is sharp and commonly well exposed.


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-gray to pale-yellowish-brown, medium- to coarse-grained, fossiliferous, poorly sorted; in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick, alternating with sets of nodularly bedded fossiliferous limestone containing much micrograined calcite matrix.  Uppermost 10 feet contains some medium- to pinkish-gray, medium-grained, well-sorted bioclastic limestone; in most parts of quadrangle the bioclastic limestone occurs as lenses, but in northeast and southeast parts it may represent tongues of Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Fine-grained, well-sorted calcarenite present about 28 to 40 feet below top of unit near southwest corner of quadrangle.  Macedonia Bed, present near northeast corner of quadrangle, consists of interbedded micrograined limestone and shale; pinches out to southwest.  Brachiopod Rhynchotrema abundant in upper 40 feet; dalmanellid brachiopods abundant in lower 90 feet; bryozoans common throughout.  Generally well exposed.  Basal contact is sharp and well exposed in some gullies.

Logana Member

Interbedded limestone and shale: Uppermost 6 feet and lowermost 10 feet light-olive-gray micrograined limestone in even beds mostly 0.2 to 0.3 foot thick interbedded with olive-gray to medium-gray fissile shale; middle part light-olive-gray to pinkish-gray limestone consisting of closely packed dalmanellid brachiopod valves.  Unit poorly exposed, but yields abundant limestone float.  Basal contact is sharp but poorly exposed.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, medium- to brownish-gray and pale-orange, fine- to coarse-grained; in even to slightly irregular beds 0.2 to 0.8 foot thick, crossbedded in part; some beds contain abundant brachiopods.  Contains several feet of micrograined limestone and shale near middle.  Poorly exposed.  Basal contact is sharp.


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-olive-gray to yellowish-gray, weathers light gray; cryptograined; contains specks and small tube fillings of clear calcite.  Poorly exposed.


Shawhan Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clayey, brownish-red to grayish-brown, sandy in places; yellowish-brown iron-oxide granules abundant locally.  Flood plain of the South Fork of Licking River includes two poorly defined levels of alluvium at about 20 and 50 feet above stream; lithologies of the two levels appear the same.


Shawhan Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone: Shale, gray to green, platy to massive; poorly exposed but may make up as much as half of unit.  Limestone, brown to gray, weathers reddish brown; fine to medium grained; contains abundant fragments of crinoids and brachiopods; weathers to slabs with rough granular surfaces; micrograined limestone, brown to gray, sparsely fossiliferous; weathers to smooth slabs.  Limestone beds are commonly less than 8 inches thick; thicker and more abundant in lower 20 feet.  Lowest occurrence of abundant brachiopods similar to those identified as Sowerbyella in nearby areas is about 30 feet above the top of the upper tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone.  Basal contact poorly exposed but can generally be determined by changes in lithology and fossils: limestone beds of the Clays Ferry Formation are thinner than those of the underlying Lexington Limestone and contain smaller, thinner-shelled fossils; the micrograined limestone and gray to green shale of the Clays Ferry do not occur in this part of the Lexington Limestone.

Limestone and shale: Limestone, brown to gray, weathers pale brown; micrograined to fine grained; in even, commonly 	laminated beds; generally in beds or sets less than 6 inches thick; weathers to distinctive smooth, blocky to platy frag	ments.  Generally sparsely fossiliferous but at fossil localities B through F, west of Grays Run, and at fossil localities G and H, south of Lair, the upper part contains a diversified fauna.  This fossiliferous interval is underlain by a conglomerate bed 10 inches thick, consisting of rounded fragments of gray micrograined limestone (calcisiltite) in a matrix of gray, fine-grained calcarenite.  Flow rolls occur in a micrograined limestone several feet thick near base of unit at several localities.  Shale, olive-gray, poorly exposed; may make up as much as 50 percent of unit.  Basal contact sharp, marked in places by a red, medium- to coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental limestone bed about 1 foot thick.  Unit equivalent to lower tongue of Clays Ferry in the Paris West quadrangle (Outerbridge, in prep.) adjacent to the south.


Shawhan Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, gray to brown, fine- to coarse-grained, evenly bedded.  Includes beds 0.2 to 1.5 feet thick of calcarenite, fossil-fragmental limestone, and fossiliferous limestone.  Calcarenite is fine to medium grained, phosphatic, and weathers to brown, rough-textured surfaces.  Fossil-fragmental limestone is fine to coarse grained, poorly sorted, and commonly contains abundant fragments of several species of brachiopods and trilobites.  Crinoid columnals increase in abundance upward and bryozoans increase in abundance and size downward.  Several beds of fossiliferous limestone 1 to 2 feet thick in lower part have a lithology and texture similar to that of underlying Millersburg Member.  Almost everywhere grades downward into Millersburg and base is generally covered; lower contact placed at highest occurrence of abundant nodular, fossiliferous limestone in float.  In northeastern part of quadrangle, is underlain by a sequence as much as 15 feet thick of interbedded calcarenite, nodular fossiliferous limestone, gray shale, and fine-grained ostracodal limestone.  These rocks are gradational between Tanglewood and underlying Strodes Creek Member.


Shawhan Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Strodes Creek Member

Ostracodal limestone and shale: Limestone, brownish-gray, weathers light gray; fine grained grading to micrograined (calcisiltite); in lenticular beds; weathers to smooth slabby to blocky float.  Ostracodes common; irregular, brown stromatoporoids throughout; brachiopod and pelecypod fragments in several thin beds; colonial coral heads common in lower part.  Shale, brown, fissile; poorly exposed but may make up as much as 30 percent of unit.  Unit occurs only in northeastern part; thickens 0.5 mile north of quadrangle to at least 40 feet.  Lenses of a fossiliferous, nodular limestone resembling the Millersburg Member occur near top of unit.  Unit normally overlies typical Millersburg; however, at some exposures, underlying rocks are medium-grained, bryozoan limestone and calcarenite that are included in but not typical of the Millersburg.  Member recently named from exposures in the southern part of the Austerlitz quadrangle near Winchester, Kentucky (Black and Cuppels, 1973) about 20 miles south of the Shawhan quadrangle.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tongue of Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, gray to brown, fine-grained; bedding characteristically uneven to nodular; fossiliferous.  Shale, olive-gray; exposed at several places and probably quantitatively important component of unit.  Fossils include a gastropod similar to Cyclonema and several species of brachiopods, one of which resembles Rafinesquina; brachiopods and bryozoans particularly abundant near basal contact.  Unit weathers to limonite-stained, rubbly colluvium.  Basal contact placed at bottom of lowest bed of nodular, fossiliferous limestone.

Limestone and shale: Limestone, brown to gray, fine-grained; in irregular beds characterized by abundant nodules that distort bedding planes in a wave-like pattern.  Locally abundantly fossiliferous.  Limestone weathers to limonitic rubble.  Shale, gray, poorly exposed; makes up an estimated 15 to 20 percent of unit.  Grades into underlying unit; basal contact placed at top of highest thick calcarenite of underlying unit.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Shawhan Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, gray, brown, and light hues of these colors, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, evenly bedded; weathers to brown or white, with granular surfaces that are pitted locally.  Some beds are rich in fragments of brachiopods, crinoids, bryozoans, and trilobites.  A breccia bed about 10 inches thick occurs locally near top; consists of angular fragments of fine- to medium-grained calcarenite in a matrix of poorly sorted, fossil-fragmental limestone.  A micrograined limestone displaying ball-and-pillow structure occurs near top of member at several localities.  Beds and lenses of Millersburg too small to map are commonly intercalated with this tongue of Tanglewood; unit pinches out in northeastern part of quadrangle.  Basal contact sharp at most places.


Shawhan Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, gray to light-brown, fine- to coarse-grained; most beds bioclastic; well cemented; generally in continuous, even beds 0.2 to 1.5 feet thick (0.1 to 0.5 feet thick in southeastern part of quadrangle); locally crossbedded or irregularly bedded; phosphatic in places.  Unit especially fossiliferous near top, contains fragments of bryozoans, crinoids, trilobites, mollusks, and brachiopods.  Lenses and pods of grayish-brown ferruginous chert near top weather to distinctive smooth, white tablets.  Unit weathers to slabby to platy boulders.  Thinnest in southern part of quadrangle; in north-central part, where thickest, limestone is finer grained and contains many shale partings as much as 1 inch thick.  Flow rolls are very conspicuous in a fine-grained limestone within 7 feet of the base at several localities, notably in railroad cuts north by west of Shawhan and east of Lair.  At many places, lower part is gradational and basal contact is difficult to establish within 5 feet; elsewhere, contact is clearly marked by change in bedding from tabular beds of Tanglewood to uneven, nodular beds of the Grier Limestone Member, or by presence of ferruginous, porous chert at top of Grier.


Shawhan Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, brown to gray, fine- to medium-grained, bioclastic, fossiliferous.  Bedding is uneven and is commonly wavy where individual strata develop a nodular fabric.  Thin, even beds of micrograined to fine-grained, sparsely fossiliferous limestone are common.  Ferruginous porous chert near top.  The number and variety of fossils are less in this limestone than in the Millersburg Member.  Several species of brachiopods are the most common fossils; however, beds rich in gastropods and bryozoans occur in several intervals.  Base not exposed.


Paris West Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel, brownish-red to reddish-brown, massive to poorly bedded.  Sand and fine gravel-size material composed of particles of manganese-iron oxide, may include some phosphatic material derived from Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone.  Coarse gravel composed of limestone blocks and cobbles.  Unit includes some colluvium along base of valley walls.


Paris West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

A)  Shale and limestone: Shale, calcareous, poorly exposed, weathers yellowish gray, makes up at least half of unit.  Limestone of three types: (1) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, coarse grained, crinoidal; (2) medium dark gray, weathers light yellowish gray, micrograined, silty; and (3) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, brachiopodal.  Micrograined limestone most abundant lithology near base.  Base of zone of abundant Sowerbyella is about 15 feet above base of unit.  Unit poorly exposed between faults in southern part of quadrangle.  Basal contact sharp.

B)  Limestone and shale: Limestone of two types: (1) medium gray, weathers brownish gray; coarse grained, crinoidal, in even beds as much as 1 foot thick, and (2) medium gray, weathers grayish brown, micrograined, silty.  Shale, calcareous, poorly exposed, weathers yellowish gray.  Sharp contact with underlying Millersburg Member.

C)  Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 50 percent of unit, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined, silty.  Shale poorly exposed, calcareous, weathers yellowish brown.  Unit thickens northward.  Mapped as lower argillaceous limestone and shale unit on Centerville quadrangle (Kanizay and Cressman, 1967).  Lower contact sharp.


Paris West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; in beds 1/2 inch to 2 feet thick, calcarenitic: poorly exposed between faults in southern part of quadrangle.  Unit grades laterally and vertically into underlying Millersburg Member by coarsening of fossil particles.  Unit may be correlative with the Nicholas Bed of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Cressman, in press).


Paris West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to brownish-gray, weathers grayish brown; composed of comminuted fossil fragments in a sparry matrix.  Locally very coarse grained; in even to crosslaminated beds as much as 3 feet thick.  Base gradational with underlying Millersburg Member.


Paris West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 70 percent of unit, is of two types: (1) medium gray, weathers yellowish brown, consists principally of large whole and broken fossils in a micritic, argillaceous matrix, in irregular to rubbly beds as much as 8 inches thick; and (2) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, consists of coarse fossil fragments in sparry, locally cherty, matrix with some silt blebs, in irregular to even beds about 6 inches to 2 feet thick.  Limestone locally includes chert masses with vugs containing crystals of calcite, quartz, and barite.  Shale, medium-dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray; calcareous; occurs as partings and sets as much as 6 inches thick interlaminated and interbedded with limestone.  Lower contact locally sharp, but at places unit is gradational with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Argillaceous limestone and shale

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about half of unit, of two types: (1) medium-gray, weathers yellowish to brownish gray, micrograined, silty, in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick; and (2) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, silty, in irregular beds about 6 inches thick, fossiliferous.  Shale, calcareous, poorly exposed, medium-gray, weathers yellowish brown, in partings and sets as much as a foot thick.  Unit occurs in isolated patches, is a part of Millersburg Member.  Basal contact sharp.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Paris West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, fine to coarse grained, composed of comminuted fossil debris in a sparry matrix; in beds 1/2 inch to 3 feet thick, even bedded, ripple marked, or crosslaminated; commonly phosphatic.  Rare whole fossils include robust brachiopods, branching bryozoans, and crinoid columnals.  Stromatoporoids present locally, especially near base.  Bedding contorted near base in northern part of quadrangle.  Member includes unmapped limestone and shale sequence in southwestern part of quadrangle; limestone is medium gray, in irregular to rubbly beds as much as 6 inches thick; sequence is less than 5 feet thick; about 15 feet above base of member; mapped as fossiliferous limestone and shale in Centerville quadrangle (Kanizay and Cressman, 1967).  Unit intertongues and intergrades with unit below, through an interval of about 6 feet; basal contact placed at base of even-bedded calcarenite.


Paris West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; in irregular beds 1/2 inch to 1 foot thick, locally ripple marked; cherty in part.  Moderately to abundantly fossiliferous.  A bed 3 inches to 2 feet thick of silicified fossils occurs near or at top of member, is thickest in northern part of quadrangle where other thinner and less persistent silicified fossil beds occur below it.  The brachiopod commonly called Rhynchotrema is most abundant fossil in these beds and is diagnostic of the member.  Stromatoporoids, generally partly silicified with vugs containing quartz crystals as much as half an inch long, occur near top of unit.  A bed of hard, porcelaneous chert occurs at top of unit at Brentsville.  Base not exposed.


Paris East Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel, brownish-red to reddish-brown, massive to poorly bedded.  Sand- and fine gravel-size material composed of particles of manganese iron oxide, locally includes some phosphatic material derived from Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone.  Coarse gravel composed of limestone blocks and cobbles.  Unit emerges with unmapped colluvium along valley sides.


Paris East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone: Shale, poorly exposed, makes up at least half of unit, calcareous, weathers yellowish gray.  Limestone of three types: (1) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, coarse grained, crinoidal; (2) medium gray, weathers light yellowish gray, micrograined, silty; and (3) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, brachiopodal.  Micrograined limestone most abundant lithology near base.  Base of zone of abundant Sowerbyella is about 15 feet above base of unit.  Unit poorly exposed, caps eastern part of Cane Ridge.  Basal contact sharp.

Tongue of Clays Ferry Formation.  Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 50 percent of unit, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined, silty.  Shale, poorly exposed, calcareous, weathers yellowish brown.  Unit thins to southwest, locally absent near southwest corner of quadrangle.  Lower contact sharp.


Paris East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to Iight-brownish-gray, weathers brownish gray; in even to irregular beds 1/2 inch to 6 feet thick, commonly crossbedded, locally contorted and exhibiting slump structures; dominantly calcarenitic, commonly calciruditic, locally some beds micrograined to micritic.  Generally poorly fossiliferous, but some beds in lower part include abundant bryozoans, crinoid columnals, and brachiopods.  Characteristically crops out as bare rock surfaces and bosses 10 to 20 feet across mostly on hilltops and on some slopes, weathers to a thin, light, permeable soil.  Intergrades and interfingers with underlying Millersburg Member; calcarenite beds below Strodes Creek Member may be a part of this unit.  Basal contact occurs in a zone 10 to 30 feet thick within which unit intergrades and interfingers with underlying Millersburg Member; contact placed at base of lowermost calcarenite beds of Tanglewood and top beds of coarse fossil fragments of the Millersburg.  Unit may be correlative with Nicholas Bed of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Cressman, in press).


Paris East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Strodes Creek Member

Strodes Creek Member.  Limestone and shale: Shale, about 40 percent of unit, as interlaminae and interbeds; limestone, about 60 percent of unit, medium-gray, weathers grayish brown; dominantly micrograined with some micrite and calcarenite; in irregular to even beds 1 to 10 inches thick, commonly has gnarled appearance.  Ostracodes very abundant, with stromatoporoids, colonial corals, and abundant brachiopods.  Shale as interlaminae and interbeds, poorly exposed.  Unit cherty near base in area between Stoner and Scott Creeks near east edge of quadrangle.  Basal contact sharp, unit grades laterally into Millersburg Member.  The Strodes Creek Member is described by Black and Cuppels (1973).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Millersburg Member.  Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 70 percent of unit, is of two types: (1) medium gray, weathers yellowish brown, composed principally of large whole and broken fossils in a micritic, argillaceous matrix; in irregular to rubbly beds as much as 8 inches thick; and (2) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, composed of coarse fossil fragments in sparry, locally cherty matrix with some silt blebs, in irregular to even beds about 6 inches to 2 feet thick.  Shale, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; calcareous, interbedded and interlaminated with limestone.  A thin bed of very light gray micritic "bird's-eye" limestone occurs at base in extreme northwestern part of quadrangle.  The pelecypod Allonychia flanaganensis occurs in a zone 2 to 5 feet thick near base of Millersburg Member in southwestern part of the quadrangle; zone rises through the section eastward, and is just below the base of the tongue of Clays Ferry on Scott Creek, at the eastern edge of the quadrangle.  Stromatoporoids and colonial corals are abundant from just above the tongue of the Clays Ferry to the base of the upper tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Basal contact sharp.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Paris East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, composed of comminuted fossil debris in sparry matrix; in beds less than an inch to as much as 3 feet thick, generally even bedded but bedding locally irregular, especially near base; commonly cross laminated; commonly phosphatic.  Rare whole fossils include robust brachiopods, branching bryozoans, and crinoid columnals; stromatoporoids present locally.  In a small area northeast of Paris, top 7 feet is light-gray, micritic to micrograined, very cherty and silty limestone with distinct pods and rods of coarse calcite crystals, in beds as much as 8 inches thick, with interbeds of calcareous shale; similar to Devils Hollow Member of Lexington Limestone (Cressman, in press).  Base of Tanglewood placed at base of even-bedded calcarenite; Tanglewood intertongues and intergrades with underlying Grier Limestone Member through an interval of about 3 feet; Tanglewood in sharp contact with underlying argillaceous limestone and shale.


Paris East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; argillaceous, very fine to micrograined, in even beds as much as 6 inches thick, some contorted bedding; few fossils.  Shale, calcareous, poorly exposed, interbedded with limestone.  Maximum unit thickness is about 5 feet, may be equivalent to Brannon Member of Lexington Limestone (Cressman, in press).  Lower contact sharp.


Paris East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; in irregular beds less than an inch to about a foot thick, locally ripple marked, locally crossbedded.  Cherty in part, especially in western half of quadrangle.  Moderately to abundantly fossiliferous; contains silicified fossils including the brachiopod Rhynchotrema, by far the most abundant fossil, diagnostic of the member.  Stromatoporoids, generally partly silicified, occur near top of unit.  Base not exposed.


Millersburg Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel: Silt, reddish-brown to brown, includes minor amounts of clay; sand is grains of limonite, chert, and phosphatic minerals derived from the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone: gravel consists of limestone boulders at base of alluvial deposits.  Unmapped deposits of quartzite pebbles occur as veneer on hills along Hinkston Creek at elevations to about 850 feet (100 feet above present drainage).


Millersburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and Iimestone: Shale, about 70 percent, medium-gray, weathers yellowish brown; calcareous, poorly fossiliferous; occurs as partings and sets 1.5 to 8 feet thick.  Limestone, medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; micrograined to coarse grained, fossil fragmental; in beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick.  Poorly exposed on hilltops near northeast corner of quadrangle.  Base sharp, mapped at base of shale on top of 5-foot-thick calcarenite in unit below.


Millersburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 50 percent, medium- to dark-gray, weathers brownish gray; in beds 0.1 to 1.5 feet thick; of three types: (1) coarse grained, crinoidal; (2) micrograined, silty; (3) coarse to medium grained, brachiopodal.  Micrograined limestone is dominant near base of unit.  Base of zone abundant Sowerbyella is 15 to 25 feet above base of unit.  A bed of micrograined silty limestone or calcareous siltstone about 2 feet thick occurs about 15 feet below top of unit.  Top 5 feet of unit is medium-gray calcarenitic limestone, in beds 0.5 to 1 foot thick, interbedded with 0.1- to 0.2-foot-thick shale sets.  Shale, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; calcareous, in partings and sets about 0.5 foot thick; poorly exposed.  Basal contact sharp and conformable; unit intertongues with Lexington Limestone.  Well exposed in streams, road cuts, and in some pastures.

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 50 percent, of two types: (1) micrograined, silty, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; in even beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick, beds locally contorted; and (2) calcirudite, medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; in irregular beds as much as 0.5 foot thick.  Shale, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; in partings and sets as much as 0.5 foot thick, calcareous, sparsely fossiliferous.  Lower contact sharp, commonly well exposed in stream beds, road cuts, and some pasture outcrops.


Millersburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to light-gray, weathers brownish gray to reddish brown; dominantly calcarenitic, commonly phosphatic; in even to irregular beds 0.5 to 6 feet thick, commonly crossbedded.  Generally poorly fossiliferous but some beds in lower part include abundant bryozoans, crinoid columnals, and brachiopods.  Unit thickest in northern and eastern parts of quadrangle, pinches out northeastward.  Intergrades and interfingers with Millersburg and Strodes Creek Members of the Lexington Limestone.  Probably equivalent to the Nicholas Bed of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973).  Base generally poorly exposed.


Millersburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Strodes Creek Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 70 percent, medium-gray, weathers grayish brown; dominantly micrograined, some micritic limestone and calcarenite; in irregular to even beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick; commonly has gnarled appearance; contains abundant ostracodes, stromatoporoids, colonial corals, and brachiopods.  Calcareous shale, gray, weathers yellowish to brownish gray; as interlaminae and interbeds as much as 0.2 foot thick; poorly exposed but may make up as much as 30 percent of unit.  Member interbeds and intergrades laterally with upper tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member and with the Millersburg Member.  Basal contact sharp, commonly well exposed in pasture outcrops.  The Strodes Creek Member is described by Black and Cuppels (1973).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 70 percent, of two types: (1) micrograined, medium gray, weathers yellowish gray, rubbly to irregularly bedded, argillaceous, very fossiliferous; brachiopods and bryozoans are most abundant: fossils listed in collections I, J, and K of the Shawhan quadrangle (Cuppels, 1973) are typical; and (2) calcirudite, medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; composed of fossil fragments in a micrograined matrix; in irregular beds about 0.3 foot thick; contains blebs of dolomite.  Shale, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; calcareous, fossiliferous; occurs as interbeds and interlaminae in limestone.  Basal contact gradational through zone 2 to 3 feet thick, generally poorly exposed.

Limestone and shale, as in description of Millersburg Member above.  Gradational with underlying member through interval of about 2 to 6 feet.  Basal contact mapped at top of highest even-bedded calcarenite of the underlying Tanglewood; fairly well exposed along steep sides of Hinkston Creek valley.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Millersburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, as in description of upper tongue of the Tanglewood.  Basal contact fairly sharp but generally poorly exposed; placed at top of a very porous, ferruginous, silicified, coquinoid bed of underlying unit.


Millersburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; clastic, fine to medium grained; in irregular beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick, locally ripple marked and crossbedded; cherty in part.  Moderately to abundantly fossiliferous, contains silicified fossils of several phyla, of which the brachiopod Rhynchotrema is by far the most abundant.  Base not exposed in quadrangle.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, clay, and gravel: Silt, brownish-gray; sand, clay, and gravel present locally.  Derived mostly from limestone and shale and their residual soils.  Gravel contains quartz and chert pebbles and geodes that may be reworked from high-level fluvial deposits.  Maximum thickness probably greater than 80 feet along Kentucky River; estimated less than 20 feet elsewhere.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

These deposits, probably of more than one origin, are of three types: (1) Unconsolidated mixtures of sand, gravel, silt, and clay near the Kentucky River have been correlated with the Irvine Formation by Miller (1914) and McFarlan (1943).  Ranging in thickness from a veneer of scattered pebbles to possibly more than 50 feet, the deposits occur at elevations from about 200 feet to more than 400 feet above the present river.  Locally they consist largely of reddish-brown sand or yellowish-brown silt.  On weathered surfaces the coarser material, consisting of rounded white quartz and subangular brown chert pebbles with a few geodes, is most prominent.  (2) A deposit in a cut along U.S. Highway 60 half a mile west of the State Game Farm consists of fine, nearly pure quartz sand and is almost completely surrounded by higher limestone ridges; another deposit, near Bridgeport, is made up of conglomerate boulders and a slab of well-indurated sandstone over 2 feet long.  Because of the lithology and topographic position of the one deposit and the heterogeneous composition of the other, both deposits are interpreted as colluvium consisting of residuum slumped from Pennsylvanian and Mississippian rocks.  (3) Sand, silt, and scattered pebbles form a thin veneer (not mapped) over much of the area south of Evergreen between U.S. Highway 127 and Ky. Highway 151.  This veneer rests on residual soil; outcrops of bedrock are rare.  Jones (1914) suggests that the veneer developed on a flood plain, but lack of thickness seems to preclude this interpretation.  Unit not mapped where thin, patchy, and discontinuous.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and minor siltstone: Limestone, medium-light-gray, in uneven beds generally less than 3 inches thick, fossiliferous.  Shale, greenish-gray, limy; occurs mostly as partings.  Siltstone, greenish-gray, limy, in beds less than 3 inches thick.  Lower contact is gradational.  Caps two hilltops near north border; because of poor exposure in Frankfort West quadrangle description is based on exposures in the Switzer and Franklinton quadrangles.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale, interbedded, minor siltstone: Limestone (about 50 percent), light- to medium-dark-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, in beds generally less than 6 inches thick.  Coarse-grained limestone generally very fossiliferous; crinoidal limestone present near base; base of zone of abundant Sowerbyella 15 to 20 feet above base.  Shale, medium-gray, weathers to brownish-yellow clayey soil that contrasts with dark-brown soil of underlying unit.  One or more beds of calcareous siltstone locally in upper 50 to 60 feet.  Lower contact is sharp.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, commonly bioclastic, mostly thin-bedded, partly crossbedded, phosphatic.  Locally contains abundant brachiopods and bryozoans; branching bryozoans are very abundant in argillaceous zone, 3 to 10 feet thick, which underlies Devils Hollow Member.  Lower half of unit contains convolute beds (flow rolls), and locally, stromatoporoids.  Top of unit forms bench beneath less resistant unit above.  Contacts with Millersburg, Devils Hollow, and Brannon Members of the Lexington Limestone are sharp; locally, as along Bald Knob Road north of Antioch Church, contact with Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington cannot be located accurately due to intertonguing.  Type section of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965), in two parts, is exposed near intersection of Interstate Highway 64 and U.S. Highway 127 near east border of quadrangle.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, commonly bioclastic, mostly thin-bedded, partly crossbedded, phosphatic.  Locally contains abundant brachiopods and bryozoans; branching bryozoans are very abundant in argillaceous zone, 3 to 10 feet thick, which underlies Devils Hollow Member.  Lower half of unit contains convolute beds (flow rolls), and locally, stromatoporoids.  Top of unit forms bench beneath less resistant unit above.  Contacts with Millersburg, Devils Hollow, and Brannon Members of the Lexington Limestone are sharp; locally, as along Bald Knob Road north of Antioch Church, contact with Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington cannot be located accurately due to intertonguing.  Type section of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965), in two parts, is exposed near intersection of Interstate Highway 64 and U.S. Highway 127 near east border of quadrangle.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, commonly bioclastic, mostly thin-bedded, partly crossbedded, phosphatic.  Locally contains abundant brachiopods and bryozoans; branching bryozoans are very abundant in argillaceous zone, 3 to 10 feet thick, which underlies Devils Hollow Member.  Lower half of unit contains convolute beds (flow rolls), and locally, stromatoporoids.  Top of unit forms bench beneath less resistant unit above.  Contacts with Millersburg, Devils Hollow, and Brannon Members of the Lexington Limestone are sharp; locally, as along Bald Knob Road north of Antioch Church, contact with Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington cannot be located accurately due to intertonguing.  Type section of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965), in two parts, is exposed near intersection of Interstate Highway 64 and U.S. Highway 127 near east border of quadrangle.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Millersburg Member.  Limestone, medium-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, in irregular beds with shaly partings, very fossiliferous; weathers rubbly.  Recognized only near west border of quadrangle.  Poorly exposed except in road cuts.

Devils Hollow Member

Devils Hollow Member.  Limestone, generally light- to medium-light-gray, coarse-grained, thick-bedded, cherty, fossiliferous.  In east-central part of quadrangle upper half of member is medium to dark gray, fine grained, thin bedded, ostracodal.  Member localIy split by a medium-grained, argillaceous limestone bed.  Forms low cliffs in places.  Lower contact is sharp.  Absence in southwestern part of quadrangle probably due to nondeposition; thins to a few inches near northeast corner and wedges out to the northeast in adjacent quadrangles.  Where member is thin and poorly exposed, location is indicated at places by coarse-grained, fossiliferous, silicified limestone float.  Member named by McFarlan and White (1948) from type locality in east-central part of quadrangle; no type section was designated.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Brannon Member.  Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (70 percent or more), medium-light-gray, very fine grained, siliceous, argillaceous; in very thin to thin tabular beds, commonly convoluted (flow rolls); sparsely fossiliferous.  Shale, light- to dark-gray, fissile.  Where unit is poorly exposed, its position at many places is marked by chert residuum.  Thickest in southeastern part of quadrangle, thins northward; at Frankfort it splits into two or possibly three thin tongues and is not recognized farther north.  Poorly exposed except in deep gullies and cuts.  Contact with Grier is sharp.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Grier Limestone Member.  Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, some beds bioclastic; argillaceous in part; mostly in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick; fossiliferous.  Contains stromatoporoids near top in southeastern part of quadrangle where it is separated from the Tanglewood by the Brannon.  A thick-bedded, massive-weathering tongue of Tanglewood 10 to 15 feet thick is mapped with the Grier in the area south of Frankfort.  It is as much as 30 feet below the top of the Grier where Interstate Highway 64 crosses Cedar Run and at the quarry near Cedar Run.  North of Frankfort the intervening Grier is either absent or thinner than the tongue; where thinner it is included in the Tanglewood.  Unit generally well exposed; contact with Logana Member is sharp.

Macedonia Bed

Macedonia Bed.  Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (about 75 percent), medium-light-gray, micrograined, argillaceous; thin and tabular bedded.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray.  Unit poorly exposed except in road cuts; position indicated by float of tabular slabs of micrograined limestone.  Thickest in eastern part of quadrangle; pinches out westward in Benson Creek drainage.

Logana Member

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Uppermost and lowermost 8 to 10 feet are olive-gray, micrograined, thin- and tabular-bedded limestone with medium-gray fissile shale interbeds; middle part is brownish-gray, generally coarse-grained, irregularly bedded, fossiliferous limestone.  Unit poorly exposed.  Basal contact is sharp but generally covered.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, thin- to medium-bedded, locally crossbedded; fossiliferous in part; contains shale beds in middle.  Poorly exposed; sharp basal contact.


Frankfort West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-gray to light-yellowish-gray, cryptograined, mostly thick bedded; contains clear calcite specks.  A thin bentonite bed (the "Pencil Cave" of drillers) commonly present about 20 feet below top.  Base not exposed.


Austerlitz Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel, brownish-red to reddish-brown, structureless to poorly bedded.  Sand and fine gravel-size material composed of particles of oxides of iron and manganese, and phosphatic grains derived from the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone and the upper tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Coarse gravel composed of limestone blocks and cobbles forms base of deposits.  Unit merges with unmapped colluvium along valley sides.


Austerlitz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone: Shale, makes up at least half of unit, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; calcareous, sparsely fossiliferous.  Limestone is of three types: (1) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, coarse grained, crinoidal; (2) medium dark gray, weathers light yellowish gray, micrograined, silty; and (3) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, brachiopodal.  Micrograined limestone most abundant near base of unit.  Base of zone of abundant Sowerbyella is about 15 feet above base of unit.  Unit well exposed in roadcuts along Interstate 64 and the Mountain Parkway in southeast.  Basal contact sharp.

Tongue of Clays Ferry Formation

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 50 percent, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined, silty; in even beds about 6 inches thick, locally contorted.  Shale, poorly exposed, medium-gray, weathers yellowish brown.  Interfingers and intergrades with Millersburg Member; lower contact sharp.  Unit included in Millersburg Member in Clintonville quadrangle (MacQuown, 1968).


Austerlitz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-light-gray to brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained; composed of comminuted fossil 	debris in sparry matrix; in beds less than 3 feet thick, generally even bedded, but bedding locally contorted near base; 	commonly cross laminated; commonly phosphatic.  Rare fossils include robust brachiopods, branching bryozoans, and crinoid columnals; stromatoporoids locally present.  Unit intertongues and intergrades laterally and vertically with Grier Limestone Member; interval of gradation at base is about 3 feet.


Austerlitz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Upper tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member: Limestone, medium-gray to light-brownish-gray, weathers brownish gray; in even to irregular beds 1/2 inch to 6 feet thick, commonly crossbedded, locally contorted and exhibits slump structures; dominantly composed of sand- to pebble-size comminuted fossils in a sparry matrix, some beds micrograined to micritic.  Well-preserved fossils sparse, but some beds in lower part include abundant bryozoans, crinoid columnals, and brachiopods.  Weathers to a thin, light, permeable soil which erodes easily; characteristically crops out as bare rock bosses and surfaces 10 to 20 feet across on hilltops and on some slopes.  Intergrades and interfingers with Millersburg Member and, locally, Strodes Creek Member.  Contact placed at base of dominantly calcarenitic rock.  Probably equivalent to the Nicholas Bed of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973).  Absent in southern part of quadrangle.


Austerlitz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Strodes Creek Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 70 percent, medium-gray, weathers grayish brown; in irregular to even beds 1 to 10 inches thick, commonly has gnarled appearance; dominantly micrograined; includes some micrite and calcarenite.  Shale, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray, as interlaminae and interbeds.  Contains abundant ostracodes, stromatoporoids, corals, and brachiopods.  Laterally intergraded and interbedded with Millersburg Member, with sharp basal contact.  Member named and described by Black and Cuppels (1973).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Millersburg Member: Limestone and shale.  Limestone, about 70 percent, of two types: (1) medium gray, weathers yellowish gray, micrograined to micritic, argillaceous, rubbly to irregularly bedded, very fossiliferous; and (2) medium gray, weathers brownish gray, coarse grained, rubbly to irreguIarly bedded, fossiliferous, contains blebs of dolomite.  Shale, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; calcareous, fossiliferous; occurs as interbeds and interlaminae in limestone.  Stromatoporoids and colonial corals common above tongue of Clays Ferry Formation; the pelecypod Allonychia flanaganensis common below tongue of Clays Ferry.  Basal contact fairly sharp.

Tongue of Clays Ferry Formation within the Lexington Limestone

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Austerlitz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; in irregular beds less than an inch to about a foot thick, locally ripple marked, locally crossbedded; cherty in part.  Moderately to abundantly fossiliferous, contains silicified fossils including the brachiopod commonly called Rhynchotrema.  Stromatoporoids, generally partly silicified, occur near top.  Base not exposed.


Shady Nook Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, gravel, and sand.  Terrace and floodplain deposits mainly silty clay and clayey silt, weathering pale grayish orange to light and moderate yellowish brown; gravel and sand locally abundant at base of terraces and near onlap onto bedrock.  Channel deposits are gravel in a silty and sandy matrix.  Gravel consists of pebbles, cobbles, and horizontal to imbricated slabs of limestone, lesser quantities of siltstone and shale chips, and locally common pebbles and granules of limonitic siltstone and limonite; quartz, chert, and sandstone gravel and quartz sand locally abundant downstream from areas of high-level fluvial deposits; extensive gravel bars locally exposed at low water along the Licking River, commonly as point bars.  Above modern flood plain of Licking River, unit locally forms two main terraces; the upper is at elevations of about 640 feet; the lower, at elevations of about 555 feet, is partly within reach of modern floods and is veneered with younger silt.  Unit is easily eroded; terrace banks are commonly steep and gullied.  Unit not shown where too thin or narrow to map.


Shady Nook Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, gravel, and sand of ancestral Licking River system: Clay and silt, medium-bluish-gray to greenish-gray where fresh and moist, readily weather pale yellowish and grayish orange, moderate yellowish brown, and light to moderate brown; contain scattered pebbles and granules of limestone.  Clay is plastic.  Gravel consists of well-rounded pebbles of white, yellow, and pink quartz, rarely more than 1 1/4 inches in diameter with an average diameter of less than 1 1/2 inch, probably derived from conglomeratic sandstone of Pennsylvanian age; subordinate chert of type common in cherty limestone of Mississippian age, as angular to subangular fragments with maximum diameter of about 5 inches and average diameter of less than 2 inches; minor limonite and limonitic siltstone pebbles, some of which may be locally derived, generally less than 3/4 inch across; and sparse subangular, weathered fragments of sandstone probably derived from Pennsylvanian rocks commonly less than 6 inches but some as much as 14 inches in diameter.  Sand, very fine and silty to medium, grains commonly subangular to angular, iron-stained; almost entirely subhedral to euhedral quartz, possibly with quartz overgrowths.  Unit locally weakly to moderately cemented with limonite.  Zone about 2 feet thick at base of deposits locally contains abundant gravel in sand and silt matrix.  Bedrock floor of main paleochannel of Licking River is slightly above 690 feet elevation where it enters Claysville quadrangle (S. J. Luft, U.S. Geol. Survey, oral commun., 1973).  Gravel common as high as 720 feet elevation but sparse above.  Unit in most places easily eroded; not shown where very thin or patchy.


Shady Nook Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone: Shale (about 80 percent), medium-gray to light-bluish-gray and light-olive-gray, thickly to thinly laminated, in sets commonly more than 2 feet and as much as 8 feet thick; commonly calcareous and silty, generally has few fossils; weathers and slumps readily.  Limestone (about 20 percent) medium-gray to medium-light-gray, coarse-grained to micrograined; in beds 0.2 to 2.0 feet thick.  Limestone beds near base commonly contain large bryozoans, pelecypods, and brachiopods.  Unit weathers to pale-greenish-yellow to yellowish-gray plastic clayey soil containing pale-yellowish-orange rounded limestone fragments.  Basal contact conformable, commonly gradational through 5 feet or less, placed at top of highest ledge-forming limestone beds of underlying formation.  Exposures of contact are sparse in road cuts and steep valley walls; more common but less determinant on upper parts of well-rounded rolling hills.  Mapped contact is approximately located.  Soil on hilltops commonly 3 feet or more thick and forms unstable ground for construction and excavations.


Shady Nook Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone: Shale (about 50 percent), medium- to olive-gray, weathers light brown to light brownish yellow; medium brownish red where limonitized; platy, poorly exposed.  Limestone (about 50 percent), light-brown to light-brownish-gray and grayish-orange, very fine to medium-, rarely coarse-grained; beds 0.2 to 2.0 feet thick; contains abundant fragments of crinoids, brachiopods, and bryozoans; rare fragments of pelecypods, gastropods, and trilobites.  Lowest occurrence of abundant brachiopod Sowerbyella is about 20 feet above Lexington Limestone.  Unit weathers to light-brown, rounded fragments of limestone in dark-yellowish-orange clayey soil.  Basal contact conformable, commonly gradational within 2 to 3 feet, occasionally sharp.  Exposures of contact are best seen in steep valley walls and deep cuts along major roads; hillside exposures of contacts are common but less determinant.  Soil on hilltops commonly 2 to 3 feet thick.


Shady Nook Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-gray to light-brown, fine- to coarse-grained, commonly crossbedded, locally evenly bedded; includes beds 0.2 to 1.5 feet thick of calcarenite, minor beds of fossil-fragmental calcirudite, and rare even beds of fossiliferous calcisiltite containing whole fossils.  Calcarenite is fine to coarse grained, phosphatic, weathers to pale- to moderate-brown, rough-textured surfaces and moderate-reddish-brown soil.  Fossil-fragmental calcirudite contains fragments of several species of brachiopods and trilobites.  Fossiliferous calcisiltite occurs near base and closely resembles the light-brownish-gray, very fine grained limestone of the Clays Ferry Formation.  Unit thins gradually to a feather edge in northern part of quadrangle.  As unit thins, calcarenite becomes coarse grained, nearly wholly crossbedded, and contains an increasing amount of green mudstone pebbles not observed to the south.  Basal contact conformable, sharp to gradational through less than 3 feet, exposed in steep valley walls and in many road excavations and quarries.  Soil on hilltops is commonly less than 1 foot thick, but may be 2 to 3 feet thick in flat broad valleys.


Shady Nook Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Strodes Creek Member

Ostracodal limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), light-brownish- to medium-light-gray; fine grained grading locally to micrograined; commonly displays lenticular bedding; weathers to smooth slabs or blocks and light-brown soil.  Ostracodes common; irregular moderate-grayish-brown stromatoporoids as much as 6 inches in diameter present throughout; colonial coral heads and coral fans locally present at top of unit.  Shale (about 30 percent), brown, poorly exposed; weathers to light-brown soil.  Unit present only in southern part of quadrangle, thins to feather edge northward.  Basal contact conformable, sharp to gradational within 2 feet; poorly exposed in stream channels and banks but covered on hillsides.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), gray to brown, fine- to coarse-grained; beds characteristically uneven to nodular, 0.1 to 1 foot thick; commonly contains large well-preserved fossils including brachiopods, bryozoans, pelecypods, gastropods, and fragments of crinoid stems and trilobites.  Shale (about 30 percent), olive- to medium-gray; in thin layers generally less than 1 foot thick.  Member exposed only in stream valleys; weathers to moderate- to dark-reddish-brown soil.  Basal contact conformable, sharp to gradational within about 2 feet; poorly exposed in stream beds and banks, covered on hillsides.


Shady Nook Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, of the three types described in the Tanglewood above.  Basal contact conformable, commonly sharp to gradational through about 2 feet; interfingers with underlying unit through about 7 feet in road cut on east bank of Licking River near north quadrangle boundary; exposed only in steep stream banks and road cuts in northern half of quadrangle.


Shady Nook Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, medium- to yellowish-gray, weathers brownish to light brownish gray; composed of fragments of brachiopods, bryozoans, trilobites, mollusks, and crinoid columnals in a coarse- to very fine grained argillaceous matrix; several beds contain large cephalopods; beds very irregular to even, commonly nodular.  Limestone locally resembles crossbedded limestone of the Tanglewood, nodular limestone of the Millersburg, and micrograined limestone of the Clays Ferry.  Shale, olive- to medium-gray, thin-bedded.  Member exposed only in northern part of quadrangle; complete section best exposed at north border along road on east bank of Licking River.  Basal contact is conformable and sharp.

Logana Member

Limestone and shale Limestone, brownish-gray, micrograined, thick-bedded; abundant closely packed thin-shelled brachiopod valves nearly parallel to bedding give appearance of wavy laminae on weathered surface; has petroliferous odor when struck with hammer.  Shale, olive- to medium-gray.  Unit best exposed in Licking River banks during low-water period only.  Base not exposed.


Switzer Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, clay, and gravel: Silt, brownish-gray; sand, clay, and gravel present locally.  Derived mostly from limestone, shale, and their residual soils.  Gravel contains quartz and chert pebbles and geodes reworked from high-level fluvial deposits.  Maximum thickness probably greater than 80 feet along Kentucky River; estimated less than 20 feet elsewhere.


Switzer Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Unconsolidated mixtures of gravel, sand, silt, and clay: Gravel as geodes and quartz, quartzite, and chert pebbles dominates surface of deposits owing to removal of finer fractions by wind and water.  Deposits range in thickness from a veneer of scattered pebbles to more than 50 feet and occur at an elevation of at least 330 feet above the present Kentucky River.  In adjoining quadrangles maximum elevations of 370 feet (Pomeroy, 1968) and more than 400 feet (Moore, 1975), above the river have been reported.  Unit poorly exposed in wooded or thickly grassed areas; not mapped where less than 1 foot thick.  Correlated with the Irvine Formation by Miller (1914) and McFarlan (1943).


Switzer Quadrangle:  Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (70 percent), medium-gray, fine- to medium-grained, in uneven beds mostly less than 3 inches thick; fossiliferous (especially bryozoans and brachiopods).  Shale, greenish-gray, limy, occurs as partings.  Minor siltstone in lower part has been reported from other areas (Weir and others, 1965; Black, 1968) but was not seen in this quadrangle.  Present only in graben underlying Switzer and Peaks Mill where lower contact is poorly exposed.


Switzer Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent) is of two types: (1) light to medium light gray, medium to coarse grained, generally in beds less than 6 inches thick, very fossiliferous; crinoidal limestone present near base; brachiopod Sowerbyella abundant in zone from 20 to 50 feet above base; (2) medium dark gray, fine to micrograined, thin, tabular bedded, poorly fossiliferous.  Shale is medium gray, weathering to brownish-yellow clay soil that contrasts with dark-brown soil of underlying unit.  Upper 50 to 60 feet contains beds of limy siltstone which forms a surface residuum of large blocks where partially or totally leached.  Lower contact generally sharp except locally in northern part of quadrangle.


Switzer Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, mostly thinly bedded or thinly crossbedded, phosphatic; fossils generally sparse, but some beds contain abundant brachiopods and bryozoans.  Convolute (flow roll) beds occur locally.  In many places top of unit forms bench beneath less resistant unit above; however, in northwestern part of quadrangle the uppermost beds become more argillaceous making differentiation from the overlying unit difficult.


Switzer Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Limestone, medium-light-gray, fine- to coarse-grained; in irregular to nodular beds with shaly partings; fossils very abundant.  Locally at base is an argillaceous zone mostly less than 5 feet thick which is equivalent to the argillaceous limestone member of the Lexington Limestone in the Frankfort East quadrangle (Pomeroy, 1968).  Poorly exposed except in road cuts, but position of unit in places can be determined by float of very fossiliferous limestone rubble.  Unit could not be recognized in southwestern part of quadrangle; however, in cut made for Shadrack Ferry Road, a 5-foot-thick, rubbly-weathering, moderately fossiliferous zone was noted in the position occupied by unit to the north.

Devils Hollow Member

Limestone, generally light- to medium-light-gray; fossiliferous.  Located near southwest corner by silicified float; widely scattered float blocks occur as far to northeast as center of quadrangle.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Switzer Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, mostly thinly bedded or thinly crossbedded, phosphatic; fossils generally sparse, but some beds contain abundant brachiopods and bryozoans.  Convolute (flow roll) beds occur locally.  In many places top of unit forms bench beneath less resistant unit above; however, in northwestern part of quadrangle the uppermost beds become more argillaceous making differentiation from the overlying unit difficult.


Switzer Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Generally similar to the Tanglewood Limestone Member above the Millersburg Member.  A bed 7 to 20 feet thick similar in lithology to the Millersburg but 20 to 30 feet lower in the section was noted in two road cuts: along Ky. Highway 35 south of Elkhorn Creek in west-central part of quadrangle and in a recent cut that extends southwesterly from near the mouth of Rocky Branch; this bed is probably the Stamping Ground Member of the Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973).  Stromatoporoids occur locally but are less abundant than in quadrangles to the south.  Lower part of unit interfingers with upper part of Grier Limestone Member.


Switzer Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, fossiliferous; argillaceous in part; mostly in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick.  Unit generally well exposed with a sharp lower contact.

Macedonia Bed

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 75 percent), medium-light-gray, micrograined, argillaceous, thin- and tabular-bedded.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray.  Poorly exposed except in cuts and deep drainages; however, can be traced by occurrence of float of micrograined, tabular limestone.  Unit present in southern third of quadrangle; possibly present farther north but identification questionable.

Logana Member

Interbedded limestone and shale: Uppermost and lowermost 8 to 10 feet are olive gray, micrograined, thin- and tabular-bedded limestone with medium-gray shale interbeds; middle part is brownish-gray, generally coarse-grained, fossiliferous limestone.  Unit poorly exposed; lower contact covered.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, thin- to medium-bedded, locally crossbedded; fossiliferous in part; contains shale beds in middle.  Very poorly exposed.  Basal contact sharp.


Switzer Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-gray to light-yellowish-gray, cryptograined, mostly thick-bedded; contains clear calcite specks.  A thin bentonite bed (the Pencil Cave of drillers) commonly present near top elsewhere (McFarlan, 1943) was not seen in this quadrangle.  Formation crops out along the Kentucky River at O'Nan Bend.  Base not exposed.


Leesburg Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, and gravel: Silt, clayey, grayish-orange to moderate-brown; grades locally to sand.  Sand, fine to coarse, composed in part of limonite grains eroded from residual soil on Lexington Limestone and in part of limestone grains.  Gravel is coarse fragments of limestone.  Mapped unit includes colluvium, which interfingers with alluvium at many places.


Leesburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone: Shale (about 50 percent), medium- to olive-gray, weathers light brown to light brownish yellow, medium to brownish red where limonite stained; platy; poorly exposed.  Limestone, light-brown to light-brownish-gray and grayish-orange, very fine to medium, rarely coarse-grained; beds 0.2 to 2.0 feet thick; contains abundant fragments of crinoids, brachiopods, and bryozoans; rare fragments of pelecypods, gastropods, and trilobites; very sparse graptolites.  Lowest occurrence of abundant brachiopod Sowerbyella is about 10 to 15 feet above base.  Unit weathers to light-brown, rounded fragments of limestone in dark-yellowish-orange clayey soil.  Basal contact commonly gradational within 2 to 3 feet, locally sharp; best exposed in steep valley walls and in deep roadcuts along major roads; hillside exposures of contact are common but less determinable.  Soil on hilltops commonly 2 to 3 feet thick.

Tongue of Clays Ferry Formation

Shale and limestone, as above in description of main body of Clays Ferry.  Unit present only near northwest corner of quadrangle, where it overlies middle body of Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone, and along western part of south border and in southeastern part south of Silas Creek, where it overlies tongue of Millersburg Member.  Contact with Millersburg is gradational through 1 to 3 feet.  Unit is the upper argillaceous limestone and shale unit of Kanizay and Cressman (1967) in Centerville quadrangle adjacent to the south.

Shale and limestone, as above in description of main body of Clays Ferry.  Contact with underlying Millersburg is gradational through 1 to 3 feet.  Unit is the lower argillaceous limestone and shale unit of Kanizay and Cressman (1967) in Centerville quadrangle.


Leesburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-gray to light-brown, fine- to coarse-grained, commonly crossbedded, locally even bedded; includes beds 0.2 to 1.2 feet thick of calcarenite, minor beds of fossil-fragmental calcirudite, and rare beds of fossiliferous calcisiltite.  Calcarenite is fine to coarse-grained, phosphatic, weathers to pale- to moderate-brown rough-textured surfaces and moderate-reddish-brown soil.  Fossil-fragmental calcirudite contains abundant fragments of well-preserved gastropods, brachiopods and bryozoans, and rare pelecypods and trilobites; commonly occurs at base.  Fossiliferous calcisiltite, even-bedded, commonly contains whole fossils, closely resembles the light-brownish-gray, very fine grained limestone of the Clays Ferry Formation.  Basal contacts with either Clays Ferry tongue or with tongue of Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone sharp to gradational through about 3 feet, exposed in steep valley walls and in some road excavations and quarries.  Soil is commonly less than 1 foot thick on hilltops, as much as 3 feet thick in flat broad valleys.


Leesburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tongue of Clays Ferry Formation

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Description applies to both tongue and main body of Millersburg Member.  Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), medium- to light-gray; micrograined calcite matrix; beds uneven to nodular, 0.1 to 1.5 feet thick; commonly contains well-preserved whole fossils including brachiopods, bryozoans, pelecypods, gastropods, and fragments of crinoid stems and trilobites.  Shale, olive- to medium-gray; in beds generally less than 1 foot thick.  Basal contact sharp to gradational through about 2 feet; poorly exposed except on some hillsides and in stream banks.  Member weathers to moderate- to dark-reddish-brown soil that on hillltops is as much as 4 feet thick.  Tongue of member absent in northwestern part of quadrangle.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Leesburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, as above in description.  Ball-and-pillow structure present at some places, commonly 1 to 2 feet above base.  Base contact sharp to gradational through about 2 feet; best exposed in steep valley slopes and in deep roadcuts; hillside exposures are common but less determinable.  Soil on hilltops commonly less than 1 foot thick.


Leesburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 80 percent), medium- to light-gray; micrograined calcite matrix; as thin lenses, nodules, and irregular beds.  Shale, light- to medium-gray, occurs as thin irregular beds.  Large stromatoporoids occur near top; brachiopods, commonly silicified and resembling those identified in adjacent quadrangles as Rhynchotrema and Zygospira, are sparse.

Limestone, as above in description.  Thickness ranges from 40 to 70 feet in Centerville quadrangle (Kanizay and Cressman, 1967).  Fault near southeast corner has probably cut out a few feet near middle of unit; thickness based on closest complete exposures in Centerville quadrangle about three-fourths of a mile south of Leesburg border.  Basal contact gradational through about 2 feet.


Leesburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 80 percent), medium- to light-gray; micrograined calcite matrix; as thin lenses, nodules, and irregular beds.  Shale, light- to medium-gray, occurs as thin irregular beds.  Large stromatoporoids occur near top; brachiopods, commonly silicified and resembling those identified in adjacent quadrangles as Rhynchotrema and Zygospira, are sparse.  Contacts with Tanglewood tongue are sharp.  Stamping Ground Member of the Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973, p. 38) mapped as “fossiliferous limestone and shale” in Centerville quadrangle (Kanizay and Cressman, 1967).


Leesburg Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, medium- to yellowish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, beds very irregular to even, commonly nodular.  Composed of fragments of brachiopods, bryozoans, trilobites, mollusks, crinoid stems, and sparse large well-preserved cephalopods.  Shale, platy, olive- to medium-dark-gray.  Present on upthrown side of fault in extreme southeastern part of quadrangle; 108 feet thick, with base not exposed, in Shawhan quadrangle (Cuppels, 1973) adjacent to east.


Cynthiana Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel: Silt, argillaceous, very pale orange to grayish-brown; grades locally to clay.  Sand composed of limonite-coated limestone grains eroded from residual soil derived from the Lexington Limestone.  Gravel composed of fragments of limestone, concentrated at base of alluvium.


Cynthiana Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone: Shale (about 80 percent), medium-gray to light-bluish-gray and light-olive-gray; thickly to thinly laminated, in sets commonly more than 2 to as much as 8 feet thick; commonly calcareous and silty; generally has few fossils; weathers and slumps readily.  Limestone, medium- to light-gray, coarse-grained to micrograined; in beds generally less than 2 feet thick.  Basal limestone commonly contains abundant large bryozoans, pelecypods, and brachiopods.  Basal contact commonly gradational within 5 feet, mapped at top of highest ledge-forming limestone beds of underlying formation; exposures sparse in road cuts and steep valley walls, more common but less determinable on upper parts of well-rounded hills; approximately located.  Unit weathers to pale-greenish-yellow to yellowish-gray plastic clayey soil containing pale-yellow rounded limestone fragments; soil on hilltops commonly 3 feet or more thick.


Cynthiana Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone: Shale (about 50 percent), medium- to light-gray, platy to massive, poorly exposed; readily weathers to yellowish-brown soil.  Limestone, in two general types: (1) brownish gray to light gray, fine to medium grained, in part crossbedded, contains abundant fragments of crinoid stems and brachiopods, less abundant fragments of high-spired gastropods and pelecypods, rare fragments of trilobites, and very rare graptolites; commonly in sets 5 to 10 feet thick made up of limestone beds 0.2 to 1.2 feet thick intercalated with shale; commonly forms ledges; and (2) dark brown to dark gray, micrograined, structureless, sparsely fossiliferous, in beds 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick intercalated with shale, rarely forms ledges.  Both limestone types develop distinctive orange rinds on exposed surfaces and weather to yellowish-brown soil.  Base of lowest zone of abundant brachiopod Sowerbyella is nearly consistently 20 feet above uppermost tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone.  Basal contact with uppermost Tanglewood tongue is commonly gradational within 2 to 3 feet, locally sharp; well exposed in some steep valley walls and deep cuts along major roads; hillside exposures are common but less determinable.  Basal contact with Grier Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone is sharp to gradational through about 3 feet, generally poorly exposed.  Contacts with other units of Lexington Limestone are described below.  Soil on hilltops commonly 2 to 3 feet thick.  In Kelat quadrangle (Luft, 1974) adjacent to the north, the Clays Ferry Formation is divided into upper and lower parts based on the presence in upper part of abundant sets 2 or more feet thick that are mostly shale.  This division cannot be made in the Cynthiana quadrangle due to greater variation in the limestone-shale ratio and poor exposures.

At no place in quadrangle is Clays Ferry Formation continuous vertically from underlying Grier Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone to overlying Kope Formation: in northern third it is divided by a Tanglewood tongue, and in southern two-thirds by one or more members of upper or lower sequence of Lexington Limestone.


Cynthiana Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

This tongue and the three underlying Tanglewood tongues are limestone, light-gray to light-yellowish-brown, fine- to coarse-grained; commonly strongly crossbedded, locally planar bedded; beds 0.2 to about 1.5 feet thick.  Each tongue consists of one or more of the following three types: (1) calcarenite, fine- to medium-grained, phosphatic, weathers to light-brown rough-textured surfaces and yields light-reddish-brown soil; (2) fossil-fragmen	tal limestone similar to calcarenite but containing abundant fragments of several species of brachiopods, cephalopods, and trilobites; and (3) fossiliferous limestone strongly resembling rock type and texture of Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone into which the Tanglewood tongues grade at some places.  The uppermost, next highest, and lowest Tanglewood tongues pinch out northward; near their pinchouts they contain green mudstone pebbles not observed to the south.  Contacts of uppermost Tanglewood tongue with underlying units are sharp to gradational through less than 3 feet, exposed in steep valley walls and in some road excavations.  Soil underlain by this tongue is commonly less than 1 foot thick on hilltops, but may be 2 to 3 feet thick in flat broad valleys.


Cynthiana Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Ostracodal limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), brownish-gray to light-brown, fine-grained to micrograined; structureless; weathers to light-gray smooth slabs and blocks; fossils include abundant ostracodes, sparse brachiopods, pelecypods, and large brown stromatoporoids, and light-brown to light-gray colonial corals.  Shale, light-brown, poorly exposed.  Member thickest in southeastern part of quadrangle, thins rapidly to north and west; not present in core of diamond-drill hole west of Cynthiana.  Basal contact sharp.

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), medium-gray to light-brown, fine- to medium-grained; bedding characteristically uneven to nodular, replete with large, commonly well-preserved fossils, including brachiopods, bryozoans, high-spired gastropods, pelecypods, and fragments of crinoid stems and trilobites; flow rolls common near base of unit.  Shale, olive-gray, weakly to strongly fissile; in beds less than 1 foot thick.  Basal contact gradational within 2 to 3 feet with underlying Clays Ferry and Tanglewood; well exposed in deep cuts along major roads and in steep valley walls; hillsides exposures are common but less determinable.  Unit thickest in southeastern part of quadrangle, pinches out northward and is absent in northern half.  Weathers to medium- to dark-brown soil that on hilltops is commonly 2 to 3 feet thick.

Limestone and shale.  Rock types, bedding characteristics, fossil content, and residuum same as tongue of Millersburg Member described above.  Contacts conformable and gradational through about 2 feet with underlying Tanglewood tongue and with overlying and underlying Clays Ferry.  Crops out only in southern third of quadrangle, is 22 feet thick in core of diamond-drill hole west of Cynthiana.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Cynthiana Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone.  Rock types and bedding characteristics same as uppermost Tanglewood tongue.  Unit is the most prevalent of the Tanglewood tongues in southwest quadrant of mapped area but thins eastward and northward and pinches out about 2 miles south of north border.  Upper and lower contacts with Clays Ferry commonly sharp to gradational through about 2 feet.  Soil is commonly less than 1 foot thick on hilltops but may be 2 to 3 feet thick in flat broad valleys.


Cynthiana Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone.  Rock types and bedding characteristics same as uppermost Tanglewood tongue.  Present only in northern half of quadrangle.  Upper and lower contacts with Clays Ferry commonly sharp to gradational through about 2 feet.


Cynthiana Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone.  Rock types and bedding characteristics same as uppermost tongue of Tanglewood.  Crops out only near southwest corner of quadrangle; base not exposed.  Log of diamond-drill hole west of Cynthiana indicates unit is 22 feet thick and is in sharp contact with underlying Grier Limestone Member.  Unit pinches out northwest and is absent along South Fork Licking River in northern part of quadrangle.


Cynthiana Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, medium- to yellowish-gray, weathers brownish to light brownish gray; composed of fragments of brachiopods, bryozoans, pelecypods, high-spired gastropods, and rare trilobite fragments and crinoid columnals in a coarse to very fine grained argillaceous matrix; beds very irregular to even, commonly nodular, about 0.5 foot thick.	  Limestone locally resembles crossbedded limestone of the Tanglewood, nodular limestone of the Millersburg, and micrograined limestone of the Clays Ferry.  Shale, olive- to medium-gray, thin-bedded.  Member exposed at low water level in northern part of quadrangle along banks of South Fork Licking River, also present in some tributaries.  Basal contact not exposed.


Breckinridge Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, sand, and gravel: Silt and clay, pale-orange to grayish-brown; grade locally into sand.  Sand composed in part of limonite grains eroded from residual soil on Lexington Limestone and in part of limestone grains.  Gravel consists of coarse fragments of limestone.  At many places, alluvium interfingers with colluvium (not mapped) and locally the upper alluvial contact is imperfectly defined.  Unit where shown on map is at least 2 feet thick.


Breckinridge Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone: Shale (about 50 percent), medium- to olive-gray, weathers light brown to light yellowish brown; medium brownish red where limonite stained; platy; poorly exposed.  Limestone (about 50 percent), light- to grayish-brown and grayish-yellow, weathers light brown to light yellowish brown; mostly fine to medium grained, micrograined beds common, locally coarse grained and crossbedded; beds commonly less than 8 inches thick, locally in resistant sets about 1 to 10 feet thick.  Fossils, mainly in limestone, are abundant fragments of crinoids, brachiopods, and bryozoans and sparse fragments of pelecypods, gastropods, and trilobites.  Where observed, base of lowest zone of abundance of the brachiopod Sowerbyella is about 20 feet above top of uppermost tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone.  Contact with uppermost tongue of Tanglewood is conformable, sharp to gradational through about 5 feet, poorly exposed on gentle slopes but well exposed in some steep valley walls.  Contacts with underlying Tanglewood bodies are conformable and generally sharp although locally gradational through about 5 feet; contacts with tongue and main body of Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone are conformable and commonly gradational through about 3 feet.  The overlying Kope Formation as mapped by Luft to the north in the Berry quadrangle (1975) and to the northwest in the Mason quadrangle (1976), may be present on hilltops near northwest corner of quadrangle and on hilltops near Alberta in the southwestern part, but exposures are poor and the Kope cannot be mapped separately from the Clays Ferry Formation.  Residual soil underlain by the Clays Ferry is commonly about 3 feet thick on hilltops.


Breckinridge Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

This tongue and the three underlying bodies of Tanglewood are limestone, light-gray to Iight-yellowish-brown, fine- to coarse-grained; commonly strongly crossbedded with some even bedding; beds 0.2 to about 1.5 feet thick.  Each body consists of one or more of the following three types: (1) calcarenite, fine- to medium-grained, phosphatic, weathers to light-brown rough-textured surfaces and yields light-reddish-brown soil; (2) fossil-fragmental limestone similar to calcarenite but containing abundant fragments of several species of brachiopods, cephalopods, and trilobites; and (3) fossiliferous limestone strongly resembling rock type of bodies of Millersburg Member into which it grades at some places.  Basal contacts of this and underlying Tanglewood bodies are conformable, sharp to gradational through less than 3 feet, exposed in steep valley walls and in some road excavations.  Soil on hilltops is commonly less than 1 foot thick, but may be 2 or 3 feet thick in flat broad valleys.


Breckinridge Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

A) Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), gray to brown, fine- to coarse-grained; in uneven to nodular beds; commonly contains large well-preserved fossils including brachiopods, pelecypods, gastropods, and bryozoans and fragments of crinoid stems and trilobites.  Shale (about 30 percent), olive- to medium-gray, in beds generally less than 1 foot thick.  Basal contact sharp to gradational through about 4 feet; mapped at bottom of lowest bed of nodular fossiliferous limestone; commonly masked by soil except in stream beds or on steep valley walls.  Unit weathers to yellowish-brown to dark-reddish-brown rubbly soil that on hilltops is as much as 4 feet thick.  Unit present only in southeastern part of quadrangle, pinches out northward.

B) Limestone and shale.  Rock types and bedding characteristics same as Millersburg tongue.  Basal contact sharp to gradational through about 2 feet; mapped at bottom of lowest bed of nodular fossiliferous limestone.  Unit weathers to yellowish-brown to dark-reddish-brown rubbly colluvium and soil.  Exposed only near southeast corner, probably pinches out northward.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Breckinridge Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone.  Rock types and bedding characteristics same as uppermost Tanglewood tongue.  Exposed only in northern part of quadrangle.


Breckinridge Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone.  Rock types and bedding characteristics same as uppermost Tanglewood tongue.  Dominant body of Tanglewood in southern half of quadrangle, pinches out and is absent in northern half.


Breckinridge Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone.  Rock types and bedding characteristics same as uppermost Tanglewood tongue.  Exposed only in extreme north-central and southeastern parts of quadrangle.  In northern part it conformably overlies and grades into Clays Ferry.  In southeastern part base is not exposed, but near southeast corner of Leesburg quadrangle (Wallace, 1976) adjacent to the south, it overlies Grier Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone; basal contact in this area of the Leesburg quadrangle is conformable and gradational through about 2 feet.


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, clay, and gravel: Silt, brownish-gray; sand, clay and gravel present locally.  Derived mostly from limestone, shale, and their residual soils.  Gravel contains quartz and chert pebbles and geodes reworked from high-level fluvial deposits.  Maximum thickness probably greater than 80 feet along Kentucky River; estimated less than 20 feet elsewhere.  Contact sharp at foot of cliffs, elsewhere approximately located.


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Unconsolidated mixtures of gravel, sand, silt, and clay: Gravel as geodes and as pebbles of quartz, quartzite, and chert dominates surface of deposits owing to removal of finer fractions by wind and water.  Deposits range in thickness from a veneer of scattered pebbles to more than 30 feet and occur at elevations of at least 170 feet above the present Kentucky River.  In the Frankfort West quadrangle (Moore, 1975) adjacent to the south, deposits occur at a maximum elevation of more than 400 feet above the river.  Unit poorly exposed in wooded or thickly grassed areas; not mapped where less than 1 foot thick.  Correlated with the Irvine Formation by Miller (1914) and McFarlan (1943).


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (70 percent), medium-gray, fine- to medium-grained, in uneven beds mostly less than 3 inches thick; fossiliferous (especially bryozoans and brachiopods).  Shale, greenish-gray, limy, occurs as partings.  Minor calcareous siltstone occurs in lower 10 to 15 feet of unit.  Unit poorly exposed.  Basal contact gradational and is placed above the highest occurrence of (1) relatively thick (6 inches or more) siltstone beds, (2) beds containing 50 percent or more shale, or (3) beds of fine-grained, tabular limestone.  Contact inferred on small hilltops, elsewhere approximately located.


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clays Ferry Formation.  Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent) is of two types: (1) light to medium light gray, medium to coarse grained, generally in beds less than 6 inches thick, very fossiliferous; most abundant fossils are brachiopods, crinoid columnals, and bryozoans; crinoidal limestone present near base; (2) medium dark gray, fine to micrograined, in thin, tabular beds, poorly fossiliferous.  Shale is medium gray, weathering to brownish-yellow clay soil that contrasts with dark-brown soil of underlying unit.  Upper 50 to 60 feet contains beds of limy siltstone that forms a surface residuum of large blocks of porous siltstone where partially or totally leached.  Lowest zone of abundant brachiopod Sowerbyella ranges from about 20 feet above base of unit in southern part of quadrangle to as much as 50 feet above base in northern part.  Lower contact generally sharp except locally along north border of quadrangle, where Clays Ferry interfingers through an interval of as much as 20 feet with Tanglewood Limestone and Millersburg Members of Lexington Limestone; these fingers of Clays Ferry, generally less than 10 feet thick, are mapped as Tanglewood or Millersburg.


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided.  Map unit consists of tongues of Clays Ferry as described above and tongues of Kope that are interbedded shale and limestone: Shale (70 to 80 percent), medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; silty, calcareous, sparsely fossiliferous; in beds as much as several feet thick.  Limestone, light- to medium-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, generally in beds less than 12 inches thick, fossiliferous; similar to coarse-grained limestone in the Clays Ferry.  Bodies of Kope as much as 50 feet thick intertongued with Clays Ferry are well exposed in roadcut on Ky. Highway 561 near northwest corner of quadrangle; elsewhere, they are generally poorly exposed.  Southeastward, Kope grades laterally into Clays Ferry and map unit increases in limestone content.  Change in nomenclature to Clays Ferry made where tongues of Kope are less than 20 feet thick.


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, mostly thin-bedded or thinly crossbedded, phosphatic; fossils generally sparse, but some beds contain abundant brachiopods and bryozoans.  Convolute beds (flow rolls) occur locally.  Lower part of unit interfingers with upper part of Grier Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone through an interval of as much as 30 feet locally.


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, mostly thin-bedded or thinly crossbedded, phosphatic; fossils generally sparse, but some beds contain abundant brachiopods and bryozoans.  Convolute beds (flow rolls) occur locally.  Lower part of unit interfingers with upper part of Grier Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone through an interval of as much as 30 feet locally.


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, mostly thin-bedded or thinly crossbedded, phosphatic; fossils generally sparse, but some beds contain abundant brachiopods and bryozoans.  Convolute beds (flow rolls) occur locally.  Lower part of unit interfingers with upper part of Grier Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone through an interval of as much as 30 feet locally.


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Limestone, medium-light-gray, fine- to coarse-grained; in irregular to nodular beds with shaly partings; fossils very abundant, especially bryozoans, gastropods, and brachiopods.  Poorly exposed except in road cuts, but position of unit in places can be determined by float of very fossiliferous limestone rubble.  Unit pinches out to southwest within the quadrangle.  Near northwest corner and in one tributary to Flat Creek it is 10 feet thick; may be absent locally in lower Flat Creek and Sand Ripple Creek drainages.

Devils Hollow Member

Limestone, generally light- to medium-light-gray, coarse-grained, cherty; fossiliferous; brachiopods and gastropods most abundant.  Exposed only in Stony Creek and Davis Branch; located elsewhere by presence of fossiliferous, silicified limestone float.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, argillaceous in part; mostly in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick.  Fossils include bryozoans, thin- and thick-ribbed brachiopods, and pelecypods.  Unit generally well exposed with a sharp lower contact.

Macedonia Bed

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 75 percent), medium-light-gray, micrograined, argillaceous, thin- and tabular-bedded.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray.  Poorly exposed except in cuts and deep drainages; however, can be traced by occurrence of float of micrograined, tabular limestone.  Unit found only in southeastern part of quadrangle.

Logana Member

Interbedded limestone and shale: Uppermost and lowermost 8 to 10 feet are olive gray, micrograined, thin- and tabular-bedded limestone with medium-gray shale interbeds; middle part is brownish-gray, generally coarse-grained, fossiliferous (brachiopodal) limestone.  Unit poorly exposed; lower contact covered.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, thin- to medium-bedded, locally crossbedded; fossiliferous in part with fine-ribbed brachiopods most abundant; contains shale beds in middle.  Very poorly exposed.  Basal contact sharp.


Polsgrove Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-gray to light-yellowish-gray, cryptograined, mostly thick-bedded; contains clear calcite specks.  A thin bentonite bed (the Pencil Cave of drillers) commonly present near top elsewhere (McFarlan, 1943) was not seen in this quadrangle.  Crops out only along the Kentucky River near southeast corner.  Base not exposed.


Sideview Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt and gravel: Silt, dark-reddish-brown, generally clayey; generally contains reddish-brown iron-oxide nodules ¼ to 6 mm in diameter; generally without bedding.  Gravel, grayish-brown, composed of fragments 2 to 25 mm in diameter of limestone, siltstone, and shale; generally contains reddish-brown iron-oxide nodules 2 to 20 mm in diameter; generally without bedding.  Unit merges with unmapped colluvium along valley sides; contacts approximate.


Sideview Quadrangle:  Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone (60 to 80 percent), of three general types: (1) medium to light gray, weathers yellowish gray; clayey, fine to medium grained, in uneven beds, fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans; (2) light gray, weathers brownish gray; coarse grained, in lensing beds as much as 1.5 feet thick, bioclastic; (3) dark to medium gray, weathers yellowish brown;  micrograined to fine grained, in even to uneven beds 1 to 6 inches thick, sparsely fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods.  Shale (15 to 35 percent), medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray to yellowish brown; limy; sparsely fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods; as thin interbeds throughout.  Siltstone (5 percent), medium-gray, weathers dark to light brown; composed of quartz silt in micrograined limy matrix; in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick, mostly in lower part of unit.  Unit is poorly exposed.


Sideview Quadrangle:  Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, shale, and limestone: Siltstone, medium-gray, weathers dark to light brown; composed of quartz silt in micrograined limy matrix; in even to lensing beds 1 inch to more than 1 foot thick, commonly in ball-and-pillow structure; generally dominant.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray to yellowish brown; limy and silty in part; generally in thin but locally in thick sets, locally included in ball-and-pillow structure of siltstone and limestone.  Limestone, dark- to light-gray, weathers yellowish brown to yellowish gray; micrograined to medium grained, in part silty; in even to lensing beds, generally thin, locally in ball-and pillow structure, sparsely fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods.  Unit poorly exposed; contacts generally approximate, based on float of siltstone fragments; may pinch out locally.


Sideview Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone: Shale (30 to 60 percent), medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray to yellowish brown; limy; evenly laminated in sets 1 inch to 2 feet thick; sparsely fossiliferous.  Limestone (30 to 60 percent), of three types: (1) medium to dark gray, weathers yellowish brown; micrograined to fine grained, in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick, locally in ball-and-pillow structure; sparsely fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods; (2) medium to light gray, weathers yellowish gray; coarse to fine grained, in even to irregular beds a few inches to more than 1 foot thick; fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods, locally abundant bryozoans and less common crinoid columnals; (3) light gray, weathers brownish gray; medium to coarse grained in even to uneven beds a few inches to more than 1 foot thick, bioclastic.  Limestone types 1 and 2 are interbedded with shale and each other throughout quadrangle; type 3 is commonly interbedded with the other types in northern third of quadrangle.  Siltstone (10 percent), medium-gray, weathers dark to light brown; composed of quartz silt in micrograined limy matrix; in even beds 1 to 12 inches thick, locally in ball-and-pillow structure, mostly in upper part of unit.  Zones as much as 20 feet thick made up mostly of shale in thick sets are exposed in highway cuts 0.8 to 1.2 miles northeast of Stoner Creek on the north side of Interstate Highway 64 and 0.3 mile southeast of Grassy Lick Creek on the north side of U.S. Highway 460.  These zones are probably tongues of Kope Formation.  Black (1975) in the adjacent Hedges quadrangle to the south has differentiated a unit of similar rocks as Kope Formation between the Clays Ferry Formation and Garrard Siltstone.  In this quadrangle poor exposure away from the highway cuts and a lack of marker beds makes the extent of the zones uncertain and the units are not differentiated.  The brachiopod Sowerbyella occurs throughout unit but is most abundant in lower part.  Unit ranges in thickness from110 feet in south-central part of quadrangle to 165 feet in northeastern part.  The thickness of 165 feet is based on data from a drill hole in the adjacent North Middletown quadrangle, 1.6 miles northeast of the road junction at Sideview, and on a projection of the upper contact of the unit.


Sideview Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Limestone, light- to medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; very coarse to fine grained, mostly medium grained; bioclastic, phosphatic, cemented with sparry calcite; in even to uneven, thin to thick beds, commonly crossbedded; commonly forms ledges; intertongues and intergrades with Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone.  Contacts placed to include dominantly calcarenitic rock within the unit.  Unit is thickest in northern part of quadrangle, thins to the south.  May be equivalent to Nicholas Bed of

Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973, p. 31).  Excellent exposures are found along Interstate Highway 64 and in the quarry on Donaldson Creek in north-central part of quadrangle.


Sideview Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Strodes Creek Member

Strodes Creek Member.  Limestone and shale: Limestone, light- to medium-gray, weathers grayish brown; micrograined to medium grained; commonly in thin wavy beds with pinch-and-swell structure, locally in thicker beds with ball-and-pillow structure; generally sparsely fossiliferous, contains disseminated ostracodes, locally abundant stromatoporoids and corals.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray; as interbeds and partings.  Unit intergrades and intertongues with Millersburg Member.  Unit is very poorly exposed; contacts based mostly on float of rounded boulders of limestone, stromatoporoids, and coral heads.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Millersburg Member.  Limestone and shale: Limestone (60 to 80 percent), dark- to medium-gray, weathers yellowish to brownish gray; micrograined to medium grained; nodular to irregularly bedded; very fossiliferous: fossils are mostly brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, and pelecypods, locally stromatoporoids and coral heads.  Shale, dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray; as interbeds and partings.  Unit well exposed along Interstate Highway 64, elsewhere very poorly exposed; contacts based mostly on float of nodular limestone rubble.  Maximum thickness of 140+/- feet is an estimate based on measured thickness of intertongued Millersburg Member and tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member as shown in log of drill hole northeast of the quarry on Donaldson Creek (Cressman, 1973, p. 7, pl. 5).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3


Sideview Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tongue of Clays Ferry Formation.  Limestone and shale: Limestone (40 to 60 percent), medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish brown; micrograined to fine grained, in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray to yellowish brown; limy, poorly exposed.  Unit intertongues and intergrades with Millersburg Member.


Sideview Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light- to brownish-gray, weathers brownish gray; coarse to fine grained, bioclastic, cemented by sparry calcite, phosphatic; in thin even beds.  Base not exposed.  Found only along Stoner Creek at west border of quadrangle.


Gratz Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, clay, and gravel: Silt, brownish-gray; sand, clay, and gravel present locally.  Derived mostly from limestone, shale, and their residual soils.  Gravel contains quartz and chert pebbles and geodes reworked from high-level fluvial deposits.  Maximum thickness probably greater than 80 feet along Kentucky River (at least 73 feet and 88 feet reported adjacent Polsgrove and Worthville quadrangles by Paul Ryder, U.S. Geological Survey, mun., 1974); estimated less than 20 feet elsewhere.


Gratz Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, sand, silt, and clay: Gravel containing geodes and quartz, quartzite, and chert pebbles is dominant on surface of deposits owing to removal of finer fractions by wind and water.  Deposits range in thickness from a veneer of scattered pebbles to more than 40 feet and occur at elevations up to about 300 feet above the present Kentucky River; higher elevations have been reported elsewhere (Pomeroy, 1968; Moore, 1975).  Unit poorly exposed in wooded or thickly grassed areas; not mapped where less than 1 foot thick.  Correlated with the Irvine Formation by Miller (1914) and McFarlan (1943).


Gratz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Grant Lake Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-light-gray, argillaceous, very fossiliferous, rubbly-weathering; beds mostly thin, irregular, discontinuous with shaly partings, but beds of fossil-fragmental limestone as much as 1 foot thick are present locally.  Caps ridge in northwestern part of quadrangle where it is poorly exposed.  Well exposed in cuts along Ky. Highway 355 less than a mile beyond north border of quadrangle; in these exposures branching bryozoans are common and large whole and broken, free-weathering brachiopods are especially conspicuous.  Distinguished from underlying unit by relative abundance of the large brachiopods, by the absence or scarcity of large (1 inch or more wide) flat bryozoans, and by very rubbly or rough nodular limestone debris as compared to the rather flat or disc-shaped slabs of underlying unit.


Gratz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and minor siltstone: Limestone (about 70 percent), medium-gray, in uneven beds mostly less than 3 inches thick, fossiliferous (especially bryozoans and brachiopods).  Shale, greenish-gray, calcareous, occurs as partings.  Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish brown; calcareous, in thin even beds generally less than 1 inch thick; occurs mostly in lower 10 to 15 feet of unit.  Lower contact is gradational and is placed above the highest occurrence of (1) relatively thick (6 inches or more) siltstone beds, (2) sets of beds several feet thick containing 50 percent or more shale, or (3) beds of fine-grained, tabular limestone.  Lowest zone of large (1 inch or more wide) flat bryozoans occurs about 15 feet above base of unit.


Gratz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided.  Kope is interbedded shale and limestone: Shale (70 to 80 percent), medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; silty, calcareous, sparsely fossiliferous; occurs in beds as much as several feet thick.  Limestone, light- to medium-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, generally in beds less than 12 inches thick, fossiliferous; similar to coarse-grained limestone of the Clays Ferry.  Because of generally poor exposures, Kope is mapped with Clays Ferry (described below).  Calcareous siltstone in beds as much as 10 inches thick occurs in several zones in upper 60 feet of undivided unit.  Lowest zone of abundant brachiopod Sowerbyella is 50 feet or more above base of undivided unit.  Unit is complexly intertongued with Clays Ferry in upper part; this intertonguing is best exposed in cut along the road between Lockport and Fallis.  Southward, unit grades into Clays Ferry, as shown on generalized cross section.  Northward, in New Liberty quadrangle (Gibbons and Swadley, 1976), Clays Ferry is mapped at base.


Gratz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent) is of two types: (1) light to medium light gray, medium to coarse grained, in beds as much as 18 inches thick, fossil fragmental; (2) medium dark gray, fine grained to micrograined, in tabular beds generally less than 4 inches thick, poorly fossiliferous.  Shale is medium gray; weathers to brownish-yellow clay soil.  Fossil collections A and B from lower part of Clays Ferry include bryozoans: Peronopora milleri Nickles, Hallopora onealli (James), Eridotrypa sp., and Heterotrypa sp.; brachiopods: Rafinesquina sp. and Zygospira sp.; ostracodes: Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich and Warthinia nodosa (Ulrich).

Clays Ferry Formation within the Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Rock types as in main body of Clays Ferry.  Unit grades laterally into Millersburg Member and overlying Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone; mapped with Kope Formation except near southeast corner of quadrangle and where overlain by Tanglewood in eastern and southern parts.  (See generalized cross section.)


Gratz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, thin-bedded, some thinly crossbedded, phosphatic; convolute beds (flow rolls) occur locally.  Exposed only in southern and southeastern parts of quadrangle; thins northward and grades into the Clays Ferry Formation.  In extreme southwestern part of quadrangle unit includes a basal zone of irregularly bedded fossil-fragmental limestone about 8 feet thick that rests directly on the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone and a middle zone, also about 8 feet thick, of interbedded limestone and shale that is mapped separately as Clays Ferry in the Franklinton quadrangle to the west (Gibbons, 1976).


Gratz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Limestone, medium-light-gray, fine- to coarse-grained; in irregular to nodular beds with shale partings; fossils very abundant; generally poorly exposed.  Unit recognized only near south border and may be missing locally there.  Grades northward into Clays Ferry less than three-fourths of a mile from the border although some beds a few inches thick of similar character are found in Clays Ferry in this interval throughout much of the quadrangle.  Millersburg not mapped in Franklinton quadrangle (Gibbons, 1976) owing to poor exposures.

The Stamping Ground Member of the Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973) was identified in two cuts on road (not shown on map) between Fallis and Gest, northeast and southeast of Fallis.  The two exposures show nodular, fossiliferous limestone with shale partings that weathers to a limestone rubble with abundant small silicified brachiopods, especially Rhynchotrema.  Member is 5 to 7 feet thick and occurs near the base of the Tanglewood but was not mapped.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Gratz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Unit similar in rock type to upper body of Tanglewood.  Fossil collections C through H include bryozoans: Cyphotrypa sp., Homotrypa callosa Ulrich, Constellaria cf. C. teres Ulrich and Bassler, Stictopora sp., Eridotrypa sp., Hallopora multitabulata (Ulrich), and Stigmatella multispinosa Brown; brachiopods: Rafinesquina sp., Zygospira sp., Rhynchotrema increbescens Hall, and Strophomena sp.; ostracodes: Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich, Milleratia sp., and Leperditella sp.  In western part of quadrangle lateral gradation of much of the medium-grained, thin-bedded and thinly crossbedded, phosphatic limestone to coarse-grained, thick-bedded, fossil-fragmental limestone makes reliable separation of this and the underlying unit impossible; here the two units are mapped as Lexington Limestone, undivided.  Elsewhere lower part of unit intertongues locally with underlying Grier Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone.


Gratz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Limestone, medium-light-gray, fine- to coarse-grained; in irregular to nodular beds with shale partings; fossils very abundant; generally poorly exposed.  Unit recognized only near south border and may be missing locally there.  Grades northward into Clays Ferry less than three-fourths of a mile from the border although some beds a few inches thick of similar character are found in Clays Ferry in this interval throughout much of the quadrangle.  Millersburg not mapped in Franklinton quadrangle (Gibbons, 1976) owing to poor exposures.

The Stamping Ground Member of the Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973) was identified in two cuts on road (not shown on map) between Fallis and Gest, northeast and southeast of Fallis.  The two exposures show nodular, fossiliferous limestone with shale partings that weathers to a limestone rubble with abundant small silicified brachiopods, especially Rhynchotrema.  Member is 5 to 7 feet thick and occurs near the base of the Tanglewood but was not mapped.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Gratz Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, in part argillaceous; mostly in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick.  A 20- to 25-foot-thick calcarenite bed occurs about 25 feet below top of unit.  Fossil collections I through S include bryozoans: Eridotrypa sp. form a, Hallopora multitabulata (Ulrich), Hemiphragma sp., Stigmatella multispinosa Brown, Heterotrypa sp., Hallopora sp., Peronopora? sp., Stigmatella? sp., ceramoporellid, and Prasopora cf. P. simulatrix Ulrich; brachiopods: Zygospira sp., Rafinesquina sp., Heterorthina macfarlani Neuman, and Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste; ostracodes: Ceratopsis aff. C. oculifera (Hall), Ctenobolbina aff. C. ciliata (Emmons), Dilobella? sp., "Bythocypris" sp., Ceratopsis sp., and Leperditella sp.  In western part of quadrangle lateral gradation of irregular bedded, argillaceous limestone to coarse-grained, thick-bedded, fossil-fragmental limestone makes this unit indistinguishable from the overlying Tanglewood and the two units are mapped as Lexington Limestone, undivided.


Monterey Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, clay, and gravel: Silt, brownish-gray; sand, clay, and gravel present locally.  Derived mostly from limestone, shale, and their residual soils.  Gravel contains quartz and chert pebbles and geodes reworked from high-level fluvial deposits.  Thickness generally less than 20 feet except in Craddock Bottom, an abandoned loop of the nearby Kentucky River.  A thickness of more than 49 feet has been reported at a similar loop near Frankfort (Pomeroy, 1968); 88 feet was reported along Kentucky River in Worthville quadrangle to the northwest (Paul Ryder, U.S. Geol. Survey, written commun., 1974).


Monterey Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Gravel, sand, silt, and clay: Gravel consists of geodes and quartz, quartzite, sandstone, and chert pebbles.  Coarse-grained sandstone pebbles and well-rounded white quartz pebbles are derived from rocks of Pennsylvanian age.  Deposits mapped only where found on routine traverses so only one occurrence shown near southwest corner of quadrangle; here a roadcut (not on map) indicates a maximum thickness of at least 20 feet.  Correlated with the Irvine Formation by Miller (1914) and McFarlan (1943).


Monterey Quadrangle:  Ordovician Grant Lake Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-light-gray, argillaceous, very fossiliferous, rubbly-weathering; beds mostly thin, irregular, discontinuous with shaly partings, but beds of fossil-fragmental limestone as much as 1 foot thick are present locally.  Best exposures near center of quadrangle near and southeast of Greenup Fork Church; poorly exposed elsewhere.  Distinguished from underlying unit by relative abundance of large brachiopods, by the absence or scarcity of large (1 inch or more wide) flat bryozoans, and by the very rubbly or rough nodular limestone debris as compared to the rather flat or disc-shaped slabs of underlying unit.


Monterey Quadrangle:  Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and minor siltstone: Limestone (about 70 to 80 percent), medium-gray, in uneven beds mostly less than 3 inches thick, fossiliferous (especially bryozoans and brachiopods).  Shale, greenish-gray, calcareous, occurs as partings and thin discontinuous beds.  Siltstone, greenish-gray, weathers yellowish brown; calcareous, in thin even beds generally less than 1 inch thick; occurs in lower 10 to 15 feet of unit.  Lower contact is gradational and is placed above the highest (1) relatively thick (6 inches or more) siltstone beds, (2) sets of beds containing 50 percent or more shale, or (3) beds of fine-grained, tabular limestone.  Lowest zone of large (1 inch or more wide) flat bryozoans occurs about 15 feet above base of unit.


Monterey Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided.  Kope is interbedded shale and limestone: Shale (70 to 80 percent) is medium gray, weathers yellowish gray; silty, calcareous, sparsely fossiliferous; in beds as much as several feet thick.  Limestone is light to medium gray, medium to coarse grained, generally in beds less than 12 inches thick, fossiliferous; similar to coarse-grained limestone of the Clays Ferry.  Beds of dolomite, considered of Silurian age by Berry and Boucot (1970, p. 240), are exposed along Kentucky Highway 35 (U.S. Highway 127) about half a mile southeast of Severn Creek.  Recent work by D. F. B. Black, U.S. Geol. Survey (oral commun., 1973) indicates that these beds are probably Kope or Clays Ferry dolomitized along a nearby fault.  Fossils from this exposure were identified as Late Ordovician brachiopods and as Ordovician conodonts (R. B. Neuman and J. W. Huddle, respectively, U.S. Geol. Survey, written communs., 1974).

Kope grades laterally into Clays Ferry; in this quadrangle it is underlain by 15 or more feet of Clays Ferry and is complexly intertongued with it in upper part.  Tongues of Kope 10 to 15 feet thick best exposed along secondary road about 0.5 mile west-southwest of Greenup Fork Church.  Because of generally poor exposures, Kope is mapped with Clays Ferry (described below).


Monterey Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale, minor siltstone: Limestone (about 50 percent) is of two types: (1) light to medium light gray, medium to coarse grained, generally in beds less than 8 inches thick, fossil fragmental; (2) medium dark gray, fine to micrograined, in thin tabular beds, poorly fossiliferous.  Shale is medium gray, weathers to brownish-yellow clay soil.  Upper 50 to 60 feet contains beds of limy siltstone 6 inches or more thick that form a surface residuum of large yellowish-brown blocks where partially or totally leached.  Lowest beds containing abundant Sowerbyella occur about 50 feet above base.  Lower part of unit generally grades laterally and intertongues with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member, but locally contact is sharp.

In southern part of quadrangle, where intertongued bodies of Kope are less than 20 feet thick, Clays Ferry is mapped separately.


Monterey Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, thin-bedded or thinly crossbedded, bioclastic, phosphatic; convolute beds (flow rolls) occur locally.  Lower contact generally sharp.


Monterey Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone.  Limestone, medium-light-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, in irregular to nodular beds with shale partings; fossils very abundant.  Grades northward into tongue of Clays Ferry.

The Stamping Ground Member of the Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973), identified in the cut north of Monterey and in the cut west of Old Cedar Church, is 4 to 8 feet thick, occurs near base of Tanglewood, but was not mapped.  It consists of coarse grained, very fossiliferous limestone (about 70 percent) in nodular to uneven beds with shale interbeds; weathers to a limestone rubble with abundant small silicified brachiopods, especially Rhynchotrema.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Monterey Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Unit similar in part to upper body of Tanglewood.  Lateral gradation northward of much of the medium-grained, thin-bedded or thinly crossbedded, phosphatic limestone to coarse-grained, thicker bedded, fossil-fragmental limestone makes distinction from Grier Limestone Member increasingly more difficult.  Lower part of unit grades laterally into and intertongues locally with underlying Grier.


Monterey Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-brownish-gray to light-olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, fossiliferous; argillaceous in part; mostly in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick.  Contains beds of coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental limestone.  Base of unit not exposed.


Piqua Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, and gravel.  Flood plains underlain by brown sandy silt; channel deposits are silt, sand, and gravel.  Gravel composed chiefly of locally derived pebbles and cobbles of limestone and siltstone.  Alluvium mapped only in flood plains of Licking River and Johnson and Cedar Creeks.


Piqua Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, gravel, and sand of ancestral Licking River system: Clay, commonly silty or plastic, weathers pale yellowish and grayish orange, moderate yellowish brown, and light to moderate brown.  Gravel consists of (1) well-rounded pebbles of white, yellow, and pink quartz; (2) subrounded to angular pebbles and cobbles of white and light-brown chert; (3) subrounded pebbles and cobbles of gray, yellow, and light-red siliceous limestone and dolomite; and (4) rounded to subrounded irregular pebbles of limonite-coated siltstone.  The quartz pebbles are rarely more than 1 inch in diameter; other gravel is generally less than 5 inches in diameter.  Several small deposits of this material were mapped by S. J. Luft near northwest corner of quadrangle.  A more complete description of the unit is given in the Claysville quadrangle (Luft, 1976) to the northwest.


Piqua Quadrangle:  Ordovician Fairview Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (about 60 percent), mostly of two types: (1) light to medium gray, fine to coarse grained, evenly bedded, generally fossiliferous or fossil fragmental, locally ripple-marked and crossbedded, dominant in lower part of unit, grades by interbedding into (2) light-olive-gray, fine-grained, evenly laminated, silty limestone, locally with flow rolls about 1 foot thick, in upper part of unit.  Both limestone types in beds commonly less than 4 inches thick, interbedded with gray calcareous shale in partings and sets a few inches to as much as 1 foot thick.  Lowermost limestone beds are characterized by abundance of brachiopod Strophomena, are overlain by 1- to 2-foot-thick layer of medium- to light-gray, sandy to silty shale that weathers moderate yellowish brown.  Basal contact sharp, placed at top of highest shale set thicker than 1 foot that occurs below Strophomena-bearing, limestone-rich sequence.  Present only near north quadrangle border.  Soils on hilltops commonly about 1 foot thick.


Piqua Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone, interbedded: Shale (about 80 percent), medium-gray to light-bluish-gray and light-olive-gray, thickly to thinly laminated, in sets commonly more than 2 feet and as much as 8 feet thick; commonly calcareous and silty; generally has few fossils; weathers and slumps readily.  Limestone, medium- to medium-light-gray, coarse-grained to micrograined; in beds 0.2 to 2.0 feet thick.  Limestone beds near base commonly contain bryozoans, pelecypods, and brachiopods.  Basal contact commonly gradational through 5 feet or less, placed at top of highest ledge-forming limestone beds of underlying formation.  Exposures of contact are sparse in roadcuts and steep valley walls; more common but less determinant on upper parts of well-rounded hills.  Mapped contact is approximately located.  Unit weathers to pale-greenish-yellow to yellowish-gray plastic clayey soil containing pale-yellowish-orange rounded limestone fragments.  Soil on hilltops commonly 3 or more feet thick.


Piqua Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale and limestone, interbedded: Shale (about 50 percent), medium- to olive-gray, weathers light brown to light brownish yellow; medium brownish red where limonitized; platy, poorly exposed.  Limestone (about 50 percent), light-brown to light-brownish-gray and grayish-orange, very fine to medium-, rarely coarse-grained; beds 0.2 to 2.0 feet thick; contains abundant fragments of crinoids, brachiopods, and bryozoans; rare fragments of pelecypods, gastropods, and trilobites.  Lowest occurrence of brachiopod Sowerbyella in abundance is about 50 feet above top of Lexington Limestone.  Basal contact commonly gradational within 2 to 3 feet, locally sharp; best seen in steep valley walls and deep cuts along major roads; hillside exposures are common but less determinant.  Unit weathers to light-brown, rounded fragments of limestone in dark-yellowish-orange clayey soil.  Soil on hilltops commonly 2 or less feet thick.

Shale and limestone, essentially as in main body of Clays Ferry but Sowerbyella is absent.  Underlies Millersburg Member in eastern part of quadrangle and Tanglewood Limestone Member in central part.  Basal contact commonly sharp with underlying Tanglewood-type rocks, gradational within 2 or 3 feet with underlying Millersburg-type and Grier-type rocks.  Unit becomes too thin to map in western part of quadrangle, where it is included in underlying member.


Piqua Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided.  Rock types are generally as described above.  Formations mapped as combined unit in southern part of quadrangle where the Kope Formation grades laterally into, and intertongues with, the Clays Ferry Formation.  Two or more tongues of Kope varying in thickness are present near middle of unit, but were not mapped because of generally poor exposures.  Good exposures of this intertonguing can be observed in a roadcut 0.1 mile southeast of Barterville, and in a roadcut 0.5 mile southwest of Barterville at south border of quadrangle.


Piqua Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light- to medium-gray and light-brownish-gray; consists of subequal parts of (1) fine- to coarse-grained, commonly well sorted, slightly phosphatic calcarenite, crossbedded in part; and of (2) medium- to coarse-grained, locally spary, bioclastic limestone.  Beds even to uneven and subtabular to lenticular, about 1 to more than 18 inches thick; muddy blebs locally present at and near top; contorted laminar bedding and ball-and-pillow structure common at top and near base.  Generally poorly fossiliferous, but some beds in lower part, especially near base, contain abundant bryozoans, brachiopods, gastropods, and pelecypods.  A 0.5- to 1-foot-thick bed of fine-grained calcarenite that contains well-preserved high-spired gastropods, partly silicified small brachiopods, and well-preserved large to small fragments of bryozoans is nearly everywhere present at base of member and is consistently about 90 feet below lowest zone of abundant Sowerbyella.  Map unit contains local tongues of Clays Ferry Formation that range in thickness from less than 2 to more than 10 feet; some vertical exposures show five or six thin tongues.  Basal contact commonly sharp to gradational through as much as 2 feet.  Soil on hilltops commonly less than 1 foot thick but may be 3 feet thick in flat broad valleys.  The discrepancy between the location of Tanglewood Limestone Member in Piqua quadrangle and its location along east border of Shady Nook quadrangle (Wallace, 1975) results from difficulties in Shady Nook in distinguishing the Tanglewood from similar beds in the Clays Ferry in areas of poor exposure.


Piqua Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (lower tongue)

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), gray to brown, fine- to coarse-grained; beds characteristically uneven to nodular, 0.1 to 1 foot thick; commonly contains large well-preserved fossils including brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, pelecypods, and fragments of crinoid stems and trilobites.  Shale, olive- to medium-gray; in layers generally less than 1 foot thick.  Member exposed in steep road cuts and valley walls in eastern part of quadrangle but thins to unmappable thickness in central and western parts by downward and lateral gradation into underlying tongue of Clays Ferry.  Basal contact gradational within 2 or 3 feet.


Piqua Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 to 75 percent in upper part and about 95 percent in lower part), medium- to yellowish-gray, weathers brownish to light brownish gray; composed of well-preserved whole and broken brachiopods, large bryozoans, trilobites, mollusks, and crinoid columnals in a coarse- to fine-grained matrix; beds very irregular to even, commonly nodular, range in thickness from 0.4 to about 1 foot.  Shale, olive- to medium-gray, in beds 0.1 to 2.0 feet thick.  Some limestone layers within upper 50 to 60 feet locally resemble crossbedded limestone of Tanglewood, nodular-bedded limestone of Millersburg, or very fine grained limestone of Clays Ferry.  These layers grade horizontally and vertically into neighboring layers or into Grier rock types described above.  Lower half of unit consists mostly of irregular beds of limestone with minor shale laminae.  Unit is well exposed along cliffs and steep banks of Licking River.


Delaplain Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, and gravel: Silt, clayey, yellowish-brown to dark-reddish-	brown.  Sand and gravel, moderate-yellowish-brown to dark-reddish-	brown, composed largely of limonite granules and limestone pebbles de	rived from residual soil.  Unit occurs extensively in broad valleys of Little Eagle and Eagle Creeks and their tributaries in north half of quadrangle.  Mapped unit includes colluvium that interfingers with alluvium at many places.


Delaplain Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (about 50 percent), light-brown 	to light-brownish-gray and grayish-orange, micrograined to medium-	grained, rarely coarse-grained; beds 0.2 to 2.0 feet thick; some beds contain abundant fragments of crinoids, brachiopods, and bryozoans and less 	abundant fragments of pelecypods and gastropods; some micrograined 	beds are unfossiliferous.  Shale, medium- to olive-gray, weathers light 	brown to light brownish red where limonitized; platy, poorly exposed.  A 	calcarenite similar to the Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone crops out at places in northern part of quadrangle, commonly about 10 feet below base of zone of abundant brachiopod Sowerbyella.  It is a useful stratigraphic marker as it forms ledges 2 to 5 feet thick and locally contains sparse Sowerbyella, gastropods, other brachiopods, crinoid stems, and bryozoans; it locally contains para-ripples that are oriented N. 35 degrees-50 degrees E.  The calcarenite is underlain by flow rolls at many places.  Basal contact of formation is commonly gradational within 2 to 3 feet, locally sharp; best exposures in deep roadcuts along Interstate Highway 75 and along railroad; hillside exposures are common but less determinate.  Unit weathers to 	light-brown, rounded fragments of limestone in dark-yellowish-orange 	clayey soil.  Soil is commonly 2 to 3 feet thick on hilltops.

Limestone and shale: Lithologically similar to Clays Ferry described above except that limestone is dominantly argillaceous, medium gray, micrograined, unfossiliferous, and lenticular.  Crops out only in southern part of quadrangle.  Mapped as "argillaceous limestone and shale" in Georgetown quadrangle (Cressman, 1967) adjacent to the south.


Delaplain Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, light-gray to light-brown, fine- to coarse-grained, commonly crossbedded, locally even bedded; includes beds 0.2 to 1.2 feet thick of calcarenite, a few beds of fossil-fragmental calcirudite, and rare even beds of fossiliferous calcisiltite.  Calcarenite is fine to coarse grained, phosphatic, weathers to pale- to moderate-brown rough-textured surfaces and to moderate-reddish-brown soil.  Fossil-fragmental calcirudite contains fragments of several species of brachiopods and trilobites; bedding is nodular, resembling that of Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone.  Fossiliferous calcisiltite closely resembles the light-brownish-gray fine-grained limestone of Clays Ferry Formation.  Seams of light- to olive-gray shale 0.2 to 1.0 foot thick occur locally within unit in north half of quadrangle and may total 20 to 25 percent of unit in some isolated outcrops.  At some localities in south half, unit appears to 	grade vertically and horizontally into Clays Ferry or Millersburg, as along southeast ramp of Interstate Highway 75 at Delaplain.  Upper part of unit has a maximum thickness of 35 feet in south-central part of quadrangle, thins northward; along Little Eagle Creek in northwestern part it is either missing or indistinguishable from limestone beds of Clays Ferry.  Lower part of unit is thickest (40 feet) in northern part of quadrangle.  Soil on hilltops is commonly less than 1 foot thick but may be 2 or 3 feet thick in flat broad valleys in south half of quadrangle.


Delaplain Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

A) Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), medium-gray to medium-brown, fine- to coarse-grained; beds characteristically uneven to nodular, 0.05 to 0.4 foot thick; commonly contains large well-preserved fossils including brachiopods, bryozoans, pelecypods, gastropods, and fragments of crinoid stems and trilobites.  Shale, olive- to medium-gray, as matrix around limestone nodules and in irregular layers generally less than 1 foot thick.  Unit lenses out westward into Tanglewood, and, in subsurface, probably lenses out or grades northward into Clays Ferry.  Basal contact sharp to gradational through about 2 feet.  Unit poorly exposed on slopes.  Soil, dark-reddish-brown, may be as thick as 4 feet on hilltops.

B) Limestone and shale: Lithologically similar to Millersburg Member described above.  Best exposures are in steep roadcuts along Interstate Highway 75 south of Delaplain interchange; other exposures are sparse.

C) Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 80 percent), medium- to light-gray, micrograined calcite matrix; as lenses, nodules, and irregular beds.  Shale, light- to medium-gray, as irregular thin beds.  Large stromatoporoids occur near upper contact.  Contains sparse brachiopods, commonly silicified, resembling those identified in adjacent quadrangles as Rhynchotrema and Zygospira.  Base not exposed.  Mapped as "fossiliferous limestone and shale" in adjoining Georgetown quadrangle (Cressman, 1967).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Delaplain Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

A) Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), medium-gray to medium-brown, fine- to coarse-grained; beds characteristically uneven to nodular, 0.05 to 0.4 foot thick; commonly contains large well-preserved fossils including brachiopods, bryozoans, pelecypods, gastropods, and fragments of crinoid stems and trilobites.  Shale, olive- to medium-gray, as matrix around limestone nodules and in irregular layers generally less than 1 foot thick.  Unit lenses out westward into Tanglewood, and, in subsurface, probably lenses out or grades northward into Clays Ferry.  Basal contact sharp to gradational through about 2 feet.  Unit poorly exposed on slopes.  Soil, dark-reddish-brown, may be as thick as 4 feet on hilltops.

B) Limestone and shale: Lithologically similar to Millersburg Member described above.  Best exposures are in steep roadcuts along Interstate Highway 75 south of Delaplain interchange; other exposures are sparse.

C) Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 80 percent), medium- to light-gray, micrograined calcite matrix; as lenses, nodules, and irregular beds.  Shale, light- to medium-gray, as irregular thin beds.  Large stromatoporoids occur near upper contact.  Contains sparse brachiopods, commonly silicified, resembling those identified in adjacent quadrangles as Rhynchotrema and Zygospira.  Base not exposed.  Mapped as "fossiliferous limestone and shale" in adjoining Georgetown quadrangle (Cressman, 1967).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Delaplain Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, light-gray to light-brown, fine- to coarse-grained, commonly crossbedded, locally even bedded; includes beds 0.2 to 1.2 feet thick of calcarenite, a few beds of fossil-fragmental calcirudite, and rare even beds of fossiliferous calcisiltite.  Calcarenite is fine to coarse grained, phosphatic, weathers to pale- to moderate-brown rough-textured surfaces and to moderate-reddish-brown soil.  Fossil-fragmental calcirudite contains fragments of several species of brachiopods and trilobites; bedding is nodular, resembling that of Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone.  Fossiliferous calcisiltite closely resembles the light-brownish-gray fine-grained limestone of Clays Ferry Formation.  Seams of light- to olive-gray shale 0.2 to 1.0 foot thick occur locally within unit in north half of quadrangle and may total 20 to 25 percent of unit in some isolated outcrops.

Crops out only in southern part of quadrangle.


Delaplain Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale: Limestone, light-gray to light-brown, fine- to coarse-grained, commonly crossbedded, locally even bedded; includes beds 0.2 to 1.2 feet thick of calcarenite, a few beds of fossil-fragmental calcirudite, and rare even beds of fossiliferous calcisiltite.  Calcarenite is fine to coarse grained, phosphatic, weathers to pale- to moderate-brown rough-textured surfaces and to moderate-reddish-brown soil.  Fossil-fragmental calcirudite contains fragments of several species of brachiopods and trilobites; bedding is nodular, resembling that of Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone.  Fossiliferous calcisiltite closely resembles the light-brownish-gray fine-grained limestone of Clays Ferry Formation.  Seams of light- to olive-gray shale 0.2 to 1.0 foot thick occur locally within unit in north half of quadrangle and may total 20 to 25 percent of unit in some isolated outcrops.

Crops out only in southern part of quadrangle.


Stamping Ground Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, clay, and gravel: Silt, brownish-gray to grayish-brown, is most abundant; sand, clay, and gravel present locally.  Derived mostly from limestone, shale, and their residual soils.  Maximum thickness along North Elkhorn Creek.


Stamping Ground Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded Iimestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent) is of two types: (1) light to medium light gray, medium to coarse grained, fossil fragmental, in beds as much as 2 feet thick; fossils include bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, and trilobite fragments; (2) medium dark gray, fine to micrograined, poorly fossiliferous, in tabular beds less than 6 inches thick.  Shale is medium gray, weathering to brownish-yellow clay soil that contrasts with dark-brown soil of underlying unit.  Lowest zone of abundant brachiopod Sowerbyella is 40 to 50 feet above base.  Lower contact very poorly exposed generally; locally sharp.

Clays Ferry Formation, as described above.  Occurs only in two small drainages near northeast corner of quadrangle.


Stamping Ground Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, mostly thin-bedded with convolute beds (flow rolls) at or near base.  Contains beds of coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental limestone.  Found only in east-central part of quadrangle in a road cut about a mile southwest of Skinnersburg.  In the New Columbus quadrangle adjoining to the north, work in progress by the author shows that this unit occurs about 10 feet below lowest zone of abundant Sowerbyella.  Probably a tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone.


Stamping Ground Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, phosphatic in part; mostly in beds less than 6 inches thick.  Contains thicker bedded, coarse-grained, fossil-fragmental limestone similar to type 1 limestone of Clays Ferry Formation; this fossil-fragmental limestone increases proportionally northward and predominates at north border.  Convolute beds (flow rolls) present locally.  Intertonguing with Clays Ferry in upper part reduces unit thickness from 35 feet in south to about 15 feet in north.  In southern two-thirds of quadrangle, unit generally weathered to a residual soil cover 5 to 10 feet thick.  Poorly exposed lower contact placed above highest rubbly float of Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone.


Stamping Ground Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Millersburg Member.  Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), medium-light-gray, fine- to coarse-grained; in irregular to nodular beds a few inches thick; very fossiliferous, most abundant fossils are brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, and trilobite fragments.  Shale, medium-gray, as partings and interbeds.  Mapped with this unit are poorly fossiliferous argillaceous zones, mostly less than 10 feet thick, exposed locally above and below the unit in this and the adjacent Midway and Delaplain quadrangles (Pomeroy, 1970; Wallace, 1977).  These zones are probably tongues of Clays Ferry Formation.  Unit poorly exposed except in cuts but position determined at places by float of very fossiliferous limestone rubble.

Stamping Ground Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent), medium-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, very fossiliferous; in thin nodular to irregular beds.  Shale, medium-gray, calcareous; as irregular partings and thin beds.  Unit is poorly exposed but abundant silicified brachiopods (Rhynchotrema) as float indicate its position.  Type section, measured at quarry about 1 mile due west of town of Stamping Ground, is described by Cressman (1973, p. 38-39).  Fossils collected there were identified as follows: brachiopods (R. B. Neuman): Hebertella? sp., H. frankfortensis Foerste, Platystrophia sp., Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall), Zygospira sp.; gastropods (E. L. Yochelson): cf. Cyclora sp., cf. Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp., cf. Microceras sp.; trilobite (R. J. Ross): Proetidella sp.; ostracod (J. M. Berdan): cf. Ceratopsis intermedia Ulrich; graptolite (R. B. Neuman): Diplograptus sp.  Unit mapped as "fossiliferous limestone and shale" in Midway quadrangle (Pomeroy, 1970) to the south.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Stamping Ground Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, similar to Tanglewood Limestone Member overlying the Millersburg Member.


Stamping Ground Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, brownish-gray to grayish-orange, medium-grained, bioclastic, phosphatic in part; in beds mostly less than 4 inches thick; locally contains beds of coarse-grained fossil-fragmental limestone.  Lower contact gradational over several feet, possibly intertongued locally.


Stamping Ground Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, fossiliferous (especially bryozoans and brachiopods), argillaceous in part; mostly in irregular beds 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick with thin shale partings.  Well exposed along North Elkhorn Creek; poorly exposed elsewhere.  Base is below drainage.


N. Middletown Quadrangle: Quaternary Alluvium
North Middletown Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, and gravel: Silt, reddish-brown, generally clayey; structureless to poorly bedded.  Sand and fine gravel composed of particles of oxides of iron and manganese, contain phosphatic grains derived from tongue of Tanglewood Member of Lexington Limestone.  Coarse gravel composed of limestone blocks and cobbles, near base of deposits.  Unit merges with unmapped colluvium along valley sides; contacts approximate.


N. Middletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone and Garrard Siltstone
North Middletown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone and Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone.  Unit forms a residuum that caps hills in southeastern part of quadrangle.  Mapped on basis of float consisting of slabs of weathered calcareous siltstone.  Slabs even bedded, 6 inches to 1 foot thick.  Contacts of larger areas approximately located; contacts on small hilltops inferred.  *Detailed descriptions of the formations are given to east in Sharpsburg quadrangle (Blade, 1977) and to south in Sideview quadrangle (Blade, 1976).  In Sharpsburg, Garrard Siltstone is 0(?) to 35 feet thick and is overlain by a full thickness of Calloway Creek Limestone that ranges from 65 to 100 feet.  In Sideview, Garrard is 0(?) to 50 feet thick, and Calloway Creek (uppermost bedrock unit) is as much as 90 feet thick.


N. Middletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations
North Middletown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone: Shale (30 to 60 percent), medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray to yellowish brown; calcareous; sparsely fossiliferous.  Limestone (30 to 60 percent), of three types: (1) medium to light gray, weathers yellowish brown; micrograined to fine grained, silty, in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick; sparsely fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods; (2) medium to light gray, weathers yellowish gray; fine to coarse grained, in even to irregular beds a few inches to approximately 1 foot thick; fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods, locally abundant bryozoans and less common crinoid columnals; (3) light gray, weathers brownish gray; fine to coarse grained, bioclastic, in even to uneven lensing beds, locally crossbedded, in sets a few inches to several feet thick.  Limestone types 1 and 2 are interbedded with shale and each other throughout unit.  Types 1, 2, and 3 are interbedded with one another and in east half of quadrangle form a resistant sequence as much as 60 feet thick in lower part of unit.  Siltstone (as much as 10 percent), medium-gray, weathers dark to light brown; composed of quartz silt in micrograined calcareous matrix; in even beds 1 to 12 inches thick.  Siltstone, limestone, and shale locally in ball-and-pillow structure near base of unit below resistant limestone beds; this structure is exposed in roadcut on Somerset Creek near northeast corner of quadrangle at location indicated by exposure triangle.  The brachiopod Sowerbyella is abundant in lower half of unit, sparse in upper half.  Zones of thick shale sets found locally in Sideview, Sharpsburg, and Carlisle quadrangles (Blade, 1976, 1977, in press), which were considered to be tongues of Kope Formation within the Clays Ferry Formation, were not seen in this quadrangle.  However, gamma-ray logs of holes drilled in southern part of quadrangle near Plum Creek in and near Plum Creek gas field indicate probable presence of Kope.  (These logs are on file at offices of the Kentucky Geological Survey.)


N. Middletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)
North Middletown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone of two separate and distinct types.  The first type, in western part of quadrangle, is medium gray to light brownish gray, weathers moderate reddish brown; very coarse to fine grained; in even to irregular beds 1/2 inch to 6 feet thick; dominantly composed of sand- to pebble-size, comminuted and broken fossils in a sparry matrix; well-preserved fossils sparse, but surfaces of some beds in lower part are covered with abundant bryozoans, crinoid columnals, and brachiopods.  This first limestone type is thickest in southwestern part of quadrangle and along northern part of west border.  It thins rapidly toward and is thinnest in north-central part where it grades into limestone of the second type.  The second limestone type, in eastern part of quadrangle, is light to medium gray, weathers brownish gray; very coarse to fine grained, mostly medium grained; bioclastic, phosphatic, cemented with sparry calcite; in thin to thick beds, commonly crossbedded; commonly forms ledges; intertongues with Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone.  This second limestone type is thickest in central part of quadrangle, thinnest in north-central and northeastern parts.  Contacts placed to include dominantly calcarenitic rock within the unit.  Unit may be equivalent to Nicholas Bed of Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973, p. 31).


N. Middletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3
North Middletown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone of two separate and distinct types.  The first type, in western part of quadrangle, is medium gray to light brownish gray, weathers moderate reddish brown; very coarse to fine grained; in even to irregular beds 1/2 inch to 6 feet thick; dominantly composed of sand- to pebble-size, comminuted and broken fossils in a sparry matrix; well-preserved fossils sparse, but surfaces of some beds in lower part are covered with abundant bryozoans, crinoid columnals, and brachiopods.  This first limestone type is thickest in southwestern part of quadrangle and along northern part of west border.  It thins rapidly toward and is thinnest in north-central part where it grades into limestone of the second type.  The second limestone type, in eastern part of quadrangle, is light to medium gray, weathers brownish gray; very coarse to fine grained, mostly medium grained; bioclastic, phosphatic, cemented with sparry calcite; in thin to thick beds, commonly crossbedded; commonly forms ledges; intertongues with Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone.  This second limestone type is thickest in central part of quadrangle, thinnest in north-central and northeastern parts.  Contacts placed to include dominantly calcarenitic rock within the unit.  Unit may be equivalent to Nicholas Bed of Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973, p. 31).


N. Middletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)
North Middletown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Strodes Creek Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (as much as 70 percent), medium-gray, weathers grayish brown; micrograined to coarse-grained, mostly micrograined; in even to irregular beds 1 to 10 inches thick; fossiliferous, mostly ostracodes, with locally abundant stromatoporoids, bryozoans, gastropods, colonial corals, and pelecypods.  Stromatoporoids prominently developed in north-central part of quadrangle, weather to form prominent ledges.  Shale, medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; as interbeds and partings 1 to 3 inches thick.  Unit intergrades and intertongues with Millersburg Member.  Thickest in northwestern part of quadrangle, absent or too thin to map in northeastern part.  In north-central part of quadrangle a ledge 2 to 3 feet thick of similar rock types occurs just below base of tongue of Clays Ferry Formation; these rock types may intergrade or interfinger with basal part of Clays Ferry tongue.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No.4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (80 to 90 percent), dark- to medium-gray, weathers yellowish to greenish gray; bioclastic, micrograined to medium grained; nodular to irregularly bedded; fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, pelecypods, and colonial corals, local fragments of algal heads.  Shale, dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray; as interbeds and partings.  Unit poorly exposed, commonly weathered to fossiliferous rubble.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


N. Middletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation
North Middletown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone: Shale (50 to 70 percent), medium-gray, weathers yellowish brown.  Limestone (30 to 50 percent), medium-gray, weathers yellowish gray; micrograined, silty; in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick.  Siltstone (less than 10 percent), calcareous, medium-gray, weathers moderate orange brown, in beds 1 to 3 inches thick.  Unit intergrades and interfingers with Millersburg Member.


N. Middletown Quadrangle: Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2
North Middletown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone.  Not exposed in this quadrangle; presence in valley of Blacks Creek near northwest corner is inferred from exposures in Carlisle quadrangle (Blade, in press), where unit is 20 to 50 feet thick with base above drainage.


Carlisle Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt and gravel: Silt, dark-reddish-brown, generally clayey; generally contains reddish-brown iron-oxide nodule ¼ to 6 mm in diameter; generally without bedding.  Gravel, grayish-brown, composed of fragments 2 to 25 mm in diameter of limestone, siltstone, and shale; generally contains reddish-brown iron-oxide nodules 2 to 20 mm in diameter; generally without bedding.  Unit merges with unmapped colluvium along valley sides; contacts approximate.


Carlisle Quadrangle:  Ordovician Fairview Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 70 percent, mostly of two types: (1) dark to medium gray, weathers yellowish brown; micrograined to fine grained, in even to uneven beds 1 to 6 inches thick, sparsely fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods; (2) medium to light gray, weathers yellowish gray; clayey, fine to medium grained, in uneven beds 3 to 8 inches thick; fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray to yellowish brown; limey; as thin interbeds.  Both limestone types interbedded with shale and each other.  Type 2 limestone with abundant brachiopods (Strophomena) dominant in lower part of unit.  Basal contact placed at base of persistent fossiliferous limestone in contact with thick shale set or siltstone of underlying unit.  Unit poorly exposed, found only in southeastern part of quadrangle.


Carlisle Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Kope and Clays Ferry Formation, undivided.  Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, about 50 percent, mostly of three types: (1) medium to dark gray, weathers yellowish brown; micrograined to fine grained, in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick, locally in ball-and-pillow structure; sparsely fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods; (2) medium to light gray, weathers yellowish gray; coarse to fine grained, in even to irregular beds a few inches to more than 1 foot thick; fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods, locally abundant bryozoans and less common crinoid columnals; (3) light gray to medium gray, weathers brownish gray; fine to coarse grained, mostly medium grained, bioclastic, in even to uneven lensing beds 6 inches to 3 feet thick, locally crossbedded.  Limestone types 1 and 2 interbedded with shale and each other throughout unit.  Type 3 limestone commonly interbedded with the other types and shale in lower half of unit, much less common in upper half; in southeastern part of quadrangle locally found in lenses as much as 20 feet thick with minor shale.  The most persistent lens is mapped separately east of Carlisle as clastic lens.  Shale, about 40 percent, medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray to yellowish brown; limy; unevenly laminated in sets 1 inch to 4 feet thick, mostly 4 to 6 inches thick as interbeds.  Siltstone, about 10 percent, medium-gray, weathers dark to light brown; composed of quartz silt in micrograined limy matrix, in even beds 1 to 12 inches thick, locally in ball-and-pillow structure; common in upper third of unit, rare in lower half.  The brachiopod Sowerbyella occurs most abundantly in lower half of unit.

Exposures as much as 15 feet thick made up mostly of shale in thick sets are found on the northwest-trending road intersecting U.S. Highway 68 about 0.8 mile southwest of Oakland Mills Church.  These are exposures of Kope Formation, which has been mapped separately in the northwestern part of this quadrangle and to the west and north in the adjoining Millersburg quadrangle (Cuppels and Outerbridge, 1974) and Piqua quadrangle (Wallace, 1977).  The 5-foot-thick calcarenitic limestone that underlies and marks base of Kope Formation in Millersburg quadrangle pinches out in this quadrangle.  Elsewhere in this quadrangle poor exposures and lack of marker beds make extent of Kope Formation uncertain, and it is therefore not mapped separately.


Carlisle Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope Formation Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Same description as Kope and Clays Ferry Formation, undivided.  Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, about 50 percent, mostly of three types: (1) medium to dark gray, weathers yellowish brown; micrograined to fine grained, in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick, locally in ball-and-pillow structure; sparsely fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods; (2) medium to light gray, weathers yellowish gray; coarse to fine grained, in even to irregular beds a few inches to more than 1 foot thick; fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods, locally abundant bryozoans and less common crinoid columnals; (3) light gray to medium gray, weathers brownish gray; fine to coarse grained, mostly medium grained, bioclastic, in even to uneven lensing beds 6 inches to 3 feet thick, locally crossbedded.  Limestone types 1 and 2 interbedded with shale and each other throughout unit.  Type 3 limestone commonly interbedded with the other types and shale in lower half of unit, much less common in upper half; in southeastern part of quadrangle locally found in lenses as much as 20 feet thick with minor shale.  The most persistent lens is mapped separately east of Carlisle as clastic lens.  Shale, about 40 percent, medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray to yellowish brown; limy; unevenly laminated in sets 1 inch to 4 feet thick, mostly 4 to 6 inches thick as interbeds.  Siltstone, about 10 percent, medium-gray, weathers dark to light brown; composed of quartz silt in micrograined limy matrix, in even beds 1 to 12 inches thick, locally in ball-and-pillow structure; common in upper third of unit, rare in lower half.  The brachiopod Sowerbyella occurs most abundantly in lower half of unit.

Exposures as much as 15 feet thick made up mostly of shale in thick sets are found on the northwest-trending road intersecting U.S. Highway 68 about 0.8 mile southwest of Oakland Mills Church.  These are exposures of Kope Formation, which has been mapped separately in the northwestern part of this quadrangle and to the west and north in the adjoining Millersburg quadrangle (Cuppels and Outerbridge, 1974) and Piqua quadrangle (Wallace, 1977).  The 5-foot-thick calcarenitic limestone that underlies and marks base of Kope Formation in Millersburg quadrangle pinches out in this quadrangle.  Elsewhere in this quadrangle poor exposures and lack of marker beds make extent of Kope Formation uncertain, and it is therefore not mapped separately.


Carlisle Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light- to medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; very coarse to fine grained, mostly medium grained; bioclastic; phosphatic, cemented with sparry calcite; in even to uneven, thin to thick beds, commonly crossbedded; commonly forms ledges.  Intertongues with overlying unit over an interval of as much as 15 feet and with underlying Millersburg Member of Lexington Limestone over an interval of as much as 3 feet; contacts placed to include dominantly light- to medium-gray calcarenitic rock within unit.  Thickest on northwest boundary; thins eastward and southward with pronounced thinning northeastward.  Well exposed along U.S. Highway 68 in western part of quadrangle.  Probably equivalent to Nicholas Bed of Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone (Cressman, 1973, p. 31).


Carlisle Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 70 percent, light- to medium-gray, weathers grayish brown; micrograined to medium grained; commonly in thin wavy beds that pinch and swell; locally in thicker beds with ball-and-pillow structure; generally sparsely fossiliferous, contains disseminated ostracodes; locally abundant stromatoporoids, corals, and brachiopods.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray; limy; as interbeds and partings.  Unit intergrades with Millersburg Member.  Unit generally not well exposed; contacts based mostly on float of rounded boulders of limestone, stromatoporoids, and coral heads.  Unit found only in south half of quadrangle.

Limestone and shale: Limestone, 60 to more than 80 percent, dark- to medium-gray, weathers yellowish to brownish gray; micrograined to medium grained, nodular to irregularly bedded; generally very fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, and pelecypods.  Shale, dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray; limy, as interbeds and partings.  Locally, as at quarry about 2 miles west of Carlisle on Ky. Highway 36, shale is less than 20 percent of the rock and irregularly bedded limestone is dominant.  Unit intertongues with underlying tongue of Clays Ferry Formation.  Unit well exposed in western part of quadrangle in roadcuts along U.S. Highway 68 and Ky. Highway 36.

Limestone and shale: Limestone, 60 to 80 percent, dark- to medium-gray, weathers yellowish to brownish gray; micrograined to medium grained; nodular to irregularly bedded; very fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, and pelecypods.  Shale, dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray; limy; as interbeds and partings.  Unit intertongues with underlying Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Unit well exposed in road cuts along Ky. Highway 386.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


Carlisle Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, about 60 percent, mostly of two types: (1) medium to dark gray, weathers yellowish brown; micrograined to fine grained, in even beds 1 to 6 inches thick; sparsely fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods; and (2) light to medium gray, weathers brownish gray; calcirudite composed of fossil fragments in a medium- to coarse-grained matrix; in even to uneven beds as much as 8 inches thick, locally as much as 3 feet thick with minor shale.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish gray to yellowish brown; limy; evenly laminated in sets 1 to 12 inches thick; as interbeds.  Unit intertongues with underlying Millersburg Member.  Unit well exposed in road cuts and stream bottoms.


Carlisle Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Rock types as in Tanglewood description above.  Intertongued with overlying Millersburg Member over an interval of as much as 3 feet and with underlying Grier Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone over an interval of as much as 10 feet; contacts placed to include dominantly calcarenitic rock within unit.  Unit well exposed along Blacks and Hinkston Creeks; thins eastward.


Carlisle Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to dark-gray, weathers yellowish to brownish gray; micrograined to medium grained; nodular to irregularly bedded; fossiliferous, mostly brachiopods and bryozoans.  Upper part of member well exposed along Hinkston Creek; base not exposed in quadrangle.


Sadieville Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, clay, and gravel: Silt, brownish-gray to grayish-brown, is most abundant; sand, clay, and gravel present locally.  Derived mostly from limestone, shale, and their residual soils.  Maximum thickness along Eagle Creek.  Not mapped where thin and patchy.


Sadieville Quadrangle: Ordovician Clays Ferry and Kope Undifferentiated
Sadieville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided.  Kope is interbedded shale and limestone: Shale (70 to 80 percent) is medium gray, weathers yellowish gray; silty, calcareous, sparsely fossiliferous; in beds as much as several feet thick.  Limestone is light to medium gray, medium to coarse grained, generally in beds less than 12 inches thick, fossiliferous; similar to coarse-grained limestone of the Clays Ferry.

Southward across the quadrangle the Kope grades laterally and intertongues with the Clays Ferry Formation.  Because of generally poor exposures these formations are mapped together in the northern two-thirds of the quadrangle.  The southern limit of the combined formations is placed at the southernmost exposures of Kope along Interstate Highway 75 (no Kope recognized south of Mile Run) and along the Southern Railway tracks.  Exposures along Interstate Highway 75 show that the lower 40 to 50 feet of the combined units is Clays Ferry and that the two units are complexly intertongued in the upper part.  The occurrence of tongues of Kope in the northern part of the adjoining Breckinridge quadrangle (Wallace, 1976) was not recognized at time of mapping because of generally poor exposures.

Clays Ferry Formation.  Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (about 50 percent) is of two types: (1) light to medium light gray, medium to coarse grained, generally in beds less than 8 inches thick, fossil fragmental; (2) medium dark gray, fine to micrograined, in tabular beds a few inches thick, poorly fossiliferous.  Shale is medium gray, weathers to brownish-yellow clay soil.  Lowest zone of abundant Sowerbyella occurs about 10 feet above base of unit except in southwest corner where Tanglewood Limestone Member is missing and base of unit drops to the top of Lexington Limestone.  There the base of the zone is about 50 feet above base of Clays Ferry.


Sadieville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, of two types: (1) calcarenite, medium-light-gray to light-brownish-gray, weathers light brownish gray to grayish orange; mostly thin bedded, locally thinly crossbedded with convolute beds (flow rolls) present at or near base; (2) fossiliferous limestone, light- to medium-light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained; consists of whole and broken fossils; in beds generally less than 1 foot thick.  Distinguished from tongues of similar limestone within the underlying Lexington by its position (approximately 10 feet) below the lowest zone of abundant Sowerbyella.  Unit occurs in all parts of the quadrangle except in a small area in the southwest corner.  Greatest thickness of about 25 feet (base obscure) seen near the northeast corner on an east-flowing tributary to Raven Creek; commonly 15 feet thick.  Generally poorly exposed except in cuts.  Shown as a continuous unit although exposures suggest it may be missing locally.  Unit probably equivalent to limestone marker bed as mapped in northwestern part of adjacent Delaplain quadrangle (Wallace, 1977).


Sadieville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Similar to Clays Ferry Formation described above.  May be correlative with upper part of Millersburg Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone as mapped in southern part of Delaplain quadrangle to the south (Wallace, 1977).


Sadieville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Lexington Limestone.  Interbedded limestone and shale.  Formation consists of one or more tongues of mostly limestone with interbedded shale separated by a unit or units of interbedded limestone and shale similar to and probably tongues of Clays Ferry Formation.  Upper contact is mapped on top of highest of several limestone tongues in the unit.  (See generalized cross section.)  Limestone tongues are made up of about 75 percent limestone similar to types described in Tanglewood Limestone Member above.

Interbedded limestone and shale similar to main body of Clays Ferry Formation.  A light-olive-gray, argillaceous, nodular, very fossiliferous, rubbly-weathering limestone exposed along Eagle and Little Eagle Creeks east and west of the Sadieville interchange of Interstate Highway 75 is probably the Millersburg Limestone Member.  It was not seen elsewhere.  Unit generally poorly exposed except in cuts.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)


New Columbus Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, sand, clay, and gravel: Silt, brownish-gray to grayish-brown, is most abundant; sand, clay, and gravel present locally.  Derived mostly from limestone, shale, and their residual soils.  Maximum thickness along Eagle Creek.  Not mapped where thin and patchy.


New Columbus Quadrangle:  Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided.  Kope is interbedded shale and limestone: Shale (70 to 80 percent) is medium gray, weathers yellowish gray; silty, calcareous, sparsely fossiliferous; in beds as much as several feet thick.  Limestone is light to medium gray, medium to coarse grained, generally in beds less than 12 inches thick, fossiliferous; similar to coarse-grained limestone of the Clays Ferry.

Southward across the quadrangle the Kope grades laterally and intertongues with the Clays Ferry Formation.  Because of poor exposures these formations are mapped together over most of this quadrangle.  No Kope was recognized south of the Bethany Church and Rockdale areas although tongues of Kope too thin to distinguish from Clays Ferry may be present to the south.  (See generalized cross section.)  In the adjoining Monterey (Moore, 1977a) and Sadieville (Moore and Wallace, 1978) quadrangles the lowest tongue of Kope is underlain by 15 or more feet and 40 to 50 feet of Clays Ferry, respectively.  In both those areas Kope and Clays Ferry are complexly intertongued in the upper part of the combined unit.  Kope overlying Clays Ferry is best exposed along a northwesterly trending road that branches off Ky. Highway 607 about 1/4 mile northeast of the New Columbus Fairview Cemetery.


New Columbus Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clays Ferry Formation.  Interbedded limestone and shale, minor siltstone: Limestone (about 50 percent) is of two types: (1) light to medium light gray, medium to coarse grained, generally in beds less than 8 inches thick, fossil fragmental; 2) medium dark gray, fine to micrograined, in thin tabular beds, poorly fossiliferous.  Shale is medium gray, weathers to brownish-yellow clay soil.

Lower part of combined Kope and Clays Ferry unit grades laterally and intertongues with underlying Lexington Limestone over a vertical range of 75 feet; therefore lowest zone of abundant Sowerbyella occurs from 10 to 85 feet above base depending on which of several limestone tongues of the Lexington is the uppermost in any given area.

Lexington Limestone.  Interbedded limestone and shale.  Formation consists of tongues of mostly limestone with interbedded shale separated by tongues of interbedded limestone and shale similar to Clays Ferry Formation.  Upper contact is mapped on top of highest of several limestone tongues in the unit.  (See generalized cross section.)

Upper tongues made up of about 75 percent limestone similar to types described in Tanglewood Limestone Member above.  Northward the shale content increases and tongues grade laterally into Clays Ferry; near Mountain Island upper tongues have changed completely to Clays Ferry and mapped top of Lexington is dropped to the lowest limestone tongue.  Tongues are mapped as Tanglewood Limestone Member to south in Stamping Ground quadrangle (Moore, 1977b).

Interbedded limestone and shale similar to main body of Clays Ferry Formation.  Mapped as tongue of Clays Ferry in northeast corner of adjacent Stamping Ground quadrangle.  Irregular to nodular-bedded limestone of the Millersburg Member, mapped to the south in Stamping Ground quadrangle, grades northward into the shaly part of the Lexington Limestone as used in this quadrangle.


New Columbus Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, of two types: (1) calcarenite, brownish-gray, medium-grained, mostly thin bedded or thinly crossbedded with convolute beds (flow rolls) present locally at or near base; (2) fossiliferous limestone, light- to medium-gray, medium- to coarse-grained; consists of whole and broken fossils; in beds generally less than 1 foot thick.  Ratio of type 1 to type 2 limestone decreases irregularly northward.  Unit grades generally northward into Clays Ferry Formation.  Thicknesses of 15 to 20 feet exposed in numerous places in the east-central and central parts of the quadrangle; thinning and pinch-out best seen along road from Natlee northwestward to beyond Locust Grove Church.  Distinguished from tongues of similar limestone within the underlying Lexington Limestone by its position approximately 10 feet below lowest zone of abundant Sowerbyella.  Shown as a continuous unit 10 to 15 feet thick within its area of outcrop although exposures suggest it may be absent locally.  (See Explanation.)


New Columbus Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, of two types: (1) calcarenite, brownish-gray, medium-grained, mostly thin bedded or thinly crossbedded with convolute beds (flow rolls) present locally at or near base; (2) fossiliferous limestone, light- to medium-gray, medium- to coarse-grained; consists of whole and broken fossils; in beds generally less than 1 foot thick.  Ratio of type 1 to type 2 limestone decreases irregularly northward.  Unit grades generally northward into Clays Ferry Formation.  Thicknesses of 15 to 20 feet exposed in numerous places in the east-central and central parts of the quadrangle; thinning and pinch-out best seen along road from Natlee northwestward to beyond Locust Grove Church.  Distinguished from tongues of similar limestone within the underlying Lexington Limestone by its position approximately 10 feet below lowest zone of abundant Sowerbyella.  Shown as a continuous unit 10 to 15 feet thick within its area of outcrop although exposures suggest it may be absent locally.  (See Explanation.)


New Columbus Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, mostly light-brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, poorly sorted; has earthy luster; characterized by many large trilobite fragments, large brachiopod fragments, calcite blebs, and gastropod shells that weather in relief.  Well exposed along Eagle Creek near north border, near Mountain Island, and on tributary to Caney Creek about 1 mile southwest of Mountain Island.  Position of unit is well marked by distinctive float along these creeks north of the island and to 1 1/4 miles south of it before it goes below drainage to the south; not seen east or southeast of it.  In most of these areas it marks the top of the Lexington.  Unit is called beds at Elk Riffle in the Lawrenceville quadrangle to the north (Swadley, 1975).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, silt, clay, and gravel; along Kentucky River and tributaries; at least 50 feet exposed along Kentucky River and total thickness may exceed 70 feet; elsewhere, generally less than 10 feet thick.


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Fluvial gravel, sand, silt, and clay; from 225 to 470 feet above Kentucky River; locally contains abundant water-worn quartz geodes and rounded quartzite pebbles.  Correlated with Irvine Formation by Miller (1925).


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Very thin bedded medium-dark-gray argillaceous limestone, thin-bedded medium-gray limestone, and medium-gray (weathers dusky yellow) fissile shale; thin-bedded medium-gray crinoidal limestone interbedded with other types in basal 20 feet; shale comprises half of formation.  Sowerbyella rugosa (Meek) and Zygospira sp., gastropods, and straight-shelled cephalopods abundant; trilobite fragments common.


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Greendale Limestone Member of Foerste (1906) as used by Miller (1925)

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (65 to 75 percent of member) is thin and irregularly bedded, light gray to very pale orange, fossiliferous, medium to very coarse grained; shale is medium dark gray, fissile; fossils include Cyclonema sp., Platystrophia sp., Hebertella sp., and abundant Rafinesquina sp. and bryozoans according to Miller, 1925.  Intertongues westward with upper part of granular phosphatic limestone member.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Limestone, thin-bedded, mottled yellowish-gray and greenish-gray, lithographic to sublithographic; in some exposures, dark brownish gray and argillaceous; contains scattered ostracodes and gastropods.

Limestone, thick-bedded, very pale orange, coarse- to very coarse grained; contains many broken brachiopod shells and trilobite fragments near Kentucky River, but in northeastern part of quadrangle  consists largely of gastropodal limestone which yields silicified float.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, thin-bedded, crossbedded in part; medium-gray to pinkish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, well-sorted; that part of unit below the Devils Hollow Member is Woodburn Limestone Member.  Contains a few interbeds of bryozoan limestone; less phosphatic and more argillaceous in northeastern part of quadrangle; in southwestern part of quadrangle, contains two tongues of light-gray argillaceous limestone similar to that in Brannon Limestone Member.


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, thin-bedded, crossbedded in part; medium-gray to pinkish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, well-sorted; that part of unit below the Devils Hollow Member is Woodburn Limestone Member.  Contains a few interbeds of bryozoan limestone; less phosphatic and more argillaceous in northeastern part of quadrangle; in southwestern part of quadrangle, contains two tongues of light-gray argillaceous limestone similar to that in Brannon Limestone Member.


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, generally phosphatic, thin-bedded, crossbedded in part; medium-gray to pinkish-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, well-sorted; that part of unit below the Devils Hollow Member is Woodburn Limestone Member.  Contains a few interbeds of bryozoan limestone; less phosphatic and more argillaceous in northeastern part of quadrangle; in southwestern part of quadrangle, contains two tongues of light-gray argillaceous limestone similar to that in Brannon Limestone Member.


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone is argillaceous, generally very thin to thin bedded, light gray.  Shale is fissile and dark to light gray; in western part forms 25 to 35 percent of member; in eastern part forms 10 to 20 percent of member and some of limestone is thick-bedded, flow rolls are common.  Residual soil contains abundant porcelaneous chert and porous siltstone fragments.  Unit thins irregularly eastward, in part by intertonguing with basal part of granular phosphatic limestone member.


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, rubbly-appearing, light-gray; consists of irregular medium- and coarse-grained limestone nodules in an argillaceous limestone matrix; bedding surfaces are irregular and inconspicuous; upper 30 feet contains tongues of very thin to thin-bedded, crossbedded in part, light-gray to very pale orange, medium-grained phosphatic limestone that pinch out in northeast corner of quadrangle; in parts of area, argillaceous limestone beds containing some chert nodules and totalling as much as 3 feet thick are present about 10 feet below top.  Contains abundant silicified Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Rafinesquina trentonensis Conrad, Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall) and Zygospira sp.; Stromatocerium pustulosum common in uppermost few feet; locally contains Prasopora simulatrix Ulrich and Heterorthina sp. (=Dalmanella bassleri Foerste of McFarlan and White, 1948) in lower part.

Limestone, thin-bedded, light-gray to pale-yellowish-brown, medium- to coarse-grained, slightly phosphatic, interbedded with very thin bedded argillaceous limestone and very thin bedded rubblyappearing limestone.  Prasopora simulatrix Ulrich and silicified brachiopods Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Heterorthina sp. (=Dalmanella bassleri Foerste, McFarlan and White, 1948), Rafinesquina trentonensis Conrad and Zygospira sp.

Interbedded limestone and shale; Limestone (75 to 90 percent of unit) is very thin to thin bedded, medium light gray, argillaceous.  Shale is fissile and dark gray.  Some limestone beds contain many gastropod shells, and brachiopod shells are common on some bedding surfaces.

Limestone, thin-bedded, yellowish-gray, coarse-grained, slightly phosphatic; contains scattered brachiopod valves; interbedded with rubbly appearing limestone and very thin and irregularly bedded medium-gray argillaceous limestone, some with abundant gastropods; at top, 3 to 6 feet of thin- to thick-bedded, crossbedded in part, light-brownish-gray slightly phosphatic limestone containing scattered brachiopod valves.  Contains abundant Prasopora simulatrix Ulrich and "Dalmanella bassleri" (McFarlan and White, 1948)=Heterorthina?, poorly silicified where collected 1/4 mile west of Millville School.

Logana Member

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (50 to 70 percent of unit) is very thin to thin bedded, light olive gray, microgranular, argillaceous.  Shale is fissile, olive gray to medium gray.

Limestone, thin- to thick-bedded, brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained brachiopodal; abundant closely packed valves of the brachiopod Onniella bassleri (Foerste) are nearly parallel to bedding, give appearance of wavy laminae on weathered surfaces.  Other silicified brachiopods are Rafinesquina trentonensis (Conrad), Rhynchotrema sp. and Zygospira sp.

Interbedded limestone and shale; Limestone (50 to 70 percent of unit) is very thin to thin bedded, light olive gray, microgranular, argillaceous.  Shale is fissile, olive gray to medium-gray.  Silicified brachiopods: Onniella n. sp. (Sulcate form, see Cooper, 1956, p. 952), Rafinesquina sp. Rhynchotrema sp.

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, thin-bedded, pale-yellowish-brown to pale-orange, medium-grained; locally crosslaminated in part.

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone is very thin to thin bedded, light gray, microgranular, argillaceous.  Shale is yellowish gray.  Contains flow rolls of limestone locally.  Silicified brachiopods as in underlying unit.

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, thin- to thick-bedded, very pale orange, fine- to medium-grained; sparse chert nodules in upper part; nodular-bedded very fine grained to aphanitic limestone interbeds present in some areas.  Some beds very fossiliferous with silicified brachiopods Hesperorthis tricenaria (Conrad), Rhynchotrema sp., Onniella fertilis (Ulrich) and Sowerbyella curdsvillensis (Foerste).


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, thin- to thick-bedded, light-brownish-gray, lithographic, contains veins and pods of clear sparry calcite ("birds-eye limestone"); some interbeds of thin-bedded yellowish-white aphanitic limestone and shaly limestone; laminae, intraformational breccia, and mudcracks common.  Bentonite bed as much as 0.6 foot thick present at contact of Tyrone and Lexington Limestones in vicinity of Blackburn Memorial Bridge.


Tyrone Quadrangle:  Ordovician Oregon and Camp Nelson Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dolomite, calcareous, thick-bedded, yellowish-gray, very finely crystalline.

Interbedded limestone and dolomite: Limestone is light brownish gray, lithographic.  Dolomite is calcareous, yellowish gray, very finely crystalline.  Thickness is approximate.


Versailles Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clay, and gravel: Silt and clay, medium-dark-reddish-brown to yellowish-brown.  Gravel, dark-reddish-brown, granule to large pebble size, derived from small (unmapped) residual limonite deposits.


Versailles Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone, light-yellowish-brown, few fossils; seen only in graben in southwestern corner of quadrangle; thickness of unit and stratigraphic position in Million indefinite.

Limestone and shale: Light-brownish-gray microgranular argillaceous limestone; medium-dark-gray, very fine to medium-grained fossiliferous clastic limestone; and medium-brownish-gray coarse-grained crinoidal limestone.  Shale occurs as interbeds, poorly exposed, probably constitutes about half of unit.  Weathers to light-brownish-yellow soil.


Versailles Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-dark-gray, medium- to coarse-grained bioclastic, generally contains disseminated phosphate grains; weathered surface rough, irregular; weathers light brown; fossils abundant in some beds, especially bryozoans and large brachiopods; total thickness of formation not known; assumed to be 110 feet as in adjoining Tyrone quadrangle (Cressman, 1964).  Locally includes thin beds of brachiopodal limestone equivalent to the Greendale Limestone Member of Foerste (1906) as used by Miller (1925), which was mapped in the Tyrone quadrangle.


Versailles Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-dark-gray, medium- to coarse-grained bioclastic, generally contains disseminated phosphate grains; weathered surface rough, irregular; weathers light brown; fossils abundant in some beds, especially bryozoans and large brachiopods; total thickness of formation not known; assumed to be 110 feet as in adjoining Tyrone quadrangle (Cressman, 1964).  Locally includes thin beds of brachiopodal limestone equivalent to the Greendale Limestone Member of Foerste (1906) as used by Miller (1925), which was mapped in the Tyrone quadrangle.


Versailles Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-dark-gray, medium- to coarse-grained bioclastic, generally contains disseminated phosphate grains; weathered surface rough, irregular; weathers light brown; fossils abundant in some beds, especially bryozoans and large brachiopods; total thickness of formation not known; assumed to be 110 feet as in adjoining Tyrone quadrangle (Cressman, 1964).  Locally includes thin beds of brachiopodal limestone equivalent to the Greendale Limestone Member of Foerste (1906) as used by Miller (1925), which was mapped in the Tyrone quadrangle.


Versailles Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Limestone, light-yellowish-brown, lithographic, contains "bird's-eye" fillings of crystalline calcite; medium-brown microgranular ostracodal argillaceous limestone; greenish-white microgranular limestone, weathered surfaces chalky; unit absent south of Versailles.

Limestone, light-yellowish-gray, aphanitic; contains many gastropods and brachiopods; coquina of gastropods and brachiopods at base in southern part of quadrangle; silicified coquina commonly occurs as float.

Granular phosphatic limestone member

Limestone, medium-gray, weathers brownish gray; fine- to medium-grained, bioclastic; generally contains abundant phosphate grains; crossbedded in part.  That part of the granular phosphatic limestone member underlying the Devils Hollow Member is the Woodburn Limestone Member.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Versailles Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, light-gray to light-brownish-gray, microgranular, argillaceous; in part silty with thin interbeds of medium-dark-gray shale; pronounced convolute bedding commonly present in upper beds; thin bed of swelling bentonite 2 feet above base crops out in the city park in Versailles; fossils rare or absent; dense chert and "punky" porous residual chert common as float.


Versailles Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, phosphatic, bioclastic, crossbedded in part; thickest in southern half of quadrangle; interfingers with and grades laterally into nodular fossiliferous limestone to north.

Limestone, light-brownish-gray, microgranular, argillaceous; sparsely fossiliferous with thick-shelled brachiopods; unit restricted to southeastern part, grades laterally into detrital limestone as in overlying unit.

Limestone and shale: Medium- to medium-dark-gray fine- to medium-grained fossiliferous argillaceous limestone as nodular lenses bounded by undulatory medium-dark-gray shale partings; thin interbeds of medium- to coarse-grained bioclastic limestone irregularly spaced throughout; lower 20 to 30 feet contains several beds of aphanitic mollusk-bearing limestone; thick-shelled brachipods, some of which are articulated, common in upper third; stromatoporoids common in uppermost 12 feet, shown diagrammatically in column; abundant dalmanellid brachiopods in lower half of unit.

Limestone and shale: Light-gray microgranular argillaceous limestone interbedded with medium-gray nodular fossilferous argillaceous limestone: several thin beds of medium-dark-gray shale near base.

Limestone, medium-gray, nodular, fossiliferous, interbedded with medium-dark-gray coquina; abundant dome-shaped bryozoans; interbeds regularly spaced.


Versailles Quadrangle: Ordovician Undifferentiated Cynthiana and Lexington Limestone in
Versailles Quadrangle:  Ordovician Undifferentiated Cynthiana and Lexington Limestone in crater

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The circular, structurally high area in the north-central part of the map is a cryptoexplosion structure (Black, in press).  Similar structures elsewhere are not known to have produced oil or gas.


Lexington West Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, and gravel; locally contain abundant chert and dense argillaceous limestone fragments, generally unfossiliferous.  Clay and silt, yellowish-brown to dark-gray where humic.  Gravel, dark-reddish-brown where composed of reworked residual limonite nodules and granules, to dark-gray where composed of fragments of limestone reworked from local formations.  Generally 10 feet thick along larger streams, but locally as thick as 20 feet.  Generally less than 5 feet thick along smaller tributaries; not mapped along smaller valleys owing to map scale.  Alluvium less than 5 feet thick covers bedrock benches along Cane Run giving erroneous impression of low alluvial fill terraces.


Lexington West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Millersburg Member

Shale and Iimestone: Shale, dark-gray, calcareous; comprises about 80 percent of unit.  A thin-bedded limestone, medium-gray, microgranular, argillaceous, which erodes into smooth tabular pieces and contains the gastropod Cyclonema (McFarlan, 1943, p. 20) separates the unit into two parts.  Limestone interbeds in upper part of unit are medium gray, microgranular, irregular to nodular, as much as 2 inches thick.  Limestone in the lower part of the unit is medium to coarse grained, bioclastic; in beds as much as 3 inches thick.  Entire unit contains about 10 percent bryozoan fragments and abundant large brachiopods.  Shale content of lower part decreases northwest, to about 50 percent of unit in Kentucky Village area, and south, where it interfingers with and grades into the medium-gray to medium-brownish-gray fine- to medium-grained phosphatic limestone of the Tanglewood Limestone Member in southeast corner of quadrangle.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Limestone, light-greenish-gray to light-gray, microgranular to very fine grained; "birds-eye" fillings of crystalline calcite in upper part; locally contains planar beds of dark-gray shale in upper part; lower part of unit commonly aphanitic limestone, contains gastropods and brachiopods as coquina in aphanitic matrix; silicified coquina found in soil, as near Glendover School in southeastern corner of quadrangle.  Unit very poorly exposed.

Fossiliferous shale and limestone

Shale and limestone: Shale, dark-gray, calcareous; comprises about one half of unit.  Limestone, medium-gray, fine- to very coarse grained; irregularly to nodularly bedded; interbedded with shale.  Unit contains numerous bryozoan and shell fragments, and scattered Cyclonema.  Medium- to coarse-grained limestone layer in lower few feet.  Similar to and possibly a tongue of Millersburg Member, unit interfingers with and grades into medium-brownish-gray fine- to medium-grained phosphatic limestone.  Unit is rarely exposed, but is poorly revealed in railroad cuts south of Greendale, and more clearly exposed in the railroad cut beneath Stone Road overpass in southeastern part of quadrangle.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Lexington West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, slightly phosphatic; thin shale partings throughout, bioclastic; crossbedded in part; some beds are very coarse grained, bioclastic, and contain numerous skewed brachiopod and trilobite fragments.  Contains Cyclonema (McFarlan, 1943, p. 20) in part of unit stratigraphically higher than lower part of the Millersburg Member.  Stromatoporoids occur in two layers about 50 and 75 feet below the top.  The lower part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member interfingers between two layers of the Brannon Limestone Member where the Brannon pinches out, as along the New Circle Road at Frankfort Pike, and locally extends below the Brannon Member and the Cane Run Bed of the Grier Limestone Member.  Bioclastic limestone beneath lower unit of the Millersburg Member forms a light-colored band near top of Blue Grass Quarry northeast of Greendale, and in cuts for Interstate Highway 1-75 beneath Georgetown Road.  Stromatoporoids are well exposed in these localities.


Lexington West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, slightly phosphatic; thin shale partings throughout, bioclastic; crossbedded in part; some beds are very coarse grained, bioclastic, and contain numerous skewed brachiopod and trilobite fragments.  Contains Cyclonema (McFarlan, 1943, p. 20) in part of unit stratigraphically higher than lower part of the Millersburg Member.  Stromatoporoids occur in two layers about 50 and 75 feet below the top.  The lower part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member interfingers between two layers of the Brannon Limestone Member where the Brannon pinches out, as along the New Circle Road at Frankfort Pike, and locally extends below the Brannon Member and the Cane Run Bed of the Grier Limestone Member.  Bioclastic limestone beneath lower unit of the Millersburg Member forms a light-colored band near top of Blue Grass Quarry northeast of Greendale, and in cuts for Interstate Highway 1-75 beneath Georgetown Road.  Stromatoporoids are well exposed in these localities.


Lexington West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, slightly phosphatic; thin shale partings throughout, bioclastic; crossbedded in part; some beds are very coarse grained, bioclastic, and contain numerous skewed brachiopod and trilobite fragments.  Contains Cyclonema (McFarlan, 1943, p. 20) in part of unit stratigraphically higher than lower part of the Millersburg Member.  Stromatoporoids occur in two layers about 50 and 75 feet below the top.  The lower part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member interfingers between two layers of the Brannon Limestone Member where the Brannon pinches out, as along the New Circle Road at Frankfort Pike, and locally extends below the Brannon Member and the Cane Run Bed of the Grier Limestone Member.  Bioclastic limestone beneath lower unit of the Millersburg Member forms a light-colored band near top of Blue Grass Quarry northeast of Greendale, and in cuts for Interstate Highway 1-75 beneath Georgetown Road.  Stromatoporoids are well exposed in these localities.


Lexington West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone, light-gray to light-brownish-gray, microgranular, argillaceous; in part silty with thin beds of medium-dark-gray shale; interbeds of clastic limestone locally present; convolute bedding and flow rolls are common in thicker beds, as along New Circle Road at Frankfort Pike, and along railroad cut beneath Virginia Street overpass; chert occurs as thin beds and as nodules; thin beds of swelling bentonite locally occur near base; springs occur at top, but are more common near contact with underlying bioclastic and granular phosphatic limestones.  Weathers to a yellowish clayey soil containing abundant porcelaneous chert and siltstone fragments.  Unit thins and pinches out northeastward.


Lexington West Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium- to medium-dark-gray, fine- to medium-grained, fossiliferous; a few very thin shale layers in upper few feet.  Contains siliceous Rhynchotrema, Hebertella, Zygospira, as well as strophomenid brachiopods (McFarlan, 1943, p. 17), trilobite fragments, and bryozoan fragments.  Stromatoporoids (S marker horizon) locally near base of unit.  Interfingers with and grades into lower part of Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium- to medium-dark-gray, fine- to medium-grained, fossiliferous, in nodular beds.  Shale, medium-dark-gray; interbedded with limestone; comprises about 30 percent of unit.  Rhynchotrema, Hebertella, Zygospira, strophomenid brachiopod and trilobite fragments common (McFarlan, 1943, p. 17).  Interfingers with and grades into lower part of Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Limestone, light-gray to light-brownish-gray, microgranular, argillaceous; in part silty; dense limestone nodules and boulders in convolute beds, locally.  Chert as nodules and thin beds in upper few feet diagnostic lithologic feature.  Top of unit is chert marker bed.  Unit interfingers with and grades into lower part of Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Limestone and shale: Limestone, medium- to dark-gray, microgranular to medium-grained, bioclastic; in even beds 2 to 8 inches thick.  Shale, medium- to olive-gray; as sandy interbeds; comprises about 15 percent of unit.  Unit interfingers with and grades into lower part of Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Limestone, medium- to dark-gray, bioclastic; in even to irregular beds, 4 to 6 inches thick.  Contains interbeds of very fine grained limestone in nodular beds 1 to 2 inches thick.  Unit interfingers with and grades into lower part of Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Limestone, very light gray to dark-gray, rubbly; consists of irregular medium- and coarse-grained limestone nodules in argillaceous limestone matrix; shale partings separate some beds.  Light-gray bioclastic limestone interbeds that weather white occur throughout unit.  Three feet below top of unit is uppermost bed of aphanitic light-olive-gray limestone containing moderately high-spired gastropods (Lophospira?) that weather in high relief.  The fossiliferous marker bed, g, is mapped at top of zone of aphanitic beds interbedded with shale and bioclastic limestone about 10 feet thick.  These aphanitic gastropod-bearing beds occur about 10 feet lower in unit in northern part of quadrangle, where the Brannon Limestone Member is absent.

Limestone and shale: Limestone, light-gray, microgranular, argillaceous; interbedded with medium-gray nodular fossiliferous argillaceous limestone; several thin beds of medium-dark-gray shale near base.

Limestone, medium-gray, nodular, fossiliferous; interbedded with medium-dark-gray brachiopod coquina; abundant Prasopora and other bryozoans (McFarlan and White, 1948, p. 1634); interbeds regularly spaced.


Georgetown Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt, clayey, dark-brown, and minor sand and limestone gravel.  Sand composed largely of limonite grains eroded from residual soil on Lexington Limestone.


Georgetown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone is micrograined, fossiliferous with micrograined calcite matrix, and fine-grained bioclastic.  Shale, probably about half of unit, weathers to yellowish-gray clayey soil.  Poorly exposed.

Argillaceous limestone and shale

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (50 percent of unit) is argillaceous, medium gray, micrograined, unfossiliferous; in smooth-surfaced even to lenticular beds.  Shale weathers to yellowish-gray clayey soil.  In southernmost part of quadrangle, where poorly exposed, mapped with underlying unit.  May be a tongue of Clays Ferry Formation.


Georgetown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light-gray, coarse-grained, bioclastic; in smooth- to irregular-surfaced beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick; limestone in upper 10 feet composed largely of well-sorted crinoid columnals; bryozoans and brachiopods abundant in lower 15 feet; some very fine grained limestone in basal 5 feet.  May be correlative with Nicholas Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965).

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light-gray to light-pinkish-gray, medium-grained, bioclastic, well-sorted; in even beds mostly 0.05 to 0.3 foot thick; crossbedded in part.  Some beds contain randomly oriented brachiopod valves and trilobite fragments.  Contains small stromatoporoids near top in large graben southeast of intersection of I-75 and Lemons Mill Road.  Becomes coarser grained and contains more brachiopod and bryozoan fragments westward.


Georgetown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light-gray, coarse-grained, bioclastic; in smooth- to irregular-surfaced beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick; limestone in upper 10 feet composed largely of well-sorted crinoid columnals; bryozoans and brachiopods abundant in lower 15 feet; some very fine grained limestone in basal 5 feet.  May be correlative with Nicholas Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965).

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light-gray to light-pinkish-gray, medium-grained, bioclastic, well-sorted; in even beds mostly 0.05 to 0.3 foot thick; crossbedded in part.  Some beds contain randomly oriented brachiopod valves and trilobite fragments.  Contains small stromatoporoids near top in large graben southeast of intersection of I-75 and Lemons Mill Road.  Becomes coarser grained and contains more brachiopod and bryozoan fragments westward.


Georgetown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (70 percent of unit) is medium gray, fossiliferous with micrograined calcite matrix, but poorly sorted bioclastic in part; in nodules, lenses, and irregular beds.  Shale occurs as matrix around nodules and lenses and in irregular beds.  Passes northward and westward into fine- to coarse-grained bioclastic limestone.  Unit contains abundant bryozoans, whole and broken brachiopods, and trilobite fragments.  Common fossils are Platystrophia sp., Rafinesquina sp., Zygospira sp., Ctenodonta sp., C. obliqua (Hall), C. perminuta Ulrich, "Microceras" sp. indet., "Cyclora" sp. indet., Eridotrypa sp., Heterotrypa sp., and Constellaria sp.

Limestone and shale: Limestone (50 to 70 percent of unit) is medium to light gray, fossiliferous, commonly with micrograined calcite matrix, but fine to coarse grained bioclastic in part, in nodules and irregular beds.  Shale occurs as matrix surrounding limestone nodules and in irregular beds.  Large stromatoporoids in upper part are about 35 feet below base of Millersburg Member.  Unit passes southward into coarse-grained bioclastic limestone.  Stromatoporoid zone continues southward beyond pinched-out edge of unit into laterally equivalent bioclastic limestone.  In addition to stromatoporoids, common fossils are Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste, Platystrophia elegantula McEwan, Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall), Zygospira sp., and Ctenodonta sp.  Silicified Rhynchotrema are particularly abundant.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent of unit) is medium gray (weathers yellowish gray), fossiliferous with micrograined calcite matrix; in nodules, lenses, and irregular beds mostly 0.05 to 0.1 foot thick.  Shale is medium gray, in irregular beds and as matrix surrounding limestone lenses and nodules.  Brachiopods and bryozoans abundant; contains stromatoporoids and large colonial corals in grabens southeast of intersection of I-75 and Lemons Mill Road.  Becomes less shaly westward and grades into Tanglewood Limestone Member as described above.

Limestone and shale: Limestone (60 percent of unit) is medium to light gray, mostly very fossiliferous with micrograined calcite cement, but medium grained bioclastic in part; in lenses and nodules about 0.1 foot thick and in irregular beds 0.05 to 0.4 foot thick.  Shale is medium gray to olive gray; occurs as matrix around limestone nodules and lenses and as irregular beds.  Brachiopods, trilobite fragments, bryozoans, pelecypods, and gastropods abundant.  Common fossils are Platystrophia cf. P. colbiensis Foerste, Rafinesquina sp., Allonychia flanaganensis Foerste, Ambonychia spp., an indeterminate modiomorphid, "Microceras" sp. indet. "Cyclora" sp. indet., Constellaria sp., Heterotrypa sp., Peronopora sp., (collection A); and Ctenodonta spp., C. perminuta Ulrich, "Microceras" sp. indet., "Cyclora" sp. indet., Cyclonema cf. C. varicosum Hall, Heterotrypa sp., Hallopora sp., Amplexopora sp., and Dekayia sp. (collection B).  Unit is 15 to 20 feet thick throughout most of quadrangle.  In southernmost part of quadrangle where unit is shown as 40 feet thick, upper part is deeply weathered and poorly exposed and may include other rock types.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Georgetown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light- and medium-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, generally well-sorted; in even beds and crossbedded sets mostly 0.5 to 1 foot thick; uppermost few feet consists of irregular beds, about 0.5 foot thick, of very coarse grained bioclastic limestone containing abundant randomly oriented brachiopod and trilobite fragments; locally, basal few feet is very fine to fine grained and in irregular to nodular beds.  Contains two zones of stromatoporoids; upper zone, present in most of southern part of quadrangle, is about 35 feet below base of Millersburg Member; lower zone, in southeastern corner of quadrangle, extending from 2,200 feet south of Berea Church to southern edge of quadrangle, is about 45 feet below base of Millersburg Member.


Georgetown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light- and medium-gray to medium-brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, generally well-sorted; in even beds and crossbedded sets mostly 0.5 to 1 foot thick; uppermost few feet consists of irregular beds, about 0.5 foot thick, of very coarse grained bioclastic limestone containing abundant randomly oriented brachiopod and trilobite fragments; locally, basal few feet is very fine to fine grained and in irregular to nodular beds.  Contains two zones of stromatoporoids; upper zone, present in most of southern part of quadrangle, is about 35 feet below base of Millersburg Member; lower zone, in southeastern corner of quadrangle, extending from 2,200 feet south of Berea Church to southern edge of quadrangle, is about 45 feet below base of Millersburg Member.


Georgetown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (50 to 80 percent of unit) is medium gray, micrograined; locally with ball and pillow structure; yields abundant chert on weathering.  Shale is medium gray and poorly exposed.  Grades northward and eastward into bioclastic limestone similar to that in unit above but containing abundant bryozoans near area of facies change.


Georgetown Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, medium-gray, fossiliferous, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic; in irregular beds about 0.5 foot thick, interbedded with fossiliferous micrograined to medium-grained bioclastic poorly sorted limestone in irregular to nodular beds; contains some sets 5 to 10 feet thick of medium-gray brachiopodal limestone with micrograined to fine-grained calcite matrix in irregular beds mostly 0.05 to 0.1 foot thick; irregular shale partings common between beds, particularly in intervals of brachiopodal limestone.  Uppermost 15 feet of member grades eastward and northward into basal part of Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Contains two thin zones of micrograined to cryptograined limestone with abundant silicified gastropods; upper zone, present in southwestern part of quadrangle, is about 80 feet below base of Millersburg Member and about 25 feet below base of Brannon Member.  Lower zone, present in northern and eastern part of quadrangle, is 90 to 95 feet below base of Millersburg Member.  Fossils are Rafinesquina sp. (collections E, F, G, and H), Zygospira sp. (collections G and H), Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste (collection H), Heterorthina sp. (collections H and I), Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall) (collection H), Ambonychia sp. (collections G and H), an indeterminate modiomorphid (collections F, G, and H).  Modiolodon sp. (collection G) ?Pterinea, two species of Ctenodonta belonging to the Ctenodonta levata group (collection G), Ctenodonta sp. (collections G and I), Cyrtolites retrorsus Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield (collection G), Carinaropsis cymbula Hall (collection G), Loxoplocus (Lophospira) medialis burginensis (Ulrich in Ulrich and Scofield) (collections G and H), "Microceras" sp. indet. (collection I), "Cyclora" sp. indet. (collection I) and Heterotrypa sp. (collection E).


Centerville Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Silt and minor clay, sand, and gravel: Silt, argillaceous, very pale orange to grayish-brown; grades locally to clay.  Sand composed mostly of limonite grains eroded from residual soil on Lexington Limestone.  Gravel composed of limestone fragments.  Generally less than 10 feet thick.


Centerville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone, medium-gray, coarse-grained, crinoidal; medium gray to yellowish gray, micrograined; and medium-gray, brachiopodal.  Shale poorly exposed, but probably forms about half of unit.


Centerville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit), medium- and light-gray to olive-gray, micrograined to very fine grained; in even to wavy beds mostly 0.1 to 0.2 foot thick.  Generally unfossiliferous, but brachiopods and bryozoans present in some beds.  Shale weathers yellowish gray to yellowish orange.  Similar to and probably a tongue of the Clays Ferry Formation.

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent of unit), medium-gray; weathers yellowish gray; fossiliferous; micrograined calcite matrix; as lenses and nodules 0.05 to 0.1 foot thick and irregular beds 0.2 foot thick.  Shale, medium-gray; in irregular interbeds and as matrix surrounding limestone lenses and nodules.  Brachiopods, gastropods, and large bryozoans abundant.  Common fossils are similar to those identified in adjacent quadrangles as Rafinesquina, Cyclonema, and Constellaria.

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (about 50 percent of unit), medium-gray to yellowish-gray, micrograined; in even beds about 0.2 foot thick.  Shale, medium-gray; weathers yellowish gray to yellowish orange; poorly exposed.  Silicified gastropods common locally in upper part.  Ball-and-pillow structure common in uppermost limestone beds.  Similar to and may be a tongue of Clays Ferry Formation.

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent of unit), medium- to light-gray, fossiliferous; micrograined calcite matrix; occurs as lenses, nodules, and irregular beds.  Shale, medium-gray to olive-gray in irregular interbeds and as matrix around limestone lenses and nodules.  Brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, and pelecypods abundant.  Common brachiopods are similar to those identified in adjacent quadrangles as Platystrophia and Rafinesquina; large pelecypods, commonly identified as Allonychia, are present near base; gastropods similar to those identified elsewhere as Cyclonema are common locally.

Limestone and shale: Limestone (about 70 percent of unit), medium- to light-gray, fossiliferous; micrograined calcite matrix; as lenses, nodules, and irregular beds.  Shale occurs as matrix surrounding limestone lenses and nodules and as irregular beds.  Large stromatoporoids in upper part.  Unit grades southward and northeastward into fine- to coarse-grained bioclastic limestone.  Stromatoporoid zone continues beyond edge of unit into laterally equivalent bioclastic limestone.  Brachiopods, commonly silicified and resembling those identified in adjacent quadrangles as Rhynchotrema and Zygospira, are abundant.  Similar to Millersburg Member but is apparently an isolated lens within Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Centerville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light-gray; weathers yellowish gray and brownish gray; fine to coarse grained, bioclastic; in even to slightly irregular beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick.  Some beds contain randomly oriented brachiopod valves.  Bryozoans abundant locally near base.  May be correlative with the Nicholas Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965).  Poorly exposed.


Centerville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light-gray to light-pinkish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, well-sorted; in even beds mostly 0.05 to 0.3 foot thick; partly crossbedded.


Centerville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, light-gray to light-pinkish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, well-sorted; in even beds mostly 0.05 to 0.3 foot thick; partly crossbedded.


Centerville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, slightly phosphatic, medium- and light-gray to brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, generally well-sorted; in even to slightly irregular beds 0.1 to 1 foot thick; partly crossbedded.  In southern part of quadrangle, contains large stromatoporoids about 35 feet below top; in southeast corner, contains stromatoporoids 20 feet below top.  Silicified brachiopods abundant in and immediately below lower stromatoporoid zone.  Lower 25 feet intertongues with and grades eastward into upper part of Grier Limestone Member.


Centerville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium-gray, fossiliferous, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic; contains patches of micrograined calcite matrix; in irregular beds mostly 0.2 to 0.5 foot thick; interbedded with slightly phosphatic fine- to medium-grained bioclastic limestone and with medium-gray micrograined limestone as lenses generally less than 0.2 foot thick and as beds as much as 4 feet thick.  Micrograined limestone commonly contains chert lenses, and thicker beds generally exhibit ball-and-pillow structure where immediately overlain by Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Brachiopods abundant.  Unit grades westward into lower part of Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Limestone, argillaceous, medium- to light-gray, micrograined, contorted with ball-and-pillow structure.  Contains many chert nodules.  Present only in southwestern part of quadrangle.

Limestone, medium-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, poorly sorted, fossiliferous; in irregular beds about 0.5 foot thick, interbedded with micrograined to medium-grained fossiliferous limestone in irregular to nodular beds; contains some sets 5 to 10 feet thick of medium-gray brachiopodal limestone with micrograined to fine-grained calcite matrix in irregular beds mostly 0.05 to 0.1 foot thick; irregular shale partings common.  Contains zone as much as 5 feet thick of micrograined to cryptograined limestone containing many silicified gastropods and pelecypods about 20 feet below base of Cane Run Bed and 90 to 95 feet below base of Millersburg Member.  Brachiopods common throughout, but are particularly abundant immediately below gastropod-bearing unit.  Most common brachiopods below gastropod-bearing unit are dalmanellids; common brachiopods above gastropod-bearing unit are similar to those identified in adjacent quadrangles as Hebertella, Rafinesquina, and Rhynchotrema.


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, sand, and gravel; generally less than 10 feet thick.


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Siltstone and minor limestone: Siltstone, greenish-gray; weathers buff, limy; poorly exposed except for leached blocky float.  Subsurface cores are limestone, gray, silty; in thin to thick tabular beds with minor crossbedding in some layers; convolute flow rolls common in thick beds near base.  Limestone, gray, shaly, thin, discontinuous beds; contains fossil fragments.  The Garrard SlItstone, confined to the Bryan Station Fault Zone grabens, is similar to and may be partly the lateral equivalent of the silty upper part of the Clays Ferry Formation.


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone; interbedded.  Shale (50 percent), dark-greenish-gray; contains silty shale laminae.  Limestone (25 percent), olive-gray to medium-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, poorly sorted; disseminated grains of silt and fossil fragments; some dark gray, micrograined, tabular bedded.  Siltstone (25 percent), dark-greenish-gray; weathers buff, limy; transitional with overlying unit but beds thinner, without convolute "flow rolls" or crossbedding, and interbedded with limestone and shale.  Fossils sparse, some fragmental, present chiefly in limestone; some whole brachiopods, gastropods, and bryozoans; fragments of pelecypods and trilobites.  Weathers readily to buff or tan soil; erosion develops steep slopes locally.

Shale (50 percent), limestone (30 percent), and siltstone (20 percent).  Similar to overlying unit. Siltstone decreases in thickness and number of beds toward base.

Shale (50 Percent), limestone (40 percent), and siltstone (10 percent): Similar to overlying unit. Limestone in thicker beds, as much as 1 foot.  Siltstone very thin, interlaminated with shale.  The base of a zone containing abundant small brachiopods, commonly referred to as Sowerbyella sp., occurs in lower 10 feet.

Limestone (55 percent), shale (40 percent), siltstone (5 percent): Similar to overlying unit.  Lowest unit with siltstone.  Limestone beds as much as 1½ feet thick in lower part contain abundant fossil fragments including brachiopods and numerous crinoid coIumnals.


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained; medium to thick tabular beds, crossbedded in part; bioclastic, fossils generally sparse, whole or fragmented, including randomly oriented flat brachiopods in some beds; weathers to reddish-brown soil.  This unit was assigned to the Nicholas Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone by Black and others (1965, p. 26-27), but further field work has indicated some doubt about its relation to the type Nicholas (Black and Cressman, oral communication, 1966).  Because the unit is lithologically similar to and is continuous with the Tanglewood Limestone Member at its type locality, it is herein considered part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member.


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone (50 percent), gray, shaly, fine- to medium-grained, bioclastic, nodular and irregularly bedded; nodules occur in matrix of medium- to dark-gray shale; locally thin shale and shaly limestone laminae around nodules of limestone.  Minor occurences of tabular limestone and shale, greenish-gray claystone beds, convolute limestone and shale "flow rolls." Fossils abundant, stromatoporoids occur in several zones in upper 15 feet and locally near base; zones of abundant closely-packed whole flat brachiopods. Fossils include Rafinesquina winchesterensis, Cyclonema varicosum, Constellaria emaciata, (Foerste, 1914).  Weathers to thick yellowish clay soil with fossiliferous limestone rubble.

Limestone (50 percent) and shale: Similar to Millersburg Member described above- Particularly fossiliferous near base.  Abundant Allonychia flanaganensis Foerste in basal 5 feet identified by John Poieta (USGS fossil collections 5102-CO and 5103-CO); this zone bearing Allonychia thickens to the northwest to about 10 feet and extends downward several feet into underlying unit.  The lower beds, transitional with and interbedded with the underlying unit, contain thin discontinuous tongues and lenses of the unmapped Devils Hollow Member consisting of two principal lithogic types: a light-gray, coarsely crystalline, coquinoid limestone bearing numerous gastropods and brachiopods, weathering to a porous, conspicuous, fossiliferous chert float; and a light- to medium-gray, micrograined to cryptograined, limestone bearing ostracodes (Black and others, 1965).  Weathers to buff or tan soil.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Argillaceous limestone and shale member

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (50 percent), medium to dark gray, shaly; tabular, thin beds with flat bedding planes; micrograined to coarse-grained; some fossils.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, thin-bedded to laminated, limy; few fossils.  Thickens to northwest; weathers to yellowish clay soil.  Mapped with overlying tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member with which it is interbedded in part.

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, tabular-bedded; crossbedded in part; bioclastic with abundant fossils locally including brachiopods and bryozoans; laminae of gray, fine-grained limestone and dark-gray shale in minor amounts; thickens to southeast.  Mapped with underlying argillaceous limestone and shale member with which it is interbedded in part.


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (80 percent), light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, thin- to thick-bedded, tabular beds dominant, some irregular bedding, crossbedded in part; phosphatic, bioclastic, very fossiliferous to sparingly fossiliferous; stromatoporoid zones, locally persistent, occur at several levels; Columnaria, Cowstellaria, and Rhynchotrema are among the common fossil genera (McFarlan, 1943, p. 18).  Shale, limy, medium-gray, mostly interlaminated with fine-grained shaly limestone.  Weathers to reddish-brown soil.  Partly interbedded with and transistional to overlying unit; one tongue of the overlying Millersburg Member, about 4 feet thick and about 20 feet below the top, is locally persistent in the northwestern part of the quadrangle.


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (80 percent), light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, thin- to thick-bedded, tabular beds dominant, some irregular bedding, crossbedded in part; phosphatic, bioclastic, very fossiliferous to sparingly fossiliferous; stromatoporoid zones, locally persistent, occur at several levels; Columnaria, Cowstellaria, and Rhynchotrema are among the common fossil genera (McFarlan, 1943, p. 18).  Shale, limy, medium-gray, mostly interlaminated with fine-grained shaly limestone.  Weathers to reddish-brown soil.  Partly interbedded with and transistional to overlying unit; one tongue of the overlying Millersburg Member, about 4 feet thick and about 20 feet below the top, is locally persistent in the northwestern part of the quadrangle.


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (50 percent), medium- to dark-gray, micrograined, some medium-grained, locally siliceous or cherty; tabular bedded, beds less than ½ foot thick; interbedded with shale, fossiliferous in part.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, limy, thin-bedded.  Unit weathers to buff or tan soil.  Convolute "flow rolls" occur locally and are prominent in thinned extensions of the unit to the north; unit absent in northern half of quadrangle.


Lexington East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone and shale, irregularly bedded: Limestone (80 percent), mostly blue-gray in fresh outcrops to brownish-gray where weathered; nodular, thin to medium bedded, slightly phosphatic, fossiliferous; interbedded with shale, medium- to dark-gray, limy, in thin irregular laminae separating nodular limestone beds; some limestone light-gray, micrograined, tabular- and thin-bedded with small gastropods and ostracodes weathering to light gray float.  Unit generally weathers to orange-gray soil.  Tongues of the Tanglewood Limestone Member mapped separately on the Coletown quadrangle to the south are interbedded with the Brannon and the Grier Limestone Members as shown in the columnar section.  Where the Brannon Member is absent in the northern part of the quadrangle the Grier Limestone Member is not mapped separately but included with the Tanglewood Limestone Member.

Cane Run Bed

Limestone, medium- to dark-gray, shaly, micrograined, locally cherty; poorly exposed; may be absent locally.  Similar to the Brannon Member with less shale.


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Sand, silt, clay, and gravel: Includes younger and older alluvium and low-level fluvial deposits along Kentucky River, North and South Elkhorn Creeks, and Glenns Creek.  Maximum thickness probably greater than 80 feet occurs along Kentucky River, elsewhere generally less than 20 feet.  Auger hole in Trumbo Bottom east of Kentucky River penetrated 49 feet of soil, clay, gravel, and fine sand without encountering bedrock (McGrain and others, 1960, p. 36).  Jillson (1947) reports subsurface blue clay in which Pleistocene mammoth remains were encountered in abandoned meander of Elkhorn Creek in northwestern part of quadrangle.  Low-level fluvial deposits of gravel and sand mask hill capped by Curdsville Limestone Member in Trumbo Bottom but are not mapped.


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Fluvial gravel, sand, silt, and clay: Includes fluvial deposits in extreme northwestern part of quadrangle as well as lag gravels and colluvium from same locality and in other parts of quadrangle.  Most extensive deposit (Jillson, 1944) in extreme northwestern part of quadrangle where water-worn geodes and well-rounded quartzite cobbles and boulders as much as 1.0 foot in diameter are common.  Multicolored quartz, quartzite, and chert pebbles dominate deposits.  Pebbles and granules locally form thin veneer over bedrock.  Found locally at elevations ranging from 175 to 370 feet above Kentucky River.  Correlated with Irvine Formation by Miller (1914, 1925).


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone, light- to dark-gray; weathers gray to yellowish-brown, micrograined to coarse grained, very thin to thin bedded with most beds 0.1 to 0.5 foot thick.  Very fossiliferous.  Coarse-grained crinoidal limestone generally at base of formation.  Lowest zone of abundant Sowerbyella commonly 20 feet above base.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray; weathers yellowish brown, fissile; poorly exposed but probably constitutes half of unit.  Contact with underlying unit well defined by change in lithology, bedding character, and topographic profile.  Light-brownishyellow clay soil is typical and contrasts with dark-brown to reddish-brown soil of underlying unit.  Unit is thickest in graben at extreme northeast corner of quadrangle.  Fossils collected from lower 21 feet of unit include the following: (Collections A-F) bryozoans: Eridotrypa spp.; Hallopora sp.; Heterotrypa sp.; brachiopods: Chonetoidea sp.; Dalmanella multisecta (Meek); Sowerbyella rugosa (Meek); Zygospira sp.; cephalopod: Orthonybyoceras sp.; trilobites: Gravicalymene sp.; Isotelus sp.; and numerous cryptolithid fragments.


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium- to medium-dark-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, very thin bedded to thick-bedded, mostly thin-bedded, partly crossbedded, phosphatic.  Fragments of large, fine-ribbed brachiopods and bryozoans common.  Locally, upper part contains minor shale interbeds, as at reference section of Lexington Limestone along Interstate 64 east of Kentucky River.  Unit intertongues with underlying Millersburg Member in southeastern and southwestern parts of quadrangle.  Intertonguing evidenced at small pond 0.25 mile north of Louisville and Nashville Railroad overpass in southeastern part of quadrangle.  Unit thickens northward and northeastward from Lexington Limestone reference section where it is 20 feet thick (Black and others, 1965).  Maximum thickness near north quadrangle boundary just east of Elkhorn Creek.  Minimum thickness observed along U. S. Highway 60 2 miles north of Frankfort East-Tyrone quadrangle boundary.  Upper part of unit may be equivalent to Nicholas Limestone Member of areas to the east (Black and others 1965).  Underground cavities and sinkholes are common in unit.  Fossils collected include the following: (Collection G) bryozoan: Eridotrypa sp.; brachiopods: Rafinesquina sp.; Zygospira sp.; gastropod: Cyclonema sp.


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium- to medium-dark-gray to grayish-orange, medium- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, very thin bedded to thick-bedded, mostly thin-bedded, partly crossbedded, phosphatic.  Fragments of large, fine-ribbed brachiopods and bryozoans common.  Locally, upper part contains minor shale interbeds, as at reference section of Lexington Limestone along Interstate 64 east of Kentucky River.  Unit intertongues with underlying Millersburg Member in southeastern and southwestern parts of quadrangle.  Intertonguing evidenced at small pond 0.25 mile north of Louisville and Nashville Railroad overpass in southeastern part of quadrangle.  Unit thickens northward and northeastward from Lexington Limestone reference section where it is 20 feet thick (Black and others, 1965).  Maximum thickness near north quadrangle boundary just east of Elkhorn Creek.  Minimum thickness observed along U. S. Highway 60 2 miles north of Frankfort East-Tyrone quadrangle boundary.  Upper part of unit may be equivalent to Nicholas Limestone Member of areas to the east (Black and others 1965).  Underground cavities and sinkholes are common in unit.  Fossils collected include the following: (Collection G) bryozoan: Eridotrypa sp.; brachiopods: Rafinesquina sp.; Zygospira sp.; gastropod: Cyclonema sp.


Frankfort East Quadrangle: Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (65 to 75 percent), medium-light-gray, very fine to coarse-grained, nodular to irregularly bedded; profusely fossiliferous.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, fissile.  Unit intertongues with Tanglewood Limestone Member in several areas, and its thickness is variable.  Unit absent in northwest corner of quadrangle and very thin to nonexistent west of Kentucky River and in east-central part of quadrangle.  Unit is 3.5 to 4.0 feet thick along Leestown Pike (U. S. Highway 421) 1.5 miles east of intersection of U. S. Highways 60-421.  At Lexington Limestone reference section unit is 24 feet thick (Black and others, 1965).  Tongues of Tanglewood Limestone Member as much as 5 feet thick have been observed within and at base of Millersburg Member in area south of Interstate 64 between Hanley Lane and Kentucky River and also south and east of Glenns Creek.  Fossils collected include the following: (Collections H-I) bryozoans: Constellaria cf. C. teres Ulrich and Bassler; Eridotrypa sp.; Heterotrypa sp.; Peronopora sp.; gastropod: Cyclonema sp. Miller (1925, p. 140) collected the brachiopods Hebertella sinuata, Platystrophia colbiensis, Rafinesquina winchesterensis from the unit.

Devils Hollow Member

Limestone, medium- to dark-bluish-gray to tannish-gray, weathers light brownish gray, micrograined to fine grained, argillaceous, very thin to thin bedded with convolute bedding (flow rolls); non-fossiliferous; interbedded with minor shale.  Sharp contact where well exposed with overlying fossiliferous limestone and shale of Millersburg Member and underlying granular phosphatic limestone of Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Unit crops out between North Elkhorn and South Elkhorn Creeks, northwest of North Elkhorn Creek, and, locally, in northwestern part of quadrangle near border.  Best exposures at pond 0.65 mile east of BM 741 (Frankfort and Cincinnati Railroad) and along cliffs above North Elkhorn Creek in extreme northeastern part of quadrangle.  Unit might be laterally connected to main body of Clays Ferry Formation or might be a facies of Devils Hollow Member.

Limestone and shale: Limestone (70 to 95 percent), light-yellowish- and greenish-gray to light- to medium-gray, cryptograined to coarse-grained, commonly bioclastic (coquinoid), very thin bedded to thick-bedded.  Shale, medium-gray, calcareous; interbedded with very fine grained limestone.  Two characteristic lithologic types: cryptograined to micrograined ostracodal limestone (slightly less common gastropodal and (or) brachiopodal) and coarse-grained coquinoid limestone containing a profusion of gastropod shells and less common small coarsely ribbed brachiopods.  These lithologic types intertongue throughout the area of outcrop.  Both lithologies crop out at Louisville and Nashville Railroad cut 0.25 mile southeast of intersection of U. S. 60 and U. S. 421 and at railroad cut below Old Frankfort Road overpass 3.35 miles farther to the southeast.  The finer-grained limestone crops out at Lexington Limestone reference section along Interstate 64.  Rapid facies changes occur within a short distance here and elsewhere in quadrangle.  Thick-bedded bioclastic limestone forms conspicuous ledge in otherwise poorly exposed areas.  Where ledge is lacking silicified (commonly fossiliferous) cherty float is characteristic.  Average thickness of member is 9 to 12 feet.  Member is absent north of South Elkhorn Creek and east of Elkhorn Creek and, locally, in small area in northwestern part of quadrangle.  Granular bioclastic (partly gastropodal) limestone less than 3 feet thick occurs 18 feet above base of the upper part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member along State 898 0.30 mile west of intersection of U. S. Rte. 127-State 898.  This lithology closely resembles that of Devils Hollow Member and might be a tongue.  Fossils collected from Devils Hollow Member include the following: (Collections J-K) brachiopods: Orthorhynchula sp.; Zygospira sp.; gastropods: Loxoplocus (Lophospira) aff. L. (L.) oweni (Ulrich and Scofield); Loxoplocus (Lophospira) summerensis (Safford); Loxoplocus (Donaldiella) cf. L. (D.) decursa (Ulrich); Tropidodiscus sp.; ostracods: Eoleperditia sp.; Teichochilina? sp.  Collection UU contains brachiopods: Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste; Orthorhynchula linneyi James; Zygospira sp. coral: Tetradium sp.; gastropods: Bucanopsis sp. indet.; Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp.; Tropidodiscus subacutus (Ulrich); pelecypod: Colpomya constricta (Ulrich).

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-gray to medium-dark-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, very thin to thin planar- to wavy-surfaced beds, partly crossbedded, generally phosphatic.  Locally includes some convoluted beds as at quarry 0.4 mile southeast of Duckers.  Unit is 35 feet thick at Lexington Limestone reference section.  Unit occupies interval where Brannon Member is not present.  Underground cavities and sinkholes are common in unit.  Fossils include small, coarsely ribbed brachiopods, bryozoans, and corals.  Fossils collected include the following: (Collection L-O) coral: Favistina stellata (Hall); bryozoans: Constellaria cf. C. teres Ulrich and Bassler; Homotrypa sp.; brachiopods: Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste; Platystrophia elegantula McEwan; Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall); Zygospira sp. Favistina and Constellaria are especially common in uppermost beds in western half of quadrangle; stromatoporoids occur locally in upper part.


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (65 to 85 percent), light-gray to medium-light-gray, micrograined to very fine grained, argillaceous, very thin to thin tabular-bedded, occasionally convoluted (flow rolls); fossils sparse.  Shale, light- to dark-gray, fissile.  Chert residuum characteristic of unit.  North of Glenns Creek, east of Kentucky River and in parts of Frankfort unit is divided into two tongues by a tongue of Tanglewood Limestone Member.  In this area the combined thickness of the two tongues is slightly less or about equal to that of intervening Tanglewood Limestone Member tongue.  Over much of Frankfort and the area to the east only one tongue of the Brannon Member (less than 6 feet thick) has been recognized.  The Brannon tongue exposed at Fort Hill quarry is stratigraphically lower than the one exposed at active quarry one mile east of Fort Hill.  Member is not present in northeastern part nor in extreme northwestern corner of quadrangle.  Along Interstate 64 west of Kentucky River a few beds less than 1.0 foot thick (unmapped) of Tanglewood Limestone Member lie between argillaceous limestone beds.  Bryozoans identified from upper Brannon tongue (Collection P) include Constellaria cf. C. teres Ulrich and Bassler, Eridotrypa sp., and Peronopora cf P. milleri Nickles.  Fossils from Tanglewood Limestone Member (Collections Q-T) include bryozoans: Escharopora sp.; Hemiphragma cf. H. tenuimurale Ulrich; and a heterotrypid; brachiopods: Rafinesquina sp.; Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall); abundant Zygospira sp.; pelecypods: Ctenodonta sp.; C. obliqua (Hall); C. perminuta Ulrich; Conocardium sp.; all less than 3 mm long; trilobites: Isotelus? sp. Proetidella? sp.


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone (Tanglewood Limestone Member), medium-gray to medium-dark-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, calcarenitic, planar- to wavy-surfaced beds, partly crossbedded and phosphatic.  Stromatoporoids common from a few inches to about 20 feet below top of unit.  Other fossils include abundant bryozoans and small, coarsely ribbed brachiopods.  Unit interfingers with and grades into upper part of Grier Limestone Member.  Unit absent in southwestern corner of quadrangle but to east calcarenite lies below Brannon Member in drainage south and east of Grassy Spring Road.  Underground cavities and sinks are common in unit.


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone (Grier Limestone Member), light- to dark-gray, very fine to coarse-grained but mostly medium-grained, bioclastic; very thin to thin irregularly bedded to nodular; locally slightly phosphatic.  Intertongues with Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Stromatoporoid zone ranges from top to nearly 20 feet below top of unit.  Convolutely bedded argillaceous limestone 16 to 20 feet below top of unit at Lexington Limestone reference section possibly equivalent to Cane Run Bed of areas to southeast and east (Black and others, 1965).  Irregularly bedded to nodular fossiliferous limestone includes occasional sequences of very thin to thin bedded, partly crossbedded, granular, slightly phosphatic limestone (calcarenite).  Along Hanley Lane near its junction with Glenns Creek Road two such zones occur 3 to 15 feet and 43 to 50 feet below Brannon Member.  Tanglewood-like limestone 10 feet thick lies between nodular fossiliferous limestone 30 to 40 feet below Brannon Member along Interstate 64 west of Kentucky River.  Underground cavities and sinks are common in unit.  Bryozoans identified from Collections U-Z are Amplexopora sp.; Eridotrypa sp.; Escharopora sp.; Hallopora multitabulata (Ulrich); Homotrypa sp.; and a ceramoporid.  Another collection includes the following: (Collection VV) bryozoans: Eridotrypa sp.; Hallopora multitabulata (Ulrich); Prasopora cf. P. falesi (James); Stictopora sp.; brachiopods: Platystrophia colbiensis Foerste; Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall); Zygospira sp.; pelecypods: Ambonychia sp. and cyrtodontids.

Limestone, light-gray to medium-light-gray to tannish-gray, micrograined to fine-grained, very thin bedded to thin-bedded with convolute bedding (flow rolls); shaly partings throughout unit.  Chert occurs as nodules and very thin beds.  FossiIs include brachiopods and globular bryozoans believed by author to be Cyphotrypa frankfortensis Ulrich and Bassler.  Just southwest of Forks of Elkhorn, unit is underlain by irregularly bedded fossiliferous limestone of Grier Limestone Member.  In Woodlake area at eastern edge of quadrangle intricate intertonguing occurs.

Limestone (calcarenite), medium-gray to medium-dark-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, planar- to wavy-surfaced beds, commonly crossbedded and phosphatic.  Thickness variable due to intertonguing.  Unit interfingers with and grades into Grier Limestone Member.  Unit is as much as 20 feet thick northeast of Forks of Elkhorn.  West of Elkhorn Creek in north-central part of quadrangle unit is 8 to 12 feet thick.  Toward the southwest this lowermost part of Tanglewood Limestone Member grades laterally into upper part of Grier Limestone Member.

Limestone, light- to dark-gray, very fine to coarse-grained but mostly medium-grained, bioclastic; very thin to thin irregularly bedded to nodular; locally slightly phosphatic.  Underground cavities and sinks are common in unit.  Brachiopods abundant.  Fossils collected include the following: (Collections AA-BB) bryozoans: Eridotrypa sp.; Hallopora multitabulata (Ulrich); Prasopora cf. P. falesi (James); Stictopora sp.

Macedonia Bed

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (70 to 90 percent), medium-light-gray, largely micrograined, argillaceous, very thin to thin tabular bedded, includes 2.0- to 3.5-foot medium-grained brachiopodal limestone bed in area between Glenns Creek and reservoir northeast of Frankfort.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, fissile.  Unit not present in northeastern corner of quadrangle.  Maximum thickness at quarry one mile east of Fort Hill.  Fossils include the following: (Collections CC-GG) bryozoans: Amplexopora sp.; Eridotrypa sp.; Hallopora multitabulata (Ulrich); Heterotrypa sp.; Peronopora cf. P. granulifera (Ulrich); Prasopora cf. P. simulatrix Ulrich; P. falesi (James); brachiopods: Heterorthina sp.; Rafinesquina sp.; Zygospira sp.; gastropod: Murchisonia (Hormatoma) sp.; ostracod: Ceratopsis cf. C. intermedia Ulrich.

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light-gray to brownish- to yellowish-gray, generally medium- to coarse-grained, minor micrograined to fine-grained, bioclastic (mainly brachiopodal); very thin to thin irregularly bedded to nodular; slightly phosphatic.  Includes thin beds of partly crossbedded, slightly phosphatic, clastic limestone (calcarenite).  Underground cavities and sinkholes common in unit.  Bryozoans identified from Collections HH-SS include Eridotrypa sp., Hallopora multitabulata (Ulrich); Heterotrypa sp.; Peronopora cf. P. granulifera Ulrich; Prasopora falesi (James); P. cf. P. simulatrix Ulrich; Stictopora neglecta (Ulrich).  McFarlan and White (1948, p. 1634) listed brachiopods Hebertella frankfortensis Foerste and Dalmanella bassleri Foerste (=Heterorthina sp.) from these rocks.

Logana Member

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (55 to 75 percent), light-brownish-gray to olive-gray, micrograined, argillaceous, very thin to thin tabular bedded.  Shale, brownish-gray, fissile.  Unit is 11 feet thick at abandoned quarry on west side of Kentucky River (southwest corner of quadrangle).  Unit interfingers with thin beds of coquinoid (brachiopodal) limestone to north and east.  Fossils collected include the following: (Collections TT, WW-XX) brachiopods: Dalmanella sulcata Cooper; Rafinesquina trentonensis Conrad; Rhynchotrema sp.; Rostricellula minuta Cooper; Zygospira; gastropods: Carinaropsis cymbula Hall; Cyrtolites aff. C. retrorsus Ulrich; Liospira aff. L. decipiens Ulrich; Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp.; Sinuites obesus (Ulrich); pelecypods: Ambonychia sp.; Colpomya faba (Emmons); Ctenodonta socialis Ulrich; Modiolodon oviformis (Ulrich); Nuculites? sp.; Similodonta cf. S. hermitagensis (Bassler); an unnamed auriculate ctenodont and modiomorphid; ostracods: Ceratopsis cf. C. intermedia Ulrich; Jonesella aff. J. obscura Ulrich; and indeterminate smooth forms.

Limestone, medium- to brownish-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, thin wavy to irregularly bedded, brachiopodal (dalmanellid) coquina characteristic.  Unit is 4 feet thick at abandoned quarry on west side of Kentucky River near Franklin-Woodford County line.  It interfingers with argillaceous limestone and shale northward and eastward.  Collection YY contains the brachiopod Dalmanella sulcata Cooper; gastropods: Cyrtolites aff. C. retrorsus (Ulrich); Loxoplocus (Lophospira) sp. indet.

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (55 to 75 percent), light-brownish-gray to olive-gray, micrograined, argillaceous, very thin to thin tabular bedded.  Shale, brownish-gray, fissile.  Unit is 16 feet thick at abandoned quarry on west side of Kentucky River near southwest corner of quadrangle.  Faunal assemblage includes: (Collection ZZ) brachiopod: Dalmanella sulcata Cooper; (Collection AAA) brachiopods: Dalmanella sulcata Cooper; Heterorthis clytie Hall; pelecypod: Similodonta cf. S. hermitagensis (Bassler).

Curdsville Limestone Member

Limestone (calcarenite), yellowish-brown to brownish-gray, medium-grained, bioclastic; thin bedded with several shale partings; slightly phosphatic.  Unit 5 feet thick at abandoned quarry in extreme southwestern part of quadrangle.  Thickens to north and east.  Fossils collected include the following: (Collection BBB) brachiopods: Dalmanella fertilis Ulrich; Rafinesquina sp.; Sowerbyella curdsvillensis Foerste; gastropod: Liospira aff. L. decipens Ulrich; pelecypod: Lyrodesma sp.

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone (50 percent), light-gray, micrograined, argillaceous, very thin to thin-bedded.  ShaIe, yellowish-gray, fissile.  Unit probably continuous over entire west side of quadrangle.  Best exposed (3 feet thick) at abandoned quarry on west side of Kentucky River.

Limestone (calcarenite in part), yellowish-brown to brownish-gray, fine- to medium-grained; bioclastic (brachiopodal, crinoidal) in lower half, thin to thick bedded, partly crossbedded, slightly phosphatic.  Minor micrograined limestone locally in upper part.  Unit 11 feet thick at abandoned quarry in extreme southwestern part of quadrangle.  Thickens to north and east .


Frankfort East Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, light-gray to light-yellowish- and brownish-gray, cryptograined, thin- to thick-bedded, contains small pods of calcite and chert, sparsely fossiliferous.  Mudcracks and ripple marks occur locally in upper part.  Bentonite bed 0.5 to 0.8 foot thick locally present from 0.5 to 5.0 feet below contact; in places, more than one bentonite bed has been observed.  Minor disseminated pyrite is found locally in tiny fracture fillings in uppermost part.


Clintonville Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, sand, and gravel; generally less than 10 feet thick.


Clintonville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Shale, limestone, and siltstone, interbedded.  Shale (50 percent), dark-greenish-gray, limy in part; contains thin siltstone and silty shale laminae; fissile in part.  Limestone (45 percent), olive-gray to medium-gray, shaly; some fine to coarse grained, poorly sorted; disseminated grains of silt and fossil fragments; lenticular beds in part; some dark-gray, micrograined tabular beds; beds generally less than 1/2 foot thick.  Siltstone (5 percent), dark-greenish-gray, limy; weathered beds are buff to tan, porous in part, only slightly limy.  Fossils, sparse to abundant in some layers, chiefly in limestone; some whole brachiopods, gastropods, and bryozoans, fragments of pelecypods and trilobites.  Base of zone containing abundant small brachiopods commonly referred to as Sowerbyella rugosa occurs in lower 5 feet.  Unit weathers readily to buff or tan soil; erosion develops steep slopes locally.

Limestone (55 percent), shale (45 percent), siltstone (trace).  Similar to overlying unit.  Limestone up to 1 1/2 feet thick and more abundant in lower part, minor crossbedding; abundant fossil fragments with brachiopods and numerous crinoid columnals.


Clintonville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale.  Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained; medium to thick tabular beds, crossbedded in part; bioclastic; locally medium- to dark-gray thin shale beds, similar to those of underlying unit, intertongue with limestone beds near base of unit; fossils generally sparse, whole or fragmented; flat brachiopods in some beds; weathers to reddish-brown soil.  Unit was called the Nicholas Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone by Black and others (1965, p. 26-27), but further field work has indicated some doubt about its relation to the type Nicholas (Black and Cressman, oral communication, 1966).  Because unit is lithologically similar to and continuous with the Tanglewood Limestone Member at its type locality, it is herein considered part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member.


Clintonville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and minor shale.  Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained; medium to thick tabular beds, crossbedded in part; bioclastic; locally medium- to dark-gray thin shale beds, similar to those of underlying unit, intertongue with limestone beds near base of unit; fossils generally sparse, whole or fragmented; flat brachiopods in some beds; weathers to reddish-brown soil.  Unit was called the Nicholas Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone by Black and others (1965, p. 26-27), but further field work has indicated some doubt about its relation to the type Nicholas (Black and Cressman, oral communication, 1966).  Because unit is lithologically similar to and continuous with the Tanglewood Limestone Member at its type locality, it is herein considered part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member.


Clintonville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (50 percent), gray, shaly, fine- to medium-grained, bioclastic; nodular and irregularly bedded; nodules occur in matrix of medium- to dark-gray shale; locally, thin shale and shaly limestone laminae around nodules of limestone.  Minor interbedded tabular limestone and shale, greenish-gray claystone, and convolute limestone and shale "flow rolls."  Fossils abundant; stromatoporoids occur in several zones in upper 15 to 20 feet; zones of abundant closely packed whole flat brachiopods.  Fossils include Rafinesquina winchesterensis, Cyclonema varicosum, Constellaria emaciata (Foerste, 1914, p. 112).  Weathers to thick yellowish clay soil with fossiliferous limestone rubble.

Limestone, light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained; tabular bedded, crossbedded in part; bioclastic with abundant fossils locally including brachiopods and bryozoans; minor laminae of gray, fine-grained limestone and dark-gray shale; locally contains interbeds similar to overlying and underlying units; thins to the east to less than 5 feet.  Top of this tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member is mapped locally where exposed.

Limestone and shale, interbedded; Limestone (50 percent), medium- to dark-gray, argillaceous, micrograined, some coarse-grained; tabular, thin beds with flat bedding planes; some fossil fragments.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, limy, thin-bedded to laminated; few fossils.  Weathers to yellowish clay soil.  Unit interbedded in part with overlying beds; thickens to east.  Base of unit mapped locally.

Limestone (50 percent) and shale.  Lithology and fauna similar to that found in upper half of Millersburg Member.  Particularly fossiliferous near base.  Abundant Allonychia flanaganensis Foerste in basal 5 feet (identified by John Pojeta, USGS fossil collections, nos. 5104-5105-CO).  Weathers to buff or tan soil.  Lower beds, transitional with and interbedded with underlying unit, contain thin discontinuous tongues and lenses similar to the unmapped Devils Hollow Member consisting of a light-gray, coarsely crystalline, coquinoid limestone bearing numerous brachiopods or gastropods, weathering to a conspicuous, porous, fossiliferous chert float.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member


Clintonville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale and shaly limestone: Limestone (80 percent), light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained; thin to thick bedded, tabular beds dominant, some irregular bedding, crossbedded in part; phosphatic; bioclastic.  Very fossiliferous to sparingly fossiliferous; stromatoporoid zones, locally persistent, occur at several levels, the most prominent occurs 30 to 35 feet below top of unit; Columnaria, Constellaria, and Rhynchotrema are among common fossil genera (McFarlan, 1943, p. 18).  Weathers to reddish-brown soil.  Shale and shaly limestone (20 percent); shale, limy, medium-gray, mostly interlaminated with fine-grained shaly limestone in thin beds within the thicker-bedded limestone.  Upper 10 to 12 feet of unit is interbedded with and transitional to overlying unit; locally contains beds similar to the unmapped Devils Hollow Member described above.


Clintonville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale, interbedded: Limestone (50 percent), medium- to dark-gray, micrograined, some medium-grained, locally siliceous or cherty, tabular bedded; beds less than 1/2 foot thick; locally fossiliferous in part, with trilobite fragments and sponge remains characteristic.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, limy, thin-bedded; few fossils.  Convolute "flow rolls" occur locally.  Unit weathers to buff or tan soil.  Absent in northern half of quadrangle except for local cherty zones in the Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Partly interbedded and intertongued with adjacent units.


Clintonville Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone and shale: Limestone (80 percent), blue-gray in fresh outcrops to brownish-gray where weathered; mostly nodular to irregularly bedded, thin to medium bedded, slightly phosphatic, fossiliferous; some light-gray, medium- to coarse-grained, coquinoid, fossil fragment beds; some light gray, very fine grained, tabular bedded, thin bedded, weathers to light gray float, with few fossils.  Fossils include brachiopod genera commonly referred to as Hebertella and Rhynchotrema.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, limy, in thin irregular laminae separating nodular limestone beds; minor dark-gray, thin, tabular beds.  Unit weathers to orange-gray soil.  Unit includes tongues of Brannon Member and Tanglewood Limestone Member.


Midway Quadrangle:  Quaternary Alluvium

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Clay, silt, and gravel: Clay and silt, dark-reddish-brown to yellowish-brown.  Gravel, dark-reddish-brown to gray, composed largely of limonite granules and pebbles derived from residual soil.  Unit includes older alluvium in abandoned meanders along North and South Elkhorn Creeks.


Midway Quadrangle:  Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, shale, and siltstone: Limestone, light- to dark-gray; weathers gray to yellowish brown; micrograined to coarse grained, fossil fragmental; very thin to thin tabular beds mostly 0.1 to 0.5 foot thick.  Brachiopods, crinoid stem plates, bryozoans, gastropods, cephalopods, and trilobite fragments are profuse to common.  Coarse-grained crinoidal limestone generally at base of unit.  Base of abundant Sowerbyella commonly 20 feet above base.  Limestone makes up 40 to 60 percent of unit in lower half but decreases in abundance upward.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray; weathers yellowish brown, fissile; occurs as thin interbeds; poorly exposed but probably makes up half of unit in lower half, increases in abundance upward.  Siltstone, greenish-gray to medium-gray; weathers light to dark brown and orange; calcareous; in even beds a few inches thick; abundant near top of unit; abruptly decreases in abundance downward.  Contact with underlying Lexington Limestone well defined by change in lithology, bedding character, and topographic profile.  Steep slopes and dendritic drainage characterize areas underlain by unit.  In contrast, gentle slopes commonly develop on more limy rocks of the Lexington Limestone.  Contact between the two formations generally marked by a well-defined bench.  Light-brownish-yellow clay soil is typical and contrasts with dark-brown to reddish-brown soil of the Lexington.  Approximately 45 feet of limestone, shale, and minor siltstone is exposed in a new road cut 0.65 mile east-northeast of Sand Lick in northwestern part of quadrangle.  In this quadrangle the Clays Ferry Formation is considered to be Late Ordovician in age.


Midway Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, medium- to medium-dark-gray to grayish-orange; weathers yellowish gray to brownish gray; medium to coarse grained, bioclastic; very thin to thin planar- to wavy-surfaced beds, partly crossbedded, slightly phosphatic.  Commonly includes irregularly surfaced beds 0.1 to 1.0 foot thick consisting of fragments of bryozoans, gastropods (Cyclonema sp.), and large, fine-ribbed brachiopods, (Rafinesquina sp.); at least one coquinoid bed of poorly sorted shelly material with scant matrix occurs in large graben area.  Underground cavities and sinkholes common.  Intertongues with argillaceous limestone and shale in northeastern quadrant and with Millersburg Member in northern part of quadrangle.  Upper part may be correlative with Nicholas Limestone Member of Lexington Limestone (Black and others, 1965).


Midway Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Argillaceous limestone and shale

Limestone and shale: Limestone about 50 to 70 percent, medium- to light-gray, micrograined to very fine grained, generally unfossiliferous; in very thin to thin tabular or lenticular beds or in convoluted masses exhibiting ball and pillow structure.  Residual chert common as float.  Shale, fissile, occurs as thin interbeds; weathers yellowish gray.  Unit apparently thins westward from quadrangles to the east (Cressman, 1967; Kanizay and Cressman, 1967); not present in western one-fourth of quadrangle.  May be a tongue of Clays Ferry Formation.  Limestone with bryozoans and brachiopods south of North Elkhorn Creek and east of major fault block near east border of quadrangle appears to be a transitional phase with underlying unit.  Unit mapped as heavy line where thought to be less than 5 feet thick.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Limestone and shale: Limestone 65 to 75 percent, medium-light-gray, weathers yellowish gray; fine to coarse grained, very thin to thin irregularly bedded to nodular, profusely fossiliferous.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray; weathers yellowish gray; occurs in irregular beds and as matrix surrounding limestone nodules and lenses.  Brachiopods (Rafinesquina), bryozoans (Constellaria), gastropods (Cyclonema) are common.  Unit absent south of South Elkhorn Creek.  In this quadrangle, the Millersburg Member is believed to be of Late Ordovician age only.

Argillaceous limestone

Argillaceous limestone, medium- to dark-bluish-gray to light-brownish-gray, weathers light bluish to brownish gray; micrograined to fine grained, very thin to thin bedded with convolute bedding (ball and pillow structure); nonfossiliferous; interbedded with minor shale.  Residual chert common as float.  Sharp contacts with overlying fossiliferous limestone and shale of Millersburg Member and underlying granular phosphatic limestone of Tanglewood Limestone Member where well exposed.  Unit crops out locally in northwestern part of quadrangle.  Thought to occur as discontinuous lenses which pinch out to the east.  Unit may be laterally connected to main body of Clays Ferry Formation or may be a facies of the Devils Hollow Member.

Devils Hollow Member

Devils Hollow Member.  Limestone and shale: Limestone 70 to 95 percent, light-yellowish- and greenish-gray, cryptograined, and light- to medium-gray, coarse-grained, commonly bioclastic, coquinoid; very thin bedded to thick bedded.  Shale, medium-gray, calcareous; interbedded with very fine grained limestone.  Coarse-grained coquinoid limestone containing a profusion of gastropod shells and less common small coarsely ribbed brachiopods occurs in the vicinity of the Old Frankfort Road in the southwestern part of quadrangle.  To the north along U.S. 421, gastropodal chert chunks and micrograined limestone fragments with ostracodes occur as float.  In much of mapped area unit occurs in weathered zone near hilltops and is rarely exposed.  Best exposed in area surrounding ponds approximately 1,000 feet north of Old Frankfort Road.  Member is absent north of South Elkhorn Creek and northeast of Midway.

Fossiliferous limestone and shale

Limestone and shale: Limestone 65 to 75 percent, medium- to light-gray, weathers yellowish gray; fine to coarse grained, profusely fossiliferous with micrograined calcite matrix in very thin to thin nodular to irregular beds.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray; weathers yellowish gray; occurs in irregular beds and as matrix surrounding limestone nodules and lenses.  Small, coarsely ribbed brachiopods are particularly abundant.  Unit grades southwestward into fine- to coarse-grained bioclastic limestone.  Unit similar to Millersburg Member.

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


Midway Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Limestone, medium-gray to medium-dark-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, very thin to thin planar- to wavy-surfaced beds, partly crossbedded, generally phosphatic.  Locally includes convoluted beds as at Louisville and Nashville Railroad cut 1.3 miles east-southeast of Midway and in a few localities in northwest corner of quadrangle.  In area north of North Elkhorn Creek and west of Duval, upper part of unit yields abundant cherty float, probably the product of silicification of limestone during weathering.  Unit intertongues with units as shown on column.  Unit interfingers with and grades into upper part of Grier Limestone Member.  Interfingering pronounced in area just south of South Elkhorn Creek near western edge of quadrangle.  Maximum thickness of lowermost tongue occurs north of South Elkhorn Creek near western edge of quadrangle.  Unit contains a 3- to 4-foot-thick, light-grayish-blue, nodular to irregularly bedded, bioclastic sequence within 6 to 8 feet of base of Brannon Limestone Member along U.S. Highway 460 in western part of quadrangle.  Fossils include small, coarsely ribbed brachiopods, bryozoans, and corals.  Stromatoporoids occur locally.  Underground cavities and sinkholes common.


Midway Quadrangle:  Ordovician Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Limestone, medium-gray to medium-dark-gray, fine- to coarse-grained, bioclastic, very thin to thin planar- to wavy-surfaced beds, partly crossbedded, generally phosphatic.  Locally includes convoluted beds as at Louisville and Nashville Railroad cut 1.3 miles east-southeast of Midway and in a few localities in northwest corner of quadrangle.  In area north of North Elkhorn Creek and west of Duval, upper part of unit yields abundant cherty float, probably the product of silicification of limestone during weathering.  Unit intertongues with units as shown on column.  Unit interfingers with and grades into upper part of Grier Limestone Member.  Interfingering pronounced in area just south of South Elkhorn Creek near western edge of quadrangle.  Maximum thickness of lowermost tongue occurs north of South Elkhorn Creek near western edge of quadrangle.  Unit contains a 3- to 4-foot-thick, light-grayish-blue, nodular to irregularly bedded, bioclastic sequence within 6 to 8 feet of base of Brannon Limestone Member along U.S. Highway 460 in western part of quadrangle.  Fossils include small, coarsely ribbed brachiopods, bryozoans, and corals.  Stromatoporoids occur locally.  Underground cavities and sinkholes common.


Midway Quadrangle:  Ordovician Brannon Member

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Interbedded limestone and shale: Limestone 65 to 85 percent, light-gray to medium-light-gray, micrograined to very fine grained, argillaceous, very thin to thin tabular bedded, locally convoluted (ball and pillow structure), fossils generally sparse.  Residual chert common as float.  Shale, light- to dark-gray, fissile.  Maximum thickness in southeast corner of quadrangle.  In area just south of major graben unit apparently intertongues with and passes laterally into fine- to coarse-grained bioclastic limestone of Tanglewood Limestone Member.


Midway Quadrangle:  Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Grier Limestone Member

Limestone, light- to dark-gray, micrograined to coarse-grained, but mostly medium-grained, bioclastic (mainly brachiopodal); very thin to thin irregularly bedded to nodular; locally slightly phosphatic.  Shale partings and nodular limestone lenses common.  Brachiopods and bryozoans abundant; brachiopods are similar to those identified in adjacent quadrangles as Hebertella. sp., Zygospira sp., Rhynchotrema sp., and dalmanellids.  Includes a few thin sequences of very thin to thin-bedded, partly crossbedded, slightly phosphatic limestone, especially in western and southwestern parts of quadrangle.  Intertongues with and grades into Tanglewood Limestone Member.  Underground cavities and sinks common.

Macedonia Bed

Limestone and shale: Limestone 70 to 85 percent, medium-light-gray, generally micrograined, mostly argillaceous, very thin to thin tabular bedded, includes several thin beds of coquinoid brachiopodal limestone.  Shale, medium- to dark-gray, fissile.  Unit present in western part of quadrangle along South Elkhorn Creek.  Apparently grades into granular bioclastic limestone both to the east (Cressman, 1967) and to the west (Pomeroy, 1968).


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

No quarries are active in the quadrangle, but the Tanglewood and Grier Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone were quarried locally on a small scale in the past, probably for road metal.  Parts of the Grier Limestone Member probably meet specifications for aggregate and road metal.  The Tyrone Limestone is quarried in the adjacent Tyrone quadrangle for aggregate, road metal, and agricultural lime.

Fohs (1913, p. 488) described a barite and sphalerite vein 2 1/2 miles southwest of Lawrenceburg, but the vein was not observed during mapping.

Ground water conditions have been studied by Hall and Palmquist (1960).  Their work indicates that wells drilled in valley bottoms or low on valley sides will generally yield an adequate supply of water for domestic use, but wells drilled elsewhere will not.  Wells drilled in the Clays Ferry Formation are generally dry; those drilled in the Lexington Limestone, and particularly in the Tanglewood Limestone Member, are more likely to be successful.


Shawhan Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Deposits of barite, mostly small veins, occur at many places in north-central Kentucky (Fohs, 1913).  Three of the vein deposits described by Fohs (p. 506) in the Shawhan quadrangle were located during this study; these veins occur in limestone along and near a northeasterly trending fault that extends from near the confluence of Townsend and Silas Creeks to the far side of the South Fork Licking River.  Vein material is barite with minor amounts of galena and sphalerite (both "resin jack" and "black jack" varieties) in limestone gangue.  The veins strike N. 5 degrees W. to N. 15 degrees E.  The strike, location, and distribution of the veins and of barite float suggest that the veins are along strain fractures related to the fault.  A fourth deposit, described by Fohs (p. 478) as one mile east of Lair, was not found, but the location given by Fohs suggests that it is probably associated with the same fault.  The Hoggins veins described by Fohs (p. 478) were developed by a 50-foot shaft which is now almost completely filled; however, a barite vein about one foot wide is still visible at the shaft opening.  According to Fohs (p. 478) the Hoggins veins are chiefly limestone breccia cemented with barite and galena with sphalerite replacement of some of the limestone fragments.

At the time of mapping the lower tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone was being quarried along Silas Creek in the southwestern part of the quadrangle.  The limestone is used as road metal, in macadam, and as agricultural limestone.  The large abandoned quarry near the mouth of Paddys Run is also in the lower tongue of the Tanglewood and was used as a source of fill by the road department of Bourbon County.  A light-gray, medium-grained, evenly bedded calcarenite of the middle tongue of the Tanglewood was quarried about half a mile north of the village of Lair and used locally for dimension stone.  Many small abandoned quarries in other parts of the quadrangle were used as a source of fill by farmers in the area.

Supplies of ground water vary with the lithologic character of the reservoir rock and the position of the water table.  In this quadrangle, shale and alternating thin beds of shale and limestone in the Clays Ferry Formation and in the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone have low permeability; where these beds are on hilltops, the downward movement of water is impeded and the ground is usually damp.  Such hilltops are good locations for stock ponds.  Where these beds crop out on hillsides a line of springs commonly marks the contact between shale and overlying limestone.  Extensive systems of solution cavities and sink holes occur along the contact between the lower tongue of the Tanglewood and the Grier Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone, as in the east-central part of the quadrangle.  Shallow wells in these areas have a greatly variable and generally unreliable yield; wells producing from cavern systems below the permanent water table are the most productive in the quadrangle but are very difficult to locate.  Elsewhere in the quadrangle, wells deeper than 100 feet produce either small amounts of water or water that is high in salt and sulfur content (Hamilton, 1950, p. 41).  Hamilton's conclusion that depth to mineralized water is less near faults is confirmed by several shallow wells near the fault in Townsend Creek valley that yield water with very high salt content from depths of less than 50 feet.

The disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste into sink holes seriously contaminates the ground water.  This common practice should be discouraged.


Paris West Quadrangle: Economic and Engineering Geology

Limestone of the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone is mined from a large quarry west of Paris and used as road metal, as gravel in bituminous concrete, and as agricultural limestone.

Ground water is obtained from the Knox Dolomite (Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian) which supplies potable water to two drilled wells near Paris, and from the Lexington Limestone.  The Lexington Limestone is cavernous with numerous sinkholes, some of which extend upward into the Clays Ferry Formation.  Water entering these depressions feeds numerous springs through extensive subsurface solution channels.  According to Hamilton (1950), water from the surface penetrates to a depth of about 100 feet.  Below that depth water is likely to be salty or sulfurous or both.  Locally sinkholes are used for disposal of waste and sewage; this can be a source of contamination.  Additional information on groundwater resources is given by Palmquist and Hall (1960).

The distribution of soils as shown by Sims and others (1968) indicates that in general soils developed on the Grier and Tanglewood Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone belong to the Maury-McAfee Association of undulating deep to moderately deep well-drained soils high in phosphate, while those developed on the Millersburg Member and higher units belong to the Lowell-Loradale-Mercer Association of gently sloping deep to moderately deep, well drained to moderately well drained upland soils.  Soil developed on the Clays Ferry Formation tends to be very clayey.  The alluvial areas are mostly underlain by very rich silt loams.  In general, the soils of this quadrangle are very good for agricultural use.

Thickness of the soil and residuum varies widely, and possible sites for heavy construction should be tested by drilling.  Soil cover tends to be thickest, on the order of 5 to 15 feet, on gently rounded hilltops; it thins downward on steeper slopes and toward stream beds.  Bedrock is commonly exposed where streams impinge against valley walls, and also on the rims and sides of active sinkholes.  Soil developed on alluvium and colluvium may locally be thicker than that developed on bedrock.

Clay content of the Clays Ferry Formation makes it fairly impermeable and suitable for stock pond sites (Smith, 1966); where 30 feet thick or more and above the water table it is favorable for sanitary land fill (Gross, 1970).

Mineral veins trending northeast along the Bryan Station fault zone and north of Paris at the north edge of the map are composed of white barite with some galena.  Another vein, in the quarry at Paris, contains calcite, dolomite, sphalerite, and clear, bladed barite crystals.  Details of mining activity in the Paris area are given by Fohs (1913) and Jolly and Heyl (1964).


Paris East Quadrangle: Economic and Engineering Geology

Limestone has been quarried from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone near Stoner Creek north of Paris.  Other smaller quarries have worked the Grier and the Tanglewood Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone and its upper tongue.  Most of the rock has been used in foundations, chimneys, and walls.  The quarries are now abandoned.

This quadrangle falls within the zone of mineralization peripheral to the Jessamine dome as described by Jolly and Heyl (1964).  Barite, with galena and sphalerite as by-product, has been mined from a vein along the Bryan Station fault and from a reported 20 veins on the Clay farms, about 4 miles southeast of Paris (Fohs, 1913; Robinson, 1931).  Where found, barite in place or as float was generally associated with fault traces.  All mining in Bourbon County had ceased by 1913 (Robinson, 1931).

Occurrence of ground water in the area is discussed by Hamilton (1950) and Palmquist and Hall (1960).  According to Hamilton (1950), water from the surface penetrates to a depth of about 100 feet.  Below that depth water is likely to be salty or sulfurous or both.  Use of sinkholes in the Lexington Limestone for disposal of refuse and sewage can cause contamination of the ground water.

Thickness of the soil cover is commonly about 4 feet but locally varies widely; possible sites for heavy construction should be tested by drilling.  Bedrock crops out in stream beds, cut banks, steep slopes, and rims and walls of active sinkholes.  On noses between and close to stream junctions, soil is commonly less than 6 inches thick.

Depth of soil cover in part depends on clay and silt content of underlying bedrock and on slope of ground surface.  The upper tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member, which contains almost no clay and silt, commonly crops out as broad expanses of bare rock, even on hilltops.  The Grier Limestone Member and the lower part of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone contain little clay and silt; they generally yield 4 to 7 feet of soil cover on broad hilltops.  The Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone and the Clays Ferry Formation, which contain much clay and silt, may have as much as 15 feet of soil cover on broad hilltops.

The Clays Ferry Formation is fairly impermeable, and stock ponds are commonly located on it.  The geology of successful farm ponds is discussed by Smith (1966).  Where 30 feet thick or more, the Clays Ferry may also be a favorable site for sanitary land fills (Gross, 1970).


Millersburg Quadrangle: Economic and Engineering Geology

Barite veins with associated galena and sphalerite have been mined from the Lexington Limestone on a small scale.  Those southwest of Millersburg are reported by Fohs (1913) and Robinson (1931) to strike northeastward and dip slightly southeastward.  They were explored by shafts to depths of as much as 80 feet.  The veins are reported to average about 25 inches in width and to contain about 70 percent barite, 5 percent galena, a little sphalerite, and about 25 percent limestone breccia.  On Hinkston Creek, about a mile northwest of Millersburg, is an abandoned adit on a 4-inch-wide vein reported to strike N. 11 degrees E., which contains chiefly galena and sphalerite and a little fluorite and barite.  Other veins in the vicinity of Millersburg are reported to strike north.  All mining in Bourbon County had ceased by 1913.

Limestone has been quarried from the Lexington Limestone: from both units of the Tanglewood Limestone Member, from resistant ledges in the Millersburg Member, and from the Grier Limestone Member.  Most of the rock has been used in the construction of roads, foundations, chimneys, and walls.  The quarries are now abandoned.

Occurrence of ground water in the area encompassing the quadrangle is discussed by Palmquist and Hall (1960a, 1960b) and by Hamilton (1950).  Sinkholes in the Lexington Limestone are locally used for the disposal of refuse and sewage; this practice can be a source of contamination which may affect wells as deep as 100 feet.  Water is likely to be salty or sulfurous below a depth of 100 feet (Hamilton, 1950).

The Clays Ferry Formation is fairly impermeable, and stock ponds are commonly located on it.  The geology of successful farm ponds is discussed by Smith (1966).  Where 30 feet thick or more, the Clays Ferry may also be a favorable site for sanitary land fills (Gross, 1970).

Residuum on the Lexington Limestone is very thin to absent on steep slopes, stream beds, and lips and throats of sinkholes.  Thickness increases up slopes of hills and may be as much as 10 feet on gently sloping hilltops.  Residuum on the Clays Ferry and Kope Formations is very thin; loose blocks of limestone are abundant.


Frankfort West Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone, especially that of the Tyrone Limestone, is the most important mineral resource.  It is used for concrete aggregate, road metal, and agricultural purposes; formerly it was commonly used as building stone.  At the time of mapping, the Tyrone was being mined underground at the only active quarry in the quadrangle, 0.6 mile northwest of the Kentucky River bridge at Frankfort.  It has also been worked underground at a large quarry on the west side of the Kentucky River at Frankfort a quarter of a mile upstream from the bridge.  Here much of the Lexington Limestone was removed to gain access to the Tyrone; the use made of the Lexington part is not known.  Rock from both the Grier and Tanglewood Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone from a large quarry a quarter of a mile northwest of Benson was used for railroad ballast.

The Devils Hollow Member of the Lexington, the Grier, and the upper and lower parts of the Tanglewood have been exploited at many small quarries where proximity, more than chemical or physical properties, was a decisive economic factor.

Shows of oil and gas have been reported from two test holes along Benson Creek.  In the first hole, shows of gas were found at three horizons in a zone about 32 to 40 feet below the base of the Grier in what is probably the Curdsville Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, and in a zone about 145 feet below the base of the Grier in what is probably either the Oregon Limestone or Camp Nelson Limestone, both of Middle Ordovician age, which underlie the Tyrone Limestone; a show of oil was found at about 78 feet below the base of the Grier in what is probably the Tyrone.  The second hole, drilled to a total depth of 427 feet, encountered shows of gas and oil; no depth figures are available.  There are no records of other holes having been drilled.

Farm ponds in the Clays Ferry Formation are generally successful.  Several ponds at the top of the Lexington Limestone are also successful, apparently because of clay sealant washed down from the overlying Clays Ferry.  Further information on the location and construction of farm ponds in correlative rocks is given by Smith (1966).

Thickness of residual soil generally is less than five feet and, on steep slopes, may be less than one foot.

Availability of ground water is discussed by Hall and Palmquist (1960).  The Clays Ferry Formation is a poor aquifer, but supplies of water adequate for domestic use can generally be obtained from the Lexington Limestone, particularly from the Tanglewood Limestone Member.


Austerlitz Quadrangle: Economic and Engineering Geology

Quadrangle falls within the barite-galena-sphalerite zone of mineralization peripheral to the Jessamine dome (Jolly and Heyl, 1964, p. 602) and in the vicinity of the 38th parallel lineament as discussed by Heyl (1972).  The lowermost beds of the Clays Ferry Formation have been dolomitized in the vicinity of faulting at the intersection of the Mountain Parkway and Interstate 64, and barite-galena-sphalerite mineralization occurs near the north end of the same fault zone in the Paris East quadrangle (Outerbridge, 1974).  Geologist W. W. Weigel (oral communication, 1972), who has made a geophysical study in the Austerlitz quadrangle, reports very large magnetic anomalies in the northeast quadrant.

Limestone has been quarried from the Tanglewood Limestone Member, from resistant ledges in the Millersburg Member, and from the upper tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member, all in the Lexington Limestone.  The rock has been used in the roads, foundations, chimneys, and walls.  The quarries are now abandoned.

Occurrence of ground water in the area encompassing the quadrangle is discussed by Palmquist and Hall (1960), Hall and Palmquist (1960), and Hamilton (1950).  All water from springs and wells tapping the Lexington Limestone is probably polluted; sinkholes in this formation are used for the disposal of trash, dead stock, garbage, and sewage.  Contamination of underground drainage may affect wells as deep as 100 feet (Hamilton, 1950).

The bedrock surface is very irregular under the soil; possible sites for heavy construction should be tested by drilling.  Thickness of soil is commonly about 4 feet but varies widely.  Bedrock crops out in stream beds, cut banks, steep slopes, and rims and throats of active sinkholes.  On noses between and close to stream junctions, soil is commonly less than 6 inches thick.  In general, depth of soil depends on clay, shale, and silt content of bedrock and on slope of ground surface.  The upper tongue of the Tanglewood Limestone Member, which contains almost no clay and silt, commonly crops out as broad expanses of bare rock even on hill tops.  The Millersburg and Strodes Creek Members of the Lexington Limestone contain more clay and silt and commonly may underlie as much as 15 feet of soil and residuum on broad hill tops.  The Clays Ferry Formation is about half shale and only slightly permeable.  It is rarely covered by more than 3 feet of soil.

The Clays Ferry Formation and the Strodes Creek Member of the Lexington Limestone are fairly impermeable, and where exposed are commonly considered sites suitable for stock ponds.  The geology of successful farm ponds is discussed by Smith (1966).  Where 30 or more feet thick, the Clays Ferry Formation may provide favorable sites for sanitary land fills (Gross, 1970).


Shady Nook Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone has been worked for road metal in many small quarries, now inactive, bordering the principal paved roads.

Oil and gas have not been produced in commercial quantities in this quadrangle, although drilling records indicate that shows of gas are frequent in rocks of Late Ordovician age.  A single deep test, the Maybrier No. 1 well, in Carter coordinates sec. 22, X-64, about 2,100 feet south of the Old Salem Cemetery, was drilled more than 1,360 feet into the Knox Group of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age (McGuire and Howell, 1963, p. A5).  Gas was reported at a depth of 250 to 254 feet, probably in the Logana(?) Member of the Lexington Limestone.

Groundwater potential is 100 to 500 gallons per day from wells in valleys of large streams; wells drilled in alluvium in the Licking River valley floor may yield 150 gallons per minute in some local areas (Palmquist and Hall, 1960).  The water is hard to very hard and may contain hydrogen sulfide or salt.

The dumping of sewage and waste material in sinkholes in the Lexington Limestone can be a source of contamination of ground water in the quadrangle, as the sinkholes commonly connect with areas of underground drainage.


Switzer Quadrangle: Economic and Engineering Geology

Lead was mined on Camp Pleasant Branch prior to about 1912 from a vein about one foot wide striking N. 7 degrees W.; it was developed by a shaft 205 feet deep (Miller, 1914, p. 39).  Robinson (1931) reported this vein to be 48 inches wide with barite, galena, and sphalerite as the vein minerals.  Three prospects for lead, all near the southernmost fault, were reported by local residents.  Because surface evidence of the mine and prospects has been partially or totally eliminated, the locations of two prospects were determined from descriptions of local residents; locations of the mine and third prospect are from the geologic map of Miller and Wolford (1931).

Limestone was taken from the upper part of the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone at a small quarry along Ky. Highway 35 about half a mile south of Elkhorn Creek.  The quarry has been abandoned, apparently for many years.  The Tyrone Limestone, a rock favored for agricultural purposes and road metal where reasonably accessible in areas to the south, is exposed for only a few feet above the Kentucky River in O'Nan Bend.

Adequate ground water should be available to wells drilled in valley bottoms, especially along larger streams.  Availability of ground water is discussed by Hall and Palmquist (1960a, 1960b).  The Clays Ferry Formation, because of its high clay content, is a poor aquifer.  Farm ponds on the Clays Ferry are generally successful.

Roads cut into the Clays Ferry on hillsides may tend to slump downhill, especially where the formation locally contains more than the typical 50 percent shale.  Fill from this formation also may be less stable than that from more limy units unless adequate drainage is provided.

The Tanglewood Limestone Member and, to a lesser extent, the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone contain sinkholes and underground cavities, particularly in areas where high-level fluvial deposits indicate locations of the ancestral Kentucky River.

Soil cover of 4 or more feet forms on the Calloway Creek Limestone, Clays Ferry Formation, and Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone on ridgetops or in areas of low topographic relief.  On steep slopes this soil may be less than 2 feet thick.  Soil formed on the Clays Ferry may be reduced to near zero even on ridgetops by erosion caused by planting of crops or by overgrazing pastures.  Soil formed on the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone is about 3 feet thick on ridgetops and possibly a foot thick on steep slopes.


Leesburg Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Two barite veins containing galena were prospected early in the century.  They were reported by Fohs (1913, p. 506) to occur 100 feet apart in the southeastern part of the quadrangle about 2 miles south of Leesburg.  They may be associated with regional northeast-trending faulting to the east, southeast, and south (Cuppels, 1973; Outerbridge, 1974; Kanizay and Cressman, 1967).  However, the only evidence of faulting in the Leesburg quadrangle is near the southeast corner, and no veins nor mineralized float were seen.

Limestone, mostly from the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, has been quarried on a small scale for road metal.  All quarries were inactive at the time of mapping.  A large quarry in the Tanglewood is in the Shawhan quadrangle on Silas Creek about half a mile east of the Leesburg border; the rock is used for aggregate, road metal, and agricultural limestone (Cuppels, 1973).

Groundwater studies were made by Hamilton (1950) of alluvium in the main valleys and in a half-mile-wide zone parallel to U.S. Highway 62.  In this zone, only about half of the wells drilled have been successful.  Palmquist and Hall (1960) have indicated that wells drilled deeper than 100 feet below valley bottoms commonly encounter saline water unfit for domestic use.


Cynthiana Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone is the chief source of limestone aggregate in the quadrangle.  At the time of mapping, a quarry on Ky. Highway 982 south of Cynthiana was dormant but had produced all the aggregate required by the city and surrounding area.  All other quarries within the quadrangle are very small and are abandoned.

A shallow test well (Carter coordinates sec. 7, W-63) drilled at Cynthiana in the early 1900's proved to be dry and was abandoned at a depth of 1,000 feet in the Knox Group of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age (McGuire and Howell, 1963, p. A5).

Groundwater conditions of the quadrangle are described by Palmquist and Hall (1960).  Wells drilled in valley bottoms along the larger streams may yield 100 to 500 gallons per day; wells in the alluvium of the South Fork Licking River may yield as much as 150 gallons per minute; yields on hillsides and hilltops will be slight.  The water is hard to very hard and may contain hydrogen sulfide or salt.  Salt is most often encountered in wells dug in valley bottoms.  The practice in this area of dumping sewage and solid wastes in sinkholes in the Lexington Limestone can be a serious source of groundwater pollution.

Shale of the Kope Formation and the shale-rich parts of the Clays Ferry Formation slump readily when wet.  Construction on these units should be provided with adequate drainage and shoring.


Breckinridge Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

A single deep test for oil and gas, the Verna Boyer No. 1 hole, was drilled in Carter coordinate sec. 4, W-61, about 3,500 feet north-northwest of the village of Alberta.  It was collared at an elevation of 983 feet and reached a depth of 1,505 feet in the Knox Group of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age (McGuire and Howell, 1963, p. A9).  There is no record of shows of gas or oil in the well; sample cuttings from depths of 495 to 1,505 feet are available for study at the Sample Library of the Kentucky Geological Survey.

No limestone quarries were seen in the quadrangle.

The most abundant ground water is limited to the valley bottoms of main streams (Palmquist and Hall, 1960).  Most wells in valleys of the North, Middle, and South Forks of Raven Creek and the valleys of Twin and Mill Creeks produce enough water for a domestic supply (100 to 500 gallons per day) at depths of less than 100 feet.  Some wells produce more than 500 gallons per day except during dry weather.  The water is hard or very hard and may contain salt or hydrogen sulfide, especially at depths greater than 100 feet.


Polsgrove Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The Lexington and Tyrone Limestones are being quarried in adjoining quadrangles to the north and south respectively.  Although these formations are exposed in this quadrangle, both accessibility and distance to an adequate market favor the outside sources.  One small quarry in the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone has been abandoned.

Galena, sphalerite, and barite were reported by Fohs (1913) in a vein on Flat Creek; no production was noted.  This vein was not located during mapping.

Adequate ground water for domestic use should be available to wells drilled in alluvium or in the Tanglewood along the Kentucky River and, to a lesser extent, along Flat Creek.  The Clays Ferry Formation, because of its high clay content, is a poor aquifer.  Farm ponds on the Clays Ferry are generally successful.

Road cuts into the Clays Ferry on hillsides may tend to slump, especially where the formation contains more than the typical 50 percent shale.  Fill from this formation may be less stable than that from more limy units unless adequate drainage is provided.

The Tanglewood Limestone Member and, to a lesser extent, the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone contain sinkholes and underground cavities, particularly in areas where high-level fluvial deposits indicate locations of the ancestral Kentucky River.

Soil cover of 4 or more feet forms on the Calloway Creek Limestone, Clays Ferry Formation, and Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone on ridgetops or in areas of low topographic relief.  On steep slopes this soil may be less than 2 feet thick. Soil formed on the Clays Ferry may be reduced to near zero even on ridgetops by erosion caused by planting of crops or by overgrazing pastures.  Soil formed on the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone is about 3 feet thick on ridgetops and possibly a foot thick on steep slopes.


Sideview Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone is mined at the quarry on Donaldson Creek in the north-central part of the quadrangle from the Lexington Limestone and is used for riprap, aggregate, and agricultural purposes.

Limestone for local use has been mined from smaller quarries, now inactive, in Lexington Limestone, Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided, and Calloway Creek Limestone.

Ground water in the mapped area has been discussed by Hall and Palmquist (1960, a, b) and Palmquist and Hall (1960).  Drilled wells are not dependable sources of water, but wells drilled near the larger streams may provide enough water for domestic use.  Ground water is hard to very hard.  Wells drilled to depths greater than 100 feet may contain salt or hydrogen sulfide.

A show of gas was found at a depth of about 350 feet in the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone in the drill hole in the north-central part of the quadrangle (E. R. Cressman, oral communication, 1975).

Successful farm ponds are underlain by all bedrock units, but those units containing appreciable shale, that is, Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided, Strodes Creek and Millersburg Members of the Lexington Limestone, and Calloway Creek Limestone, are the most suitable (Smith, 1966).

Depth to bedrock beneath the soil surface for all formations in the quadrangle generally ranges from 1 to 9 feet (Preston and others, 1964); however, possible sites for heavy construction should be tested by drilling, as locally the depth to bedrock may exceed 9 feet.


Gratz Quadrangle: Economic and Engineering Geology

Limestone is quarried from the Lexington Limestone, undivided, at a large operation one mile north-northeast of Lockport.  The crushed rock is used in agriculture, as road metal, and as aggregate.  Two other quarries in this area are abandoned.

Lead (galena) and minor zinc (sphalerite) with barite and locally calcite have been reported from twelve localities (Fohs, 1913; Norwood, 1877; Beck, 1949; and Wolford, 1932).  Trace amounts of other minerals are discussed by Jolly and Heyl (1964).  Three of the localities were identified during mapping; they lie in a line extending northerly from Lockport and are known as Lockport mine, Union mine, and K. T. Dome or Gratz mine.  All three properties were developed by shafts, adits, or open cuts.  Production is unknown; it extended intermittently from 1836 at the Union mine (Silver and Spar mine of Norwood, 1877) to the 1940's at the Gratz mine (F. Stamper, owner).  Miller (1905) stated that the vein had been traced for a distance of 7 or 8 miles north of the Gratz mine.  Other reported localities are south, southwest, west, and "opposite" (probably east) of Lockport, east of the Union mine, on Severn Creek, near the mouth of Mint Spring Branch, and about 1 1/2 miles southeast of Gratz.  Only the last prospect was found.  It consists of two northwest-trending vertical fractures about one foot apart and 2 to 3 inches wide, containing calcite, a little marcasite or pyrite, and a trace of sphalerite.  Wolford (1932) found sphalerite, calcite, and barite in 1930 when the prospect was being worked.

Oil has been sought in nine test holes within the quadrangle.  Records on file at the Kentucky Geological Survey giving locations of six of these holes indicate that three were dry and three had shows of oil or gas.

Adequate groundwater supplies should be obtainable from wells in alluvium along the Kentucky River or from wells in Lexington Limestone, especially in the Tanglewood Limestone Member, in valley bottoms of other large streams.  Availability of ground water is discussed by Hall and Palmquist (1960).  The Kope and the Clays Ferry Formations, because of high clay content, are poor aquifers. Farm ponds in these formations are generally successful.

The Tanglewood Limestone Member and, to a lesser extent, the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone contain sinkholes and underground cavities, particularly in areas where high-level fluvial deposits indicate locations of the ancestral Kentucky River.

The thickest residual soil cover overlying bedrock is found in flat-lying areas or on gently sloping ridge tops.  Approximate maximum thicknesses are as follows: Grant Lake and Calloway Creek Limestones, 10 feet; Clays Ferry Formation (where not farmed) and Tanglewood Limestone Member, 6 feet; Grier Limestone Member, 4 feet.  Minimum thickness of near zero may occur on the Clays Ferry Formation on steep slopes or ridgetops where planting of crops or overgrazing of pastures cause excessive erosion.


Monterey Quadrangle: Economic and Engineering Geology

The Lexington Limestone is quarried at a large operation near Lockport in the Gratz quadrangle (Moore, 1977) adjoining to the west.  The Lexington is exposed in the southwestern part of this quadrangle but no quarries were seen.

Although lead has been mined in the adjoining Gratz and Switzer quadrangles (Moore, 1977, 1975), and numerous prospects have been discussed in these and other nearby areas (Norwood, 1877; Fohs, 1913), little information is available on prospects in this quadrangle.  Wolford (1932) mentions veins "along Cedar and Sawdridge Creeks", but gives only two locations: (1) "in the bed of Sawdridge Creek just above the mouth of Bowen Branch", and (2) "about a mile up Bowen Branch".  On their map of Owen County, Wolford and others (1931) show these two prospects as well as six other "mine or quarry" locations along Cedar Creek and its tributary Indian Creek.  Most appear to be near or in line with known or inferred faults.  Two prospects were found during the present mapping east of Old Cedar Church.  They are several feet deep on a northwest-trending, calcite-bearing fissure ¼ to ½ inch wide.

Celestite (strontium sulfate) was reported by Fohs (1913) in a sample from Truesville.  This community, not shown on map, is on Cedar Creek near the mouth of Kays Branch, near five of the six "mine or quarry" locations mentioned above.

Only one oil test hole, near the southwest corner, is known in the quadrangle; its reported depth was 1,930 feet.  Two holes were drilled just west of the border, one north and one southwest of the town of Monterey.  Another hole, about 1 mile west of the town, had a reported depth of 2,500 feet.  About half a mile south of the border, a hole was drilled on Kays Branch to a reported depth of 1,900 feet.

Adequate ground water for domestic use should be available to wells in the alluvium of Craddock Bottom and in the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, especially in the larger stream valleys.  Elsewhere adequate supplies may be difficult to find.  Availability of ground water is discussed by Hall and Palmquist (1960).  The Clays Ferry and Kope Formations, because of high clay content, are poor aquifers.  Farm ponds on these formations are generally successful.

Roads cut into the Kope Formation and, to a lesser extent, into the Clays Ferry Formation may tend to slump.  Adequate drainage should be provided in areas underlain by those formations.

The thickest residual soil cover in the quadrangle is found on flat-lying areas or on gently sloping ridgetops.  Approximate maximum thicknesses of residuum are as follows: Grant Lake and Calloway Creek Limestones, 10 feet; Clays Ferry (where not farmed) and Tanglewood Limestone Member of Lexington, 6 feet; Grier Limestone Member, 4 feet.  Minimum thickness of near zero may occur on the Clays Ferry on steep slopes or ridgetops where planting of crops or overgrazing of pastures cause excessive erosion.


Piqua Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Two deep test holes for oil and gas were drilled in the Piqua quadrangle.  The Clinton Jet No. 1, in Carter Coordinates sec. 7, X-66, on the north side of Johnson Creek, 0.3 mile west of the junction of Ky. Highways 165 and 617 at Piqua, was drilled more than 620 feet into the Knox Group of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age (McGuire and Howell, 1963, p. A-8).  A second hole, completed about February 1, 1976, in sec. 16, X-66 just west of Painter Creek, was drilled to a depth of about 2,900 feet, reportedly reaching rocks of Precambrian age.  Both were dry holes.

No limestone quarries were found in the quadrangle.  The shale content of most units will probably prevent their commercial use.

Groundwater potential is 100 to 500 gallons per day from wells in valleys of large streams; wells in alluvium in the Licking River valley floor may yield 150 gallons per minute in some areas (Palmquist and Hall, 1960).  The water is hard to very hard and may contain hydrogen sulfide or salt.

Slumping, sliding, and foundation failure are generally associated with shale content of the bedrock.  The most shale-rich unit of the quadrangle, the Kope Formation, is the most susceptible to such engineering hazards.


Delaplain Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone has been worked for road metal in a few small quarries, now inactive, bordering the secondary paved roads.

Oil and gas have not been produced in commercial quantities in this quadrangle.  Two exploratory holes were drilled in the early 1950's: the Marion Hall No. 1, drilled to a depth of 830 feet, in the Camp Nelson Limestone of the High Bridge Group of Middle Ordovician age; and the John B. Penn No. 1, drilled to a depth of 265 feet to the top of the Tyrone Limestone also of the High Bridge Group (McGuire and Howell, 1963, p. A-9).

Although no mineral deposits are known in the quadrangle, several barite veins have been mined in the Georgetown quadrangle (Cressman, 1967) to the south, and two barite veins were prospected in the southern part of the Leesburg quadrangle (Wallace, 1976) to the east.  Four barite-galena veins have been reported (Fohs, 1913) in the Stamping Ground quadrangle (Moore, 1977) to the west; of these, the Davis vein was developed by a shaft 1 mile north-northwest of the southeast corner of that quadrangle.  Other veins may be present within the Delaplain quadrangle.

Groundwater potential is 100 to 500 gallons per day from wells in valleys of large streams but may diminish rapidly in the smaller valleys and may approach zero on hillsides (Palmquist and Hall, 1960).  The average depth of 24 wells, all dug close to streams, is 57.9 feet (Hamilton, 1950).  A map of the fresh water-saline water interface (Hopkins, 1966) shows a subsurface high trending east-west across the quadrangle with an axis through Rogers Gap.  Saline water along the high is about 60 feet below the surface; it is about 40 to 60 feet below the level of Eagle Creek in the northern part of the quadrangle.  Well logs of this region (Hamilton, 1950, p. 65) confirm these data.


Stamping Ground Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Barite-galena veins have been reported at four localities in the quadrangle (Fohs, 1913).  The Clark vein, north of the Frankfort and Cincinnati Railroad line near the west border, was developed by two shafts 90 and 40 feet deep (Miller, 1905).  The ore, which contained some strontianite, was treated at a smelter near the railroad.  A second vein, striking east according to Fohs, could not be found.  The Davis vein near the southeast corner was developed by a shaft (depth unknown) and two prospects.  Dump material contains barite with minor calcite and galena.  The Hooke vein (strike N. 12 degrees E.) and the Johnson vein (strike N. 20 degrees E.), reported to be 1 mile east and 1.5 miles southeast of Stamping Ground, respectively, were not found.

Limestone has been quarried on a small scale from the Tanglewood and Grier Limestone Members and the Stamping Ground Member of the Lexington Limestone.  Two small quarries 1.0 mile west and 2.5 miles east-northeast of the town of Stamping Ground indicate limited commercial use.  Two others, even smaller, indicate probable private use.

According to records on file at the Kentucky Geological Survey, no test holes have been drilled for oil and gas.

Ground water is available from alluvium, especially along North Elkhorn Creek, and from the Lexington Limestone.  Little water can be obtained from the Clays Ferry Formation because of its high shale content.  Water from wells more than 100 feet deep may be mineralized.  Availability of ground water is discussed by Palmquist and Hall (1960).

Farm ponds are generally successful when located in formations with a high shale content: the Clays Ferry Formation and, at places, the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone.  Suggestions for making farm ponds are given by Smith (1966).

The Clays Ferry tends to slump when wet.  Adequate drainage should be provided and steep slopes avoided when building roads or other structures on this formation.

The thickest residual soil cover is found in flat-lying areas or on gently sloping ridgetops.  Where such areas are underlain by members of the Lexington Limestone, soil may be 10 feet or more thick; where underlain by the Clays Ferry, it may be 4 or 5 feet thick.  Erosion can reduce these figures.  On steeper slopes, soil 2 to 3 feet thick may form on the Lexington Limestone; it may be locally absent on the Clays Ferry.


N. Middletown Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone has been quarried for local use from the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone.  The quarries are now inactive.

The small Plum Lick gas field, now abandoned, was developed on Plum Lick Creek near the south quadrangle border.  Production was from carbonates of the lowermost part of the Lexington Limestone ("Lower Sunnybrook") of Middle Ordovician age at an average depth of 315 feet (Wilson and Sutton, 1973).

Successful farm ponds are generally underlain by units containing appreciable shale, that is, the Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided, and the Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone (Smith, 1966).

Depth of soil cover for all formations generally ranges from 1 to 6 feet.  However, possible sites for heavy construction should be tested by drilling, as depth to bedrock may locally exceed 6 feet.  Also, karst topography is commonly a feature of areas underlain by the Tanglewood Limestone Member; in northeastern part of quadrangle along and north of Hinkston Creek, sinkholes have developed on areas underlain by bioclastic, crossbedded limestone of the lower part of the Kope and Clays Ferry Formations, undivided.

Ground water in the mapped area has been discussed by Palmquist and Hall (1960 a,b) and Hall and Palmquist (1960).  Drilled wells are generally not dependable sources of water, but wells drilled near larger streams may provide enough water for domestic use.  Ground water is hard to very hard and wells drilled to depths greater than 100 feet may contain salt or hydrogen sulfide.


Carlisle Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone is mined at a quarry, about 2 miles west of Carlisle on Ky. Highway 36, from the Lexington Limestone and is used for riprap, aggregate, and agriculture purposes.  Limestone for local use has been mined from quarries, now inactive, in the Clays Ferry Formation.

Ground water in the quadrangle has been discussed by Palmquist and Hall (1960 a, b).  Drilled wells are generally not dependable sources of water, but those near larger streams may provide enough water for domestic use.  Ground water is hard to very hard.  Wells drilled to depths greater than 100 feet may contain salt or hydrogen sulfide.

Successful farm ponds are found on most bedrock units, but those units containing appreciable shale (that is, the Kope, Clays Ferry, and Fairview Formations and Strodes Creek and Millersburg Members of the Lexington Limestone) are the most suitable (Smith, 1966).

Depth to bedrock beneath the soil surface for all formations generally ranges from 1 to 6 feet; however, possible sites for heavy construction should be tested by drilling, as locally the depth to bedrock may exceed 6 feet.

No tests are known to have been drilled for exploration of oil or gas.


Sadieville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone was quarried from the upper Lexington Limestone at the east edge of Sadieville probably for local use only.

An abandoned gas pool (Corinth) is shown by Wilson and Sutton (1973) between Corinth and Stonewall; the pool was discovered in 1950 and abandoned a few years later.  Records on file at the Kentucky Geological Survey show that at least six holes were drilled in the area in the early 1950's: three had open flows of 344,000 to 380,000 cubic feet of gas per day and a fourth an open flow of 164,000 cubic feet per day; a fifth hole had only a show of oil; a sixth hole of unknown location was dry.  A well on North Rays Fork between Interstate Highway 75 and U. S. Highway 25 was fitted for production but no records are on file.  Underground data on wells drilled in surrounding quadrangles and to known horizons when compared to records of the above wells indicate two "pay" zones for the Corinth pool, one near the base of the Lexington Limestone and one about 70 feet above the base.  This part of the Lexington Limestone is not exposed in the quadrangle.

Farm ponds in the Kope and Clays Ferry Formations are generally successful because of their high shale content.  For the same reason the ground-water supply from wells in these formations will be inadequate.  Adequate ground water should be available to wells in alluvium along the larger streams and probably to wells in the Tanglewood Limestone Member and limier parts of the Lexington Limestone in valley bottoms.  Availability of ground water is discussed by Palmquist and Hall (1960).

The Kope and, to a lesser extent, the Clays Ferry tend to slump when wet; adequate drainage should be provided and steep slopes avoided when building roads or other structures on these formations.

The thickest residual soil cover is found on gently sloping ridgetops which, in this quadrangle, are underlain by Kope and Clays Ferry Formations.  Steeper slopes mean thinner soils.  Thicknesses of 2 to 5 feet may be expected in the more favorable areas and, aided by erosion, a thickness of zero in unfavorable areas.


New Columbus Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The Lexington Limestone has been quarried on Red Oak Creek and near Natlee; both quarries are small.  Limestone for the former school at New Columbus (now a grocery) came from a quarry "near Natlee", believed to be the one shown on the map.

Three test holes have been drilled for oil according to records of the Kentucky Geological Survey.  All were dry.

Adequate ground water should be available to wells drilled in alluvium along the major drainages; elsewhere ground water may be difficult to obtain.  The Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, considered a favorable source in some areas to the south, is probably unfavorable here because of a considerable shale content.  Availability of ground water is discussed by Hall and Palmquist (1960).

Farm ponds are generally successful when located in formations with a high shale content like the Kope and Clays Ferry Formations.  Suggestions for making farm ponds are given by Smith (1966).

The Kope and, to a lesser extent, the Clays Ferry tend to slump when wet.  Adequate drainage should be provided and steep slopes avoided when building roads or other structures on these formations.

The thickest residual soil cover is found on gently sloping ridgetops which, in this quadrangle, indicates soils derived from the Kope and Clays Ferry Formations.  Steeper slopes mean thinner soils.  Thicknesses of 2 to 5 feet may be expected in the more favorable areas and, aided by erosion, a thickness of zero in unfavorable areas.


Tyrone Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The Tyrone Limestone is quarried on the west side of the Kentucky River 1/2 mile northwest of Tyrone.  The crushed rock is used for road metal and agricultural lime.  In the past, rock from the Tyrone Limestone has been used for both building and monumental stone.  Prior to the Civil War, limestone was obtained from many small quarries, mostly in the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, and used principally to build stone walls.

Phosphate rock, derived by the leaching of calcium carbonate from granular phosphatic limestone, occurs as small plates in residuum on the lower part of the granular phosphatic member of the Cynthiana Formation.  The depth and grade of phosphatic residuum are not known, but phosphate derived from the same stratigraphic interval was mined on a small scale in nearby areas.

A vein of calcite as much as 24 inches thick and containing some barite, sphalerite, fluorite, and pyrite was described by Fohs (1913, p. 465-466) as extending from near the mouth of Grier Creek S. 7 degrees E. across the crest of the hill east of Camp Offutt and across the Kentucky River into Anderson County.  The vein was prospected by adit, shaft, and pits, which are now caved, but there was no production.  No surface evidence of the vein was noted during mapping.  A barite vein 11 inches thick and containing a little sphalerite is exposed in a small quarry in the uppermost part of the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone 1,700 feet south of Milner.  The vein is vertical and strikes N. 10 degrees W.


Versailles Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Commercial mining of phosphate for agricultural use, intermittently active between 1905 and 1927, was centered at Wallace in the north-central part of the quadrangle.  Though initial discovery of phosphate in Kentucky was by Robert Peter in 1876 (Foerste, 1913), the discovery of the Versailles-Midway phosphate field by A. M. Miller in 1905 marked the beginning of active exploitation in Kentucky.  In 1911 the Lexington Phosphate Company was formed and a processing plant was set up near the diggings at Wallace.  Main Kentucky production was between 1916 and 1926, during which time a total of 113,660 long tons of phosphate ore was produced by strip-mining (J. B. Cathcart, written communication, 1961).  Foerste (1913) thought the phosphate was concentrated during weathering of phosphatic rocks of the Woodburn Limestone Member of the Cynthiana Formation and phosphatic beds in the upper part of the Lexington Limestone.  The ore, similar in age, nature, and occurrence to the brown phosphate of Tennessee, was most highly concentrated in "cutters"-joints enlarged by solution-separated by "horses" of non-productive limestone, and was also found as thin yellowish-brown plates locally concentrated near the base of the reddish-brown residuum.  The average phosphate content of 40 samples reported by Gardner (1912) was 29.16 percent P2 O5.  The analyses showed the ore to be high in iron and alumina, both totalling 6 percent.

Rocks of the Cynthiana Formation are commonly deeply weathered.  Locally, soil cover as much as 40 feet thick has been reported.  The Lexington Limestone, on the other hand, is more resistant to weathering, and excavation in these rocks generally requires the use of explosives.

Solution of limestones in this area is common and leads to the development of many sinkholes.  Building sites should be chosen with this in mind.

The Brannon Member of the Cynthiana Formation is relatively impermeable and can be successfully used as the site for farm ponds.  "Open" joints in much of the coarser grained limestone cause many ponds located on these rocks to leak.

The circular, structurally high area in the north-central part of the map is a cryptoexplosion structure (Black, in press).  Similar structures elsewhere are not known to have produced oil or gas.


Lexington West Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Economic deposits most extensively exploited in the quadrangle have been barite, limestone, and clay.  Of these, only limestone and clay were being worked in 1963.  The value of land used for horse farms and urban and industrial expansion probably exceeds the value of these deposits.

Barite veins were developed commercially in the early 1900's, and most of the veins were shown by Miller (1913, p. 339-342; map).  The deposits are generally of small extent, and no barite is being mined at the present time.

Limestone is being quarried at the Blue Grass Quarry northeast of Greendale and in the underground workings of the Central Stone Company near the Old Frankfort Pike in Lexington.  Beds in the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone break into angular fragments suitable for aggregate.  Units in the Grier that are high in chert nodules and shale layers are discarded for that purpose.  Most of the beds free of shale seams are suitable for road metal and for agricultural lime.  The underground workings of the Central Stone Company are exploiting the Tyrone and Oregon Limestones of the Highbridge Group (Middle Ordovician) for concrete aggregate and agricultural lime.  These formations are not exposed in the Lexington West quadrangle, but are described by Cressman (1965).

The yellowish clay residuum derived from the argillaceous limestone of the Millersburg Member was being excavated (1963) for brick and tile at one location near the southeastern corner of the mapped area.  Residual clay of weathered limestone is thickest and most extensive on hilltops, and can best be prospected there.

Phosphate-rich layers derived from the Tanglewood Limestone Member were actively mined between 1905 and 1927 in the Versailles Quadrangle, (Black, 1964) to the west.


Georgetown Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone is quarried near Georgetown for road metal and concrete aggregate.  The thinner-bedded, more argillaceous parts are discarded.  Many small abandoned quarries are present throughout the quadrangle in both the Grier and Tanglewood Limestone Members.  The limestone was used locally for building stone and road metal.

Barite was mined on a small scale in the early years of the century (Fohs, 1913).  Three veins were noted during mapping.  The vein 1.45 miles east of the interchange of Highways I-75 and US 227 has been mined in open workings.  Barite was observed on the dump but not in place.  The vein is vertical and strikes nearly due north.  A barite vein containing some galena is exposed in the Georgetown quarry of the Nally and Gibson Stone Co.  The vein is locally more than one foot wide and strikes N. 25 degrees-35 degrees E.  Several much thinner veins parallel the principal vein.  Barite float is present 0.7 mile N. 65 degrees W. of Bethel Church.  The distribution of the float suggests a vein striking N.10 degrees-20 degrees W.  The latter two veins have not been prospected.  Other veins, no longer exposed, are described by Fohs (1913, p. 495-498, 520) and Miller (1913, p. 339-342).


Centerville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Several barite veins, commonly containing galena, were prospected early in the century (Fohs, 1913).  Most of these veins are no longer exposed; the three barite veins shown on the geologic map were located by float and were not observed in place.  The vein east of Russell Cave Road south of Goose Creek was described by Fohs, and a southern extension, no longer exposed, was prospected near the intersection of Russell Cave and Lemons Mill Roads.  Fohs did not describe the other two veins.

Limestone, mostly from the Grier Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone but in part from the Tanglewood Limestone Member, has in the past been quarried locally on a small scale for road metal and building stone.  The Grier is now quarried in the adjacent Georgetown and Lexington West quadrangles for aggregate and road metal.

Ground-water resources of the quadrangle have been described by Hamilton (1950) and Palmquist and Hall (1960).


Lexington East Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Barite was mined from several small veins in the early part of the century.  Workings are no longer evident but barite float and some additional veins are exposed in roadcuts and excavations for new houses in the northern part of the area.  The veins contain barite and calcite with minor amounts of galena and traces of sphalerite and fluorite.  Vein deposits are described by Fohs (1913) and Robinson (1931).

The Lexington and underlying Tyrone Limestones are presently being exploited in the adjacent Lexington West quadrangle up to a depth of 150 feet.  The Tyrone is the principal source of road metal and agricultural lime in the Lexington area.  The Lexington and Tyrone Limestones are also used as building stone locally.

Phosphate rock, derived from the leaching of calcium carbonate during weathering, occurs in minor amounts in residual soil of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone but is not known to be present in commercial quantities.

Minor occurrences of oil in vugs and fault breccia have been observed in diamond-drill holes near the extension of the Bryan Station fault zone to the north and east in adjacent quadrangles, but no oil has been reported from five shallow core holes drilled for stratigraphic information in the Lexington East quadrangle.


Frankfort East Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

The most important mineral resource in the quadrangle is limestone.  Tyrone Limestone is quarried nearly 0.5 mile north of Interstate 64 on the east side of the Kentucky River and at the east side of the abandoned meander surrounding Fort Hill.  The quarry at the south side of Fort Hill and one on the west side of the Kentucky River near the Franklin-Woodford County line were inactive at the time of mapping.  Crushed stone is used for concrete and road aggregate and as agricultural lime. Tyrone Limestone has been used in the past as a building stone.

Barite veins containing small quantities of galena and sphalerite were known during the 19th century.  One, the Jones vein, approximately one mile south of the northeast corner of the quadrangle, was worked for lead but proved unprofitable (Miller, 1914, p. 39).  Neither the mine shaft nor any surface indication of the vein was noted during the mapping.  The Withrow barite vein, shown on the Woodford County geologic map (Miller, 1925) but not described, was not located during the recent investigation.  Several crystals of galena were found as float in a poorly exposed area 0.25 mile south-southeast of Woodburn School in the southeastern corner of the quadrangle.  The galena appears to be associated with barite and cherty float presumably derived from gastropodal limestone of the Devils Hollow Member.  The occurrence is not believed to be of any economic importance.

McGrain and others (1960, p. 36) reported that 17 feet of gray, silty, alluvial clay was taken from an auger hole in the Trumbo Bottom area.  Tests showed that the clay is satisfactory for use in the manufacture of brick or structural tile.  Subsurface clay in similar geologic environments such as the Fort Hill and the Backbone abandoned meanders might possibly be used for the same purposes.

Fertile reddish-brown phosphatic soils are developed on the phosphatic limestones of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone.  Although phosphate has been exploited in the past in the nearby Versailles quadrangle (Black, 1964) it has never been mined commercially in the Frankfort area.

Farm ponds in the Clays Ferry Formation and the Brannon and Millersburg Members of the Lexington Limestone are generally successful in retaining water.  Micrograined limestone beds of the Devils Hollow and Grier Limestone Members are, likewise, successful farm pond bases.  Typically, the coarser-grained limestones such as those in the Tanglewood and Grier Limestone Members are pervious, and ponds located on these rocks commonly leak.

Water-bearing characteristics of the rocks and the availability of ground water in the area are discussed by Hall and Palmquist (1960).  Ground-water movement in the eastern part of the quadrangle has been described by Jillson (1945).


Clintonville Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Barite was mined early in the century from veins in the quadrangle to the west.  However, only one vein, 3 inches thick, was observed in the Clintonville quadrangle as shown in the southwestern part of the map.  Veins of barite in the Blue Grass area contain calcite with minor amounts of galena and traces of sphalerite and fluorite and are described by Fohs (1913), Robinson (1931), and Jolly and Heyl (1964).

The unexposed lower part of the Lexington and underlying Tyrone Limestone are presently being mined for road metal and agricultural lime in the Ford quadrangle to the south.  In the Clintonville quadrangle the Tyrone Limestone lies 150 to 200 feet below the surface.  The Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington has been quarried in the past for local road metal, agricultural lime, and building stone.

Phosphate rock, derived from the leaching of calcium carbonate during weathering, occurs in minor amounts in residual soil of the Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, but is not known to be present in commercial quantities.

Minor occurrences of oil in vugs and fault breccia have been observed in diamond-drill hole number 1 on the Beatty farm in the northwestern portion of the map in the Bryan Station fault zone.  A show of gas with light oil stain was obtained from the Tanglewood Limestone Member in diamond-drill hole number 3 on the Graves farm in the southeastern portion of the map.

Water resources are partly dependent on the porosity and permeability of the formations underlying the soil.  The shaly Millersburg Member of the Lexington Limestone and the shaly Clays Ferry Formation are generally impermeable and therefore may provide suitable foundation for farm ponds as discussed by Smith (1966).  On the other hand, the more permeable Tanglewood Limestone Member of the Lexington Limestone, although less suitable as a foundation for ponds, may be a possible source of well water where exposed in the larger valley areas.  Palmquist and Hall (1960, 1961) discuss favorable areas and conditions for groundwater accumulation.


Midway Quadrangle: Economic Geology

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Limestone has been quarried for local use as road aggregate and building stone, but no quarries were active in 1967.  Many small abandoned quarries are present throughout the quadrangle in both the Grier and Tanglewood Limestone Members of the Lexington Limestone.

Barite float containing galena was found in a sinkhole 0.3 mile north of the terminus of the large graben in the eastern part of the quadrangle.  No barite veins were found in place.

Fertile reddish-brown phosphatic soils are developed on the phosphatic limestones of the Tanglewood Limestone Member which forms the upland surface of much of the quadrangle, especially in the southern part.  Although phosphate has never been mined in the Midway quadrangle, it was mined commercially for agricultural use in an area 0.7 to 1.0 mile south of the quadrangle (Black, 1964).

Farm ponds in the Clays Ferry Formation and in the several micrograined limestone and shale units of the Lexington Limestone generally retain water.  Ponds located on the Tanglewood and Grier Limestone Members commonly leak due to solution-enlarged fractures and bedding-plane separations which are relatively lacking in interstitial clay.

Water-bearing characteristics of the rocks and availability of ground water in the area are discussed by Hall and Palmquist (1960) and Palmquist and Hall (1960).


Lawrenceburg Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cressman, E. R., 1964, Geology of the Tyrone quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-303.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Anderson, Franklin, Shelby, Spencer, and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-24.

McFarlan, A. C., and Wesley, G. R., 1930, Areal and structural geological map of Anderson County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.


Shawhan Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., and Cuppels, N. P., 1973, Strodes Creek Member (Late Ordovician)-a new map unit in the Lexington Limestone of north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1372-C.

Cressman, E. R., in press.  Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits in Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principles of ground-water occurrence in the Inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. no. 5, 68 p.

Hamilton, D. K., O'Connell, E. M., and Boland, L. F., 1949, Map of Bourbon County: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9.

Outerbridge, W. F., Geologic map of the Paris West quadrangle, Bourbon and Fayette Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1162 (in prep.).


Paris West Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cressman, E. R., 197 , Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768 (in press).

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

Gross, D. L., 1970, Geology for planning in DeKalb County, Illinois: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Environmental Geology Notes, No. 33, 10 p.

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principals of groundwater occurrence in the inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 5, 68 p.

Jolly, J. L., and Heyl, A. V., 1964, Mineral paragenesis and zoning in the central Kentucky mineral district: Econ. Geology, v. 59, p. 596-624.

Kanizay, S. P., and Cressman, E. R., 1967, Geologic map of the Centerville quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Quad. Map GQ-653.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Sims, R. P., Preston, D. G., Richardson, A. J., Newton, J. H., Isgrig, Dan, and Blevins, R. L., 1968, Soil Survey, Fayette County, Kentucky: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 62 p.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Bluegrass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Thesis Series 1, 64 p.


Paris East Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., and Cuppels, N. P., 1973, Strodes Creek Member (Late Ordovician)-a new map unit in the Lexington Limestone of north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1372-C.

Cressman, E. R., Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768 (in press).

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

Gross, D. L., 1970, Geology for planning in DeKalb County, Illinois: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Environmental Geology Notes, No. 33, 10 p.

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principles of ground-water occurrence in the inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 5, 68 p.

Jolly, J. L., and Heyl, A. V., 1964, Mineral paragenesis and zoning in the central Kentucky mineral district: Econ. Geology, v. 59, p. 596-624.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Robinson, L. C., 1931, The vein deposits of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 41, 127 p.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Bluegrass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Thesis Ser. 1, 64 p.


Millersburg Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., and Cuppels, N. P., 1973, Strodes Creek Member (Late Ordovician)-a new map unit in the Lexington Limestone of north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1372-C, p. C1-C16.

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 59 p.

Cuppels, N. P., 1973, Geologic map of the Shawhan quadrangle, Bourbon and Harrison Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1122.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Gross, D. L., 1970, Geology for planning in DeKalb County, Illinois: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Environmental Geology Notes, No. 33, 10 p.

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principles of groundwater occurrence in the inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 5, 68 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr. and Hall, F. R., 1960a, Availability of ground water in Bracken, Harrison, Mason, Nicholas, and Robertson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-16.

____1960b, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Robinson, L. C., 1931, The vein deposits of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, vol. 41, 127 p.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Bluegrass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Thesis Ser. 1, 64 p.


Frankfort West Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, p. 1-29.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Anderson, Franklin, Shelby, Spencer, and Woodford Counties: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-24.

Jones, S. C., 1914, The soils of Franklin County: Kentucky Geol. Survey 2nd Ann. Rept., ser. 4, vol. 2, pt. 3, pp. 89-144.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943 [reprinted 1961], Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Univ. Kentucky, 531 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, no. 8, p. 1627-1646.

Miller, A. M., 1914, Geology of Franklin County: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 2, pt. 3, 87 p.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Bluegrass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Thesis Ser. 1, 64 p.


Austerlitz Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., and Cuppels, N. P., 1973, Strodes Creek Member (Upper Ordovician)-a new map unit in the Lexington Limestone of north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1372-C, 16 p.

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 61 p.

Gross, D. L., 1970, Geology for planning in DeKalb County, Illinois: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Environmental Geology Notes, No. 33, 10 p.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principles of ground water occurrence in the inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 5, 68 p.

Heyl, A. V., 1972, The 38th parallel lineament and its relationship to ore deposits: Econ. Geol., v. 67, no. 7, p. 879-894.

Jolly, J. L., and Heyl, A. V., 1964, Mineral paragenesis and zoning in the central Kentucky mineral district: Econ. Geol., v. 59, no. 4, p. 596-624.

MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1968, Geologic map of the Clintonville quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-717.

Outerbridge, W. F., 1974, Geologic map of the Paris East quadrangle, Bourbon County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1167.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Bluegrass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey ser. 10, Thesis Ser. 1, 64 p.


Shady Nook Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dunn, P. H., 1930, Map of the areal and structural geology of Harrison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center, 216 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bracken, Harrison, Mason, Nicholas, and Robertson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-16.


Switzer Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., 1968, Geologic map of the Ford quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-764.

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 59 p.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960a, Availability of ground water in Carroll, Gallatin, Henry, Owen, and Trimble Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-23.

____1960b, Availability of ground water in Anderson, Franklin, Shelby, Spencer, and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-24.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943, [reprinted 1961], Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Univ. Kentucky, 531 p.

Miller, A. M., 1914, Geology of Franklin County [Kentucky]: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 2, pt. 3, 87 p.

Miller, A. M., and Wolford, J. J., 1931, Geological map of Franklin County [Kentucky]: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Moore, F. B., 1975, Geologic map of the Frankfort West quadrangle, Franklin and Anderson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1221.

Pomeroy, J. S., 1968, Geologic map of the Frankfort East quadrangle, Franklin and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-707.

Robinson, L. C., 1931, Vein deposits of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 41, p. 3-127.

Weir, G. W., Greene, R. C., and Simmons, G. C., 1965, Calloway Creek Limestone and Ashlock and Drakes Formations (Upper Ordovician) in south-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-D, 18 p.


Leesburg Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 59 p.

Cuppels, N. P., 1973, Geologic map of the Shawhan quadrangle, Bourbon and Harrison Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1122.

Dunn, P. H., 1928, Map of the areal and structural geology of Bourbon County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principles of ground-water occurrence in the inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 5, 68 p.

Kanizay, S. P., and Cressman, E. R., 1967, Geologic map of the Centerville quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-653.

Outerbridge, W. F., 1974, Geologic map of the Paris West quadrangle, Bourbon and Fayette Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1162.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.


Cynthiana Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dunn, P. H., 1930, Map of the areal and structural geology of Harrison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Luft, S. J., 1974, Geologic map of the Kelat quadrangle, Harrison and Pendleton Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1172.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center, [216 p.]

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bracken, Harrison, Mason, Nicholas, and Robertson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-16.


Breckinridge Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Dunn, P. H., 1930, Map of the areal and structural geology of Harrison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Luft, S. J., 1975, Geologic map of the Berry quadrangle, north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1284.

____1976, Geologic map of the Mason quadrangle, Grant and Harrison Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1311.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center, 216 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bracken, Harrison, Mason, Nicholas, and Robertson Counties, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-16.

Wallace, R. M., 1976, Geologic map of the Leesburg quadrangle, north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1328.


Polsgrove Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943 [repr. 1961], Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Univ. Kentucky, 531 p.

Miller, A. M., 1914, Geology of Franklin County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 2, pt. 3, p. 7-87.

Miller, A. M., and Wolford, J. J., 1931, Geological map of Franklin County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Moore, F. B., 1975, Geologic map of the Frankfort West quadrangle, Franklin and Anderson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1221.


Sideview Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., 1975, Geologic map of the Hedges quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1235.

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 61 p.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960a, Availability of ground water in Bath, Fleming, and Montgomery Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-18.

____1960b, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-19.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Preston, D. G., Sims, R. P., Richardson, A. J., Blevins, R. L., and Taylor, J. L., 1964, Soil survey of Clark County, Kentucky: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Soil Conser. Service in coop. with Kentucky Agr. Expt. Sta., 122 p., 38 sheets.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Blue Grass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Thesis Ser. 1, 64 p.


Gratz Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Beck, W. A., 1949, Investigation of the K. T. Dome zinc-lead mine, Owen and Henry Counties, Ky.: U.S. Bur. Mines Rept. Inv. 4575, 10 p.

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 59 p.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Gibbons, A. B., 1976, Geologic map of the Franklinton quadrangle, Henry County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1330.

Gibbons, A. B., and Swadley, W C, 1976, Geologic map of the New Liberty quadrangle, Owen and Henry Counties Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1348.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Carroll, Gallatin, Henry, Owen, and Trimble Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-23.

Jolly, J. L., and Heyl, A. V., 1964, Mineral paragenesis and zoning in the central Kentucky mineral district: Econ. Geology, v. 59, no. 4, p. 596-624.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943 [repr. 1961], Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Univ. Kentucky, 531 p.

Miller, A. M., 1905, The lead and zinc bearing rocks of central Kentucky, with notes on the mineral veins: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 2, 35 p.

____1914, Geology of Franklin County: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 2, pt. 3, 87 p.

Moore, F. B., 1975, Geologic map of the Frankfort West quadrangle, Franklin and Anderson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1221.

Norwood, C. J., 1877, A reconnoissance report on the lead region of Henry County, with some notes on Owen and Franklin Counties: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Repts. Prog., ser. 2, v. 2, pt. 7, p. 245-276.

Pomeroy, J. S., 1968, Geologic map of the Frankfort East quadrangle, Franklin and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-707.

Wolford, J. J., 1932, Geology of Owen County, north-central Kentucky: The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md., Ph.D. dissertation, 209 p.

Wolford, J. J., Chappars, M. S., and Withers, [F.] S., 1931, Areal and structural geology of Owen County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.


Monterey Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Berry, W. B. N., and Boucot, A. J., 1970, Correlation of the North American Silurian rocks: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 102, 289 p.

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 59 p.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Carroll, Gallatin, Henry, Owen, and Trimble Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-23.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943 [repr. 1961], Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Univ. Kentucky, 531 p.

Miller, A. M., 1914, Geology of Franklin County [Kentucky]: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 2, pt. 3, 87 p.

Moore, F. B., 1975, Geologic map of the Switzer quadrangle, north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1266.

____1977, Geologic map of the Gratz quadrangle, Owen and Henry Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1359.

Norwood, C. J., 1877, A reconnoissance report on the lead region of Henry County, with some notes on Owen and Franklin Counties: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Repts. Prog., ser. 2, v. 2, pt. 7, p. 245-276.

Pomeroy, J. S., 1968, Geologic map of the Frankfort East quadrangle, Franklin and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-707.

Wolford, J. J., 1932, Geology of Owen County, north central Kentucky: The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md., Ph.D. dissertation, 209 p.

Wolford, J. J., Chappars, M. S., and Withers, [F.] S., 1931, Areal and structural geology of Owen County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.


Piqua Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Luft, S. J., 1976, Geologic map of the Claysville quadrangle, northeastern Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1341.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center, [216 p.].

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bracken, Harrison, Mason, Nicholas, and Robertson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-16.

Wallace, R. M., 1975, Geologic map of the Shady Nook quadrangle, northeastern Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1261.

Wolford, J. J., 1930, Geologic map of Robertson and Nicholas Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.


Delaplain Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cressman, E. R., 1967, Geologic map of the Georgetown quadrangle, Scott and Fayette Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-605.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principles of ground-water occurrence in the inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. no. 5, 68 p.

Hopkins, H. T., 1966, Fresh-saline water interface map of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10.

McGuire, W. H., and Howell, Paul, 1963, Oil and gas possibilities of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Spindletop Research Center [216 p.].

Moore, F. B., 1977, Geologic map of the Stamping Ground quadrangle, north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1430.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Wallace, R. M., 1976, Geologic map of the Leesburg quadrangle, north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1328.


Stamping Ground Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 59 p.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 441-588.

Miller, A. M., 1905, The lead and zinc bearing rocks of central Kentucky, with notes on the mineral veins: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 2, 35 p.

Moore, F. B., 1975, Geologic map of the Switzer quadrangle, north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1266.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Pomeroy, J. S., 1970, Geologic map of the Midway quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-856.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Blue Grass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Thesis Ser. TS-1, 64 p.

Wallace, R. M., 1977, Geologic map of the Delaplain quadrangle, Scott County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1426.


N. Middletown Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Blade, L. V., 1976, Geologic map of the Sideview quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1356.

____1977, Geologic map of the Sharpsburg quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1419.

____(in press), Geologic map of the Carlisle quadrangle, Nicholas and Bourbon Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1450.

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 61 p.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bath, Fleming, and Montgomery Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-18.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960a, Availability of ground water in Bracken, Harrison, Mason, Nicholas, and Robertson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. lnv. Atlas HA-16.

____1960b, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Blue Grass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Thesis Ser. 1, 64 p.

Wilson, E. N., and Sutton, D. G., 1973, Oil and gas map of Kentucky, sheet 3, east-central part: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10.


Carlisle Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cressman, E. R., 1973, Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Lexington Limestone (Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 768, 61 p.

Cuppels, N. P., and Outerbridge, W. F., 1974, Geologic map of the Millersburg quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1219.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960a, Availability of ground water in Bracken, Harrison, Mason, Nicholas, and Robertson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-16.

____1960b, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Blue Grass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Thesis Ser. 1, 64 p.

Wallace, R. M., 1977, Geologic map of the Piqua quadrangle, northeastern Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1425.


Sadieville Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Wallace, R. M., 1976, Geologic map of the Breckinridge quadrangle, Harrison and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1344.

____1977, Geologic map of the Delaplain quadrangle, Scott County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1426.

Wilson, E. N., and Sutton, D. G., 1973, Oil and gas map of Kentucky, sheet 3, east-central part: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10.

Wolford, J. J., Chappers, M. S., and Withers, [F.] S., 1931, Areal and structural geology of Owen County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.


New Columbus Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Carroll, Gallatin, Henry, Owen, and Trimble Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-23.

Moore, F. B., 1977a, Geologic map of the Monterey quadrangle, Owen County, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1400.

____1977b, Geologic map of the Stamping Ground quadrangle, north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1430.

Moore, F. B., and Wallace, R. M., 1978, Geologic map of the Sadieville quadrangle, north-central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1485.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Blue Grass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Thesis Ser. TS-1, 64 p.

Swadley, W. C., 1975, Geologic map of the Lawrenceville quadrangle, Grant and Owen Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-1204.

Wolford, J. J., Chappers, M. S., and Withers, [F.] S., 1931, Areal and structural geology of Owen County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.


Tyrone Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Cooper, G. A., 1956, Chazyan and related brachiopods: Smithsonian Misc. Coll., v. 127, pt. 1, p. 1-1245.

Foerste, A. F., 1906.  The Silurian, Devonian and Irvine Formations of east-central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 7, p. 369.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, p. 1627-1646.

Miller, A. M., 1925, Geology of Woodford County: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 21, p. 119-145.

Nickles, J. M., 1905, The Upper Ordovician rocks of Kentucky and their Bryozoa: Kentucky Geol. Survey, Bull. 5, 64 p.

Nosow, Edmund, and McFarlan, A. C., 1960, Geology of the central Bluegrass area: Geol. Soc. America, Southeastern Sec. Field Trip Guidebook.


Versailles Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., 1964, Cryptoexplosive structure near Versailles, Kentucky, in Geological Survey Research 1964; U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 501-B, p. B9-B12.

Cressman, E. R., 1964, Geology of the Tyrone quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ 303.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian and Irvine Formations of east-central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 7, p. 369.

____1913, The phosphate deposits of the upper Trenton limestones of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 391-439.

Gardner, J. H., 1912, Rock phosphate in Kentucky: Mines and Minerals, Nov. 1912, p. 207-209.

Miller, A. M., 1925, Geology of Woodford County: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 21, p. 119-145.

Nickles, J. M., 1905, The upper Ordovician rocks of Kentucky and their Bryozoa: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 3, Bull. 5, 65 p.


Lexington West Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., 1964, Geology of the Versailles quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-325.

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, 29 p.

Cressman, E. R., 1965, Geologic map of the Keene quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map. GQ-440.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943, Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Ky., Univ. Kentucky, 531 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, p. 1627-1646.

Miller, A. M., 1913, Geology of the Georgetown quadrangle, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 317-351.

Palmquist, W. H., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.


Georgetown Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, 29 p.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943, Geology of Kentucky: Lexington, Kentucky, Univ. Kentucky, 531 p.

Miller, A. M., 1913, Geology of the Georgetown quadrangle: Kentucky Geol. Survey, 4th ser., pt. 1, p. 317-351.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.


Centerville Quadrangle:  References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, 29 p.

Dunn, P. H., 1928, Map of the areal and structural geology of Bourbon County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principles of groundwater occurrence in the inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. 5, 68 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.


Lexington East Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, p. C1-C29.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine formations of east-central Kentucky with an account of their clays and limestones: Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 7, 369 p.

Foerste, A. F., 1914, The Rogers Gap fauna of central Kentucky: Cincinnati Soc. Nat. History Jour., v. 21, p. 109-156.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943, Geology of Kentucky: Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, 531 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, no. 8, p. 1627-1646.

Nickles, J. M., 1905, The Upper Ordovician rocks of Kentucky and their Bryozoa: Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 5, 64 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1961, Reconnaissance of ground water resources in the Blue Grass Region, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1533, 39 p.

Robinson, L. C., 1931, Vein deposits of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 41, p. 3-127.


Frankfort East Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Bergstrom, S. M., and Sweet, W. C., 1966, Conodonts from the Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of Kentucky and its lateral equivalents in Ohio and Indiana: Bull. Am. Paleontology, v. 50, no. 229, p. 271-441.

Black, D. F. B., 1964, Geology of the Versailles quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-325.

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, p. 1-29.

Cressman, E. R., 1964, Geology of the Tyrone quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-303.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Anderson, Franklin, Shelby, Spencer, and Woodford Counties: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-24.

Jillson, W. R., 1944, The Elkhorn abandoned channel of the Kentucky River, a study in Pliocene drainage, physiography, and geology: Frankfort, Ky., Roberts Printing Co., 34 p.

____1925, Geology of Woodford County: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 21, p. 119-145.

____1945, Geology of Roaring Spring, a study of post-Miocene subterranean stream piracy in Woodford and Franklin Counties, Kentucky: Frankfort, Ky., Roberts Printing Co., 44 p.

____1947, The Elkhorn mammoth, an account of the discovery of Elephas columbi in Franklin County, Kentucky, coupled with geological and paleontological notes: Frankfort, Ky., Roberts Printing Co., 12 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, no. 8, p. 1627-1646.

McGrain, Preston, Kendall, T. A., and Teater, T. C., 1960, Miscellaneous clay and shale analyses for 1957-1959: Ky. Geol. Survey, ser. 10, Rept. Inv. 3, p. 1-57.

Miller, A. M., 1914, Geology of Franklin County: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 2, pt. 3, 87 p.


Clintonville Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, p. C1-C29.

Foerste, A. F., 1906, The Silurian, Devonian, and Irvine formations of east-central Kentucky with an account of their clays and limestones: Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 7, 369 p.

Foerste, A. F., 1914, The Rogers Gap fauna of central Kentucky: Cincinnati Soc. Nat. History Jour., v. 21, p. 109-156.

Fohs, F. J., 1913, Barytes deposits of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 4, v. 1, p. 441-588.

Jolly, J. L., and Heyl, A. V., 1964, Mineral paragenesis and zoning in the central Kentucky mineral district: Econ. Geology, v. 59, p. 596-624.

McFarlan, A. C., 1943, Geology of Kentucky: Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, 513 p.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 32, no. 8, p. 1627-1646.

Nickles, J. M., 1905, The Upper Ordovician rocks of Kentucky and their Bryozoa: Kentucky Geol. Survey Bull. 5, 64 p.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Atlas HA-25, 3 sheets.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1961, Reconnaissance of groundwater resources in the Blue Grass region, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1533, 39 p.

Robinson, L. C., 1931, Vein deposits of central Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 6, v. 41, p. 3-127.

Smith, M. O., 1966, Geology and successful farm ponds in the inner Blue Grass region of Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey Thesis Series 1, ser. 10, 64 p.


Midway Quadrangle: References Cited

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

Black, D. F. B., 1964, Geology of the Versailles quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-325.

Black, D. F. B., Cressman, E. R., and MacQuown, W. C., Jr., 1965, The Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1224-C, 29 p.

Cressman, E. R., 1967, Geologic map of the Georgetown quadrangle, Scott and Fayette Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-605.

Hall, F. R., and Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1960, Availability of ground water in Anderson, Franklin, Shelby, Spencer, and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-24.

Hamilton, D. K., 1950, Areas and principles of ground-water occurrences in the Inner Bluegrass region, Kentucky: Kentucky Geol. Survey, ser. 9, Bull. no. 5, 68 p.

Kanizay, S. P., and Cressman, E. R., 1967, Geologic map of the Centerville quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-653.

McFarlan, A. C., and White, W. H., 1948, Trenton and pre-Trenton of Kentucky: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. v. 32, no. 8, p. 1627-1646.

Palmquist, W. N., Jr., and Hall, F. R., 1960, Availability of ground water in Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, and Scott Counties, Kentucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Hydrol. Inv. Atlas HA-25.

Pomeroy, J. S., 1968, Geologic map of the Frankfort East quadrangle, Franklin and Woodford Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Quad. Map GQ-707.


LEXINGTON: LAWRENCEBURG QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Drakes Formation

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Sulpher Well Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone


LEXINGTON: SHAWHAN QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Strodes Creek Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tongue of Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: PARIS WEST QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Argillaceous limestone and shale

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: PARIS EAST QUADRANGLE

Economic and Engineering Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Strodes Creek Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: MILLERSBURG QUADRANGLE

Economic and Engineering Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Kope Formation

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Strodes Creek Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: FRANKFORT WEST QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Macedonia Bed

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone


LEXINGTON: AUSTERLITZ QUADRANGLE

Economic and Engineering Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Strodes Creek Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Tongue of Clays Ferry Formation within the Lexington Limestone

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: SHADY NOOK QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Kope Formation

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Strodes Creek Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Logana Member


LEXINGTON: SWITZER QUADRANGLE

Economic and Engineering Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Devils Hollow Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Macedonia Bed

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone


LEXINGTON: LEESBURG QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tongue of Clays Ferry Formation within the Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: CYNTHIANA QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Kope Formation

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)


LEXINGTON: BRECKINRIDGE QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)


LEXINGTON: POLSGROVE QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Devils Hollow Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Macedonia Bed

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone


LEXINGTON: SIDEVIEW QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Strodes Creek Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3


LEXINGTON: GRATZ QUADRANGLE

Economic and Engineering Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Grant Lake Limestone

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Clays Ferry Formation within the Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: MONTEREY QUADRANGLE

Economic and Engineering Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Grant Lake Limestone

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone

Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: PIQUA QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Fairview Formation

Ordovician Kope Formation

Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: DELAPLAIN QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


LEXINGTON: STAMPING GROUND QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Stamping Ground Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: NORTH MIDDLETOWN QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Calloway Creek Limestone and Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Strodes Creek Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2


LEXINGTON: CARLISLE QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Fairview Formation

Ordovician Kope Formation

Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)


LEXINGTON: SADIEVILLE QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)


LEXINGTON: NEW COLUMBUS QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Kope and Clays Ferry Formations Undifferentiated

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3


LEXINGTON: TYRONE QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Greendale Limestone Member of Foerste (1906) as used by Miller (1925)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone

Ordovician Oregon and Camp Nelson Limestone


LEXINGTON: VERSAILLES QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Granular phosphatic limestone member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Ordovician Undifferentiated Cynthiana and Lexington Limestone in crater


LEXINGTON: LEXINGTON WEST QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

Engineering Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Fossiliferous shale and limestone

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: GEORGETOWN QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Argillaceous limestone and shale

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Members No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member


LEXINGTON: CENTERVILLE QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)


LEXINGTON: LEXINGTON EAST QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Garrard Siltstone

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Argillaceous limestone and shale member

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Cane Run Bed


LEXINGTON: FRANKFORT EAST QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Quaternary High-Level Fluvial Deposits

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Millersburg Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Devils Hollow Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Macedonia Bed

Grier Limestone Member

Logana Member

Curdsville Limestone Member

Ordovician Tyrone Limestone


LEXINGTON: CLINTONVILLE QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 4 (upper tongue)

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)


LEXINGTON: MIDWAY QUADRANGLE

Economic Geology

References Cited

Quaternary Alluvium

Ordovician Clays Ferry Formation

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (upper part)

Argillaceous limestone and shale

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 3

Millersburg Member

Argillaceous limestone

Devils Hollow Member

Fossiliferous limestone and shale

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2

Brannon Member

Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 1 (lower tongue)

Ordovician Lexington Limestone (lower part)

Grier Limestone Member

Macedonia Bed


	Lithologic Description Data for Kentucky’s 7.5-Minute Digital Geologic Maps: Harrodsburg & Lexington 30 x 60-Minute Quadrangles Click on a quadrangle of interest below to get a list of formations & units. For important usage info, PLEASE READ THIS NOTE. Click here for more info on how to use this file.

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

HARRODSBURG

ALCORN QUADRANGLE

BEREA QUADRANGLE

BIGHILL QUADRANGLE

BRYANTSVILLE QUADRANGLE

BUCKEYE QUADRANGLE

COLETOWN QUADRANGLE

CORNISHVILLE QUADRANGLE

DANVILLE QUADRANGLE

FORD QUADRANGLE

HARRODSBURG QUADRANGLE

HEDGES QUADRANGLE

JUNCTION CITY QUADRANGLE

KEENE QUADRANGLE

KIRKSVILLE QUADRANGLE

LANCASTER QUADRANGLE

LITTLE HICKMAN QUADRANGLE

MCBRAYER QUADRANGLE

MOBERLY QUADRANGLE

NICHOLASVILLE QUADRANGLE

PAINT LICK QUADRANGLE

PALMER QUADRANGLE

PANOLA QUADRANGLE

PARKSVILLE QUADRANGLE

PERRYVILLE QUADRANGLE

RICHMOND NORTH QUADRANGLE

RICHMOND SOUTH QUADRANGLE

SALVISA QUADRANGLE

STANFORD QUADRANGLE

UNION CITY QUADRANGLE

VALLEY VIEW QUADRANGLE

WILMORE QUADRANGLE

WINCHESTER QUADRANGLE


Go to KGS Website: www.uky.edu/KGS/


The lithologic descriptions are organized here into discrete pages according to the formations & units mapped in the digital geologic data.  In many cases these digital geologic map units will differ from the units mapped on the original (paper) geologic maps.  In the table of contents below, the digital geologic map units are indicated by the BOLD names.  Members not mapped in the digital geologic data are shown for reference and are referred to in the description of their parent (digital geologic map) unit.


	Lithologic Description Data for Kentucky’s 7.5-Minute Digital Geologic Maps: Harrodsburg & Lexington 30 x 60-Minute Quadrangles Click on a quadrangle of interest below to get a list of formations & units. For important usage info, PLEASE READ THIS NOTE. Click here for more info on how to use this file.

VIEW HARRODSBURG QUADRANGLE LIST

VIEW LEXINGTON QUADRANGLE LIST


	Lithologic Description Data for Kentucky’s 7.5-Minute Digital Geologic Maps: Harrodsburg & Lexington 30 x 60-Minute Quadrangles Click on a quadrangle of interest below to get a list of formations & units. For important usage info, PLEASE READ THIS NOTE. Click here for more info on how to use this file.

BACK TO LIST OF QUADRANGLES

LEXINGTON

AUSTERLITZ QUADRANGLE

BRECKINRIDGE QUADRANGLE

CARLISLE QUADRANGLE

CENTERVILLE QUADRANGLE

CLINTONVILLE QUADRANGLE

CYNTHIANA QUADRANGLE

DELAPLAIN QUADRANGLE

FRANKFORT EAST QUADRANGLE

FRANKFORT WEST QUADRANGLE

GEORGETOWN QUADRANGLE

GRATZ QUADRANGLE

LAWRENCEBURG QUADRANGLE

LEESBURG QUADRANGLE

LEXINGTON EAST QUADRANGLE

LEXINGTON WEST QUADRANGLE

MIDWAY QUADRANGLE

MILLERSBURG QUADRANGLE

MONTEREY QUADRANGLE

NEW COLUMBUS QUADRANGLE

NORTH MIDDLETOWN QUADRANGLE

PARIS EAST QUADRANGLE

PARIS WEST QUADRANGLE

PIQUA QUADRANGLE

POLSGROVE QUADRANGLE

SADIEVILLE QUADRANGLE

SHADY NOOK QUADRANGLE

SHAWHAN QUADRANGLE

SIDEVIEW QUADRANGLE

STAMPING GROUND QUADRANGLE

SWITZER QUADRANGLE

TYRONE QUADRANGLE

VERSAILLES QUADRANGLE